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Sleep Deprivation Amplifies Reactivity of Brain Reward Networks, Biasing the Appraisal of Positive Emotional Experiences
Open accessAbstract
Appropriate interpretation of pleasurable, rewarding experiences favors decisions that enhance survival. Conversely, dysfunctional affective brain processing can lead to life-threatening risk behaviors (e.g., addiction) and emotion imbalance (e.g., mood disorders). The state of sleep deprivation continues to be associated with maladaptive emotional regulation, leading to exaggerated neural and behavioral reactivity to negative, aversive experiences. However, such detrimental consequences are paradoxically aligned with the perplexing antidepressant benefit of sleep deprivation, elevating mood in a proportion of patients with major depression. Nevertheless, it remains unknown how sleep loss alters the dynamics of brain and behavioral reactivity to rewarding, positive emotional experiences. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), here we demonstrate that sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity throughout human mesolimbic reward brain networks in response to pleasure-evoking stimuli. In addition, this amplified reactivity was associated with enhanced connectivity in early primary visual processing pathways and extended limbic regions, yet with a reduction in coupling with medial frontal and orbitofrontal regions. These neural changes were accompanied by a biased increase in the number of emotional stimuli judged as pleasant in the sleep-deprived group, the extent of which exclusively correlated with activity in mesolimbic regions. Together, these data support a view that sleep deprivation not only is associated with enhanced reactivity toward negative stimuli, but imposes a bidirectional nature of affective imbalance, associated with amplified reward-relevant reactivity toward pleasure-evoking stimuli also. Such findings may offer a neural foundation on which to consider interactions between sleep loss and emotional reactivity in a variety of clinical mood disorders.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
Sleep deprivation amplified fMRI reactivity in mesolimbic reward networks to pleasure-evoking stimuli and biased behavioral appraisal toward rating more images as pleasant. These neural and behavioral changes were linked to altered functional connectivity, including reduced coupling with medial/orbitofrontal regions.
Key findings
- Sleep-deprived participants showed greater activation to increasing positive stimulus valence in a priori reward/affect regions including the VTA, left putamen, amygdala, and left insula; less activation was observed in right posterior hippocampus, precuneus, and left middle occipital gyrus, though these non-a priori regions did not survive conservative FDR correction.
- Behaviorally, there was a significant Group × Emotional Response interaction, F(1, 25) = 4.09, P = 0.04. Sleep-deprived participants rated significantly more images as pleasant and fewer as neutral (paired t(13) > 3.06, P < 0.009), whereas controls showed no such difference (paired t(12) < 0.63, P > 0.54); positive bias scores differed between groups, t(25) = 2.17, P = 0.04.
- In the sleep-deprived group, positive bias scores correlated with activity in the VTA, left fusiform gyrus, and left insula, with conjunction analysis confirming overlap with group-level activation differences.
- Connectivity analyses showed stronger VTA coupling with left amygdala and left anterior temporal pole, stronger insula coupling with visual cortex regions and posterior insula, and reduced amygdala connectivity with medial prefrontal cortex and bilateral orbitofrontal cortex; no putamen connectivity differences were found.
Methods
- Twenty-seven healthy participants age 18–30 yr (mean 23.6, s.d. ±1.4) were assigned to sleep deprivation (n = 14, 7 males) or sleep control (n = 13, 6 males). The deprivation group accumulated a mean of 31.9 hr (s.d. ±1.31) total sleep deprivation before scanning; controls obtained a mean of 7.7 hr (s.d. ±1.23) of sleep the prior night.
- Event-related fMRI used 100 International Affective Picture System stimuli ranging from neutral to increasingly pleasant; participants made binary “pleasant” or “neutral” judgments.
- Analyses used SPM5 general linear models with parametric modulation by standardized valence, second-level random effects, small-volume correction for a priori reward/affect ROIs, psychophysiological interaction connectivity, regression with positive bias scores, and conjunction analysis.
Limitations
- Stated: the study lacked polysomnographic sleep assessments, so it could not inform qualitative sleep-stage measures.
- Stated: several non-a priori regions did not survive more conservative FDR correction, and future work manipulating both valence and arousal in the same experiment is needed to dissociate those factors.
- Evident from the text: the sample was small (n = 14 sleep-deprived, n = 13 control), the design was a between-group comparison without a same-paradigm negative-valence condition, and the brain–behavior relationships are correlational rather than causal; no direct dopaminergic or neurochemical measure was obtained.
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36 Own result · 29 Not checked yet · 6 Own interpretation · 5 Own method
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the extent of which exclusively correlated with activity in mesolimbic regions”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The positive bias score validly indexes biased appraisal of positive emotional experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“These neural changes were accompanied by a biased increase in the number of emotional stimuli judged as pleasant in the sleep-deprived group”
- Also stated in: § Behavior · plain
“Together, these data describe a lopsided bias in the proportion of positive emotional stimulus judgments in the sleep-deprived group relative to the control group.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The positive bias score validly indexes biased appraisal of positive emotional experiences.
- Also stated in: § Behavior · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Using fMRI, here we demonstrate that sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity throughout human mesolimbic reward brain networks in response to pleasure-evoking stimuli.”
- Also stated in: § fMRI – activation differences · hedged
“Supporting the original hypothesis, significantly greater activation was identified in the deprivation group in a restricted portion of a priori mesolimbic regions previously implicated in mediating reward-driven behavior”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Abstract
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The sleep-deprivation and sleep-control groups are comparable on relevant baseline characteristics other than sleep deprivation.
- Also stated in: § fMRI – activation differences · hedged
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“yet with a reduction in coupling with medial- and orbito-frontal regions”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“this amplified reactivity was associated with enhanced connectivity in early primary visual processing pathways and extended limbic regions”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the VTA demonstrated stronger connectivity to the amygdala and the anterior temporal pole (the latter also a region previously implicated in positive emotion processing [Pelletier et al., 2003]), while the insula exhibited stronger coupling with early visual perceptual regions and the posterior insula cortex.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“No between-group differences in connectivity were identified for the putamen ROI.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – functional connectivity differences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The sleep-deprivation and sleep-control groups are comparable on relevant baseline characteristics other than sleep deprivation.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Here we demonstrate that sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity throughout select midbrain, striatal, limbic and visual perceptual processing regions in response to positive emotional stimuli.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“A formal test of this homology was examined using conjunction analysis, confirming clusters of shared activity in all three of these regions (Figure 4B; with equivalent analyses for the control group also reported in supplemental materials and corresponding Supplemental Figure 3).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – association with task performance
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The positive bias score validly indexes biased appraisal of positive emotional experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“demonstrated homology in several areas: the VTA, the left fusiform gyrus and left insular cortex (Figure 4A; coordinates provided in Supplemental Table 2).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – association with task performance
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The positive bias score validly indexes biased appraisal of positive emotional experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In contrast, no difference in the proportion of pleasant and neutral ratings was observed in the sleep-control group (both paired t-test, t(12) < 0.63, P > 0.54).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > Behavior
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The positive bias score validly indexes biased appraisal of positive emotional experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Supporting such a hypothesis, activation in the VTA was not only different between the two groups, but within the deprivation group was additionally correlated with the positive response bias scores across sleep-deprived participants”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“We found that a subset of regions in this dopaminergic reward network, encompassing the putamen and VTA, exhibited significantly greater activation in response to positive emotional stimuli in the sleep-deprived group, relative to those who had slept.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, the VTA demonstrated stronger connectivity to the amygdala and the anterior temporal pole (the latter also a region previously implicated in positive emotion processing [Pelletier et al., 2003]), while the insula exhibited stronger coupling with early visual perceptual regions and the posterior insula cortex.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Despite the increased reactivity throughout reward-relevant brain networks in the sleep-deprived group, these enhancements were not associated with greater connectivity in mesial prefrontal (mPFC) or orbitofrontal (OFC) networks, which often couple with these subcortical systems”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition, increases in reactivity were also identified in a priori affect-associated regions of the amygdala and left insula cortex (Berridge and Robinson, 2003; Murray, 2007).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – activation differences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The sleep-deprivation and sleep-control groups are comparable on relevant baseline characteristics other than sleep deprivation.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, reward-sensitive areas that were more active in the sleep-deprivation group were additionally correlated with the individual differences in positive response bias score across the deprived participants.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Functional connectivity analyses based on seed regions in the VTA, insula and amygdala identified more strongly interconnected relationships among affect-associated networks in the sleep-deprived group.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The insular cortex ROI demonstrated greater coupling with a number of visual cortex regions (Figure 5B), together with an area at the left posterior insular cortex junction.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – functional connectivity differences
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The sleep-deprivation and sleep-control groups are comparable on relevant baseline characteristics other than sleep deprivation.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“For the VTA ROI, relative to the sleep-control group, significantly stronger functional connectivity was identified in the deprivation group in regions of the left amygdala and left anterior temporal pole (Figure 5A).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – functional connectivity differences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The sleep-deprivation and sleep-control groups are comparable on relevant baseline characteristics other than sleep deprivation.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“participants in the deprivation group, unlike the control group, demonstrated an overlapping correlation between the positive emotion bias score and regions associated with incentive processing: the VTA and the insula.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Indeed, the enhanced reactivity in the amygdala in the sleep-deprived group was associated with significant reductions in connectivity with bilateral OFC and right mPFC regions.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“In addition to the increase in the VTA and dorsal striatum, the amygdala and the insular cortex also exhibited amplified reactivity in the deprivation group in response to the positive emotional stimulus gradient.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This detrimental affective consequence of a lack of sleep is, however, paradoxically aligned with the beneficial antidepressant effect of sleep deprivation in patients with major depression, a substantial proportion of whom show a fast-acting alleviation of depressed mood in response to total or selective sleep deprivation (Gillin et al., 2001).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Gillin et al., 2001
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
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A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“This may indicate the existence of a “closed loop” of reactivity in response to positive emotional experiences under conditions of sleep deprivation, reciprocally facilitating activation throughout a network of regions known to respond to pleasurable stimuli.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“A shared property of both the positive valence stimuli in the current study and the negative valence stimuli in previous work (Yoo et al., 2007b) is high arousal.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yoo et al., 2007b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“This increase in reactivity of the VTA—a structure that can also scale in response magnitude with increasing reward value (Fields et al., 2007)–may offer a putative mechanism underlying the increase in the biased number of positive stimulus judgments observed in the deprivation group.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fields et al., 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Taken together, this collection of reports offers an emerging view that acute sleep deprivation may induce enhanced activity throughout the mesolimbic reward system at both anatomical and dopaminergic neurochemical levels.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
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- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
In the paper
“Based on previous findings demonstrating increased amygdala reactivity to negative valenced stimuli following sleep deprivation (Yoo et al., 2007b), the increased amygdala reactivity identified in the current study, unlike the VTA, putamen and insular cortex, may not be selective to positive valence per se (summarized in Supplemental Figure 5).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yoo et al., 2007b
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our findings also converge with studies in rodents describing a heightened sensitivity of dopaminergic receptors following sleep restriction (Tufik et al., 1978; Tufik, 1981; Troncone et al., 1988).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Tufik et al., 1978
- Not checked yetcites Tufik, 1981
- Not checked yetcites Troncone et al., 1988
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The enhanced mesolimbic reactivity identified in the deprivation group complements recent investigations by Volkow and colleagues using PET [11C]raclopride binding—a dopamine D2/D3 receptor radioligand—describing increases in dopamine activity within reward networks following acute sleep loss, including the striatum (Volkow et al., 2008; Volkow et al., 2009).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Volkow et al., 2008
- Not checked yetcites Volkow et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Note that the near-zero value in positive response bias score in the sleep rested control group indicates that participants rated near equal proportions of the stimuli as pleasant and neutral (and not a lack of discrimination between the images).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > Behavior
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The positive bias score validly indexes biased appraisal of positive emotional experiences.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, several a prior brain regions that significantly correlated with the positive bias score within the sleep-deprivation group were anatomically convergent with the same regions that were significantly different between the sleep-deprivation and sleep-control groups at the independent group level of analysis.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – association with task performance
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The positive bias score validly indexes biased appraisal of positive emotional experiences.
In the paper
“Decreased amygdala-mPFC connectivity has also been demonstrated under conditions of sleep deprivation in response to negative stimuli (Yoo et al., 2007b), again leading to the speculation that such impairment is potentially arousal- rather than valence-specific (Supplemental Figure 5).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yoo et al., 2007b
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
- It may state two separate claims as one. 29
- The quote only partly states this claim. 1
- Probably not a substantial claim. 19
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The distribution of responses categorizing stimuli as either pleasant or neutral, displayed in Figure 1A, demonstrated no main effect of Group [sleep control, sleep deprivation] or Emotional Response [neutral, positive] (significance provided in figure), yet a significant Group x Emotional Response interaction (F(1, 25) = 4.09, P = 0.04).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > Behavior
boosted- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“significantly greater activation was identified in the deprivation group in a restricted portion of a priori mesolimbic regions previously implicated in mediating reward-driven behavior, including an area consistent with the ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the brain stem”
- Also stated in: § fMRI – activation differences · plain
“and the left putamen of the dorsal striatum”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – activation differences
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
The quote only partly states this claim.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The sleep-deprivation and sleep-control groups are comparable on relevant baseline characteristics other than sleep deprivation.
- Also stated in: § fMRI – activation differences · plain
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“the fusiform area, which demonstrated greater reactivity in the sleep deprived participants at the overall group level, exhibited stronger connectivity with the left anterior temporal pole, similar to the VTA, with additional regions of increased connectivity in left superior insula and left lateral prefrontal cortex”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – functional connectivity differences
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The sleep-deprivation and sleep-control groups are comparable on relevant baseline characteristics other than sleep deprivation.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Specifically, relative to the null hypothesis of equal categorical assignment (50/50), sleep-deprived participants rated significantly more images as pleasant, and significantly fewer images as neutral (both paired t-test, t(13) > 3.06, P < 0.009).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > Behavior
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The positive bias score validly indexes biased appraisal of positive emotional experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Behaviorally, these neural changes were accompanied by a significant bias in the number of stimuli rated as emotionally pleasant in the sleep-deprived group, the extent of which correlated with overlapping regions in these reward- and affect-associated networks.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Therefore, in addition to enhanced reactivity in the VTA, insula and amygdala in the deprivation group, differences in functional connectivity of these regions were also observed, associated with decreased coupling in midline prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortices, yet increased connectivity with related mesolimbic and early sensory perceptual regions.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – functional connectivity differences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The bilateral amygdala ROIs, which demonstrated increased reactivity in the deprivation condition at the overall group level, showed significant decreases in connectivity with medial prefrontal cortex and bilateral orbitofrontal cortex in the deprivation group, together with decreased coupling in the left fusiform gyrus (Figure 5C).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – functional connectivity differences
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The sleep-deprivation and sleep-control groups are comparable on relevant baseline characteristics other than sleep deprivation.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Overlaying the two contrasts—the group-level differences in activation between the two groups, and the regions correlating with the positive bias score in the sleep-deprivation group—demonstrated homology in several areas”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – association with task performance
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The positive bias score validly indexes biased appraisal of positive emotional experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Moreover, these regional increases were additionally associated with a reduction in functional connectivity in medial and orbitofrontal cortex, yet an enhanced coupling in early primary visual processing pathways and extended limbic regions.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“That these increases in activation in the sleep-deprivation group were not due to a generalized or non-specific amplified reactivity to any and all stimulus kinds was confirmed by a subset analysis of the upper quartile stimulus set (most positive) and lower quartile stimulus set (most neutral).”
- Also stated in: § fMRI – activation differences · boosted
“The analyses, described in detail in Figure 3, demonstrate consistent between-group reactivity differences for the most positive stimuli set, but not the most neutral stimuli.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – activation differences
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The sleep-deprivation and sleep-control groups are comparable on relevant baseline characteristics other than sleep deprivation.
- Also stated in: § fMRI – activation differences · boosted
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants in the sleep-deprived group demonstrated a strong positive ratings bias, while those in the control group showed no such significant shift in response tendency, with these scores being significantly different between groups (Figure 1B; two-sample t-test, t (25) = 2.17, P = 0.04).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > Behavior
boostedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The positive bias score validly indexes biased appraisal of positive emotional experiences.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Greater activation of the visual processing pathway in the left fusiform gyrus, although this none a priori region did not survive a more conservative statistical threshold correction (Table 1).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – activation differences
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The sleep-deprivation and sleep-control groups are comparable on relevant baseline characteristics other than sleep deprivation.
A result the paper reports from its own data — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“we also identified significantly greater reactivity in the fusiform gyrus in sleep-deprived relative to sleep-rested subjects, which similarly showed a conjunctive overlap with the positive response bias score in sleep-deprived participants.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Experimental paradigms have demonstrated that these reward mechanisms are supported, in part, by activity in mesolimbic reward pathways including the ventral tegmental nuclei and striatum (Schultz, 2006), as well as the amygdala (Berridge and Robinson, 2003; Murray, 2007).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Schultz, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Berridge and Robinson, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Murray, 2007
boosteddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Sleep loss also disrupts consolidation of negative emotional memories, resulting in persistent amygdala reactivity during later recollection (Sterpenich et al., 2007).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Sterpenich et al., 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The amount of sleep obtained during the period prior to the study did not differ between the sleep deprivation group and the sleep rested group in either average number of hours (mean: 7.75 and 7.61, respectively: two-sample t-test, t (25) = 0.28, P = 0.78) or variability, as assessed in standard deviation across nights (mean: 0.46 and 0.53, respectively: t (25) = 0.66, P = 0.43).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Furthermore, larger pupillary responses have been reported under conditions of sleep deprivation, specifically during the viewing of negative emotional picture stimuli (Franzen et al., 2009).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Franzen et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Omitted response trials were modeled separately, and did not differ significantly in number between the sleep-control and sleep-deprivation groups (mean: 0.62 [s.d.±0.75] and 1.07 [s.d.±2.26], respectively, two-sample t-test, t(25) = 0.89, P = 0.38).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Materials and Methods > fMRI analysis
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Optimal evaluation and interpretation of pleasurable, rewarding experiences allows for the development of actions and decisions towards fitness-enhancing outcomes”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Berridge and Robinson, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Schultz, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Knutson and Wimmer, 2007
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: fails — It may be too vague to check against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may be too vague to check against evidence. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Participants in the sleep-control group obtained a mean of 7.7 hr (s.d.±1.23) of sleep the night prior to the fMRI session, as measured using actigraphy.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Chronic sleep restriction has been shown to increase mood disturbance and escalate complaints of emotional difficulties (Dinges et al., 1997; Zohar et al., 2005).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Dinges et al., 1997
- Not checked yetcites Zohar et al., 2005 source
plaindirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Subjects in the deprivation group were continuously monitored in the laboratory throughout the enforced waking period by trained personnel, independently confirmed using actigraphy monitoring, accumulating a mean of 31.9 hr (s.d.±1.31) total sleep deprivation prior to the scanning session.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
In the paper
“Moreover, acute sleep deprivation significantly amplifies amygdala reactivity in response to negative emotional stimuli, associated with a loss of medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) connectivity (Yoo et al., 2007b).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yoo et al., 2007b
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Interestingly, this beneficial mood-elevating effect is paralleled by reports of emotional lability in healthy adults under conditions of sleep loss, commonly describing episodes of inappropriate euphoria and giddiness, and oscillating periods of lopsided positive emotional reactivity (Bliss et al., 1959; Horne, 1993; Dahl, 1996).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Bliss et al., 1959 source
- Not checked yetcites Horne, 1993
- Not checked yetcites Dahl, 1996
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Unfortunately, the antidepressant benefit of sleep deprivation is rapidly reversed following recovery sleep, implying a transient (functional) basis for the short-term clinical improvement (Wirz-Justice and Van den Hoofdakker, 1999).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Introduction
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wirz-Justice and Van den Hoofdakker, 1999
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“Together, these data support a view that sleep deprivation is not only associated with enhanced reactivity towards negative stimuli, but imposes a bi-directional nature of affective imbalance, associated with amplified reward-relevant reactivity towards pleasure-evoking stimuli also.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Abstract
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
- Rests on an assumption: The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
- Rests on an assumption: The positive bias score validly indexes biased appraisal of positive emotional experiences.
What the paper did — it cites no source for this, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“On the night prior to deprivation, participants in the sleep-deprivation group obtained a mean of 7.4 hr (s.d.±0.98) of sleep, not significantly different to that of the control group (7.1 hr; s.d.±1.11: t (25) = 0.75, P = 0.46).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Materials and Methods
plain- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“A lack of appropriate engagement of these limbic-related PFC regions may therefore contribute to altered positive emotional sensitivity and regulatory control under conditions of sleep loss, with cognition being driven more by subcortical affective circuits (Killgore et al., 2006; Killgore et al., 2007; Venkatraman et al., 2007).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
A conclusion the paper draws from its own results — it cites no other source for it, so there is none to check. The quote shows it is in the paper.
In the paper
“The lack of correlation between the positive bias score and reward-related areas in the sleep-control group may be related to the limited degree of positive bias expressed by these participants.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“However, this seems not to be the case for changes in OFC connectivity, which was selectively identified in the current study using positive valence stimuli, and not evident in previous work using negative valence stimuli (Yoo et al., 2007b).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yoo et al., 2007b
hedged- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Therefore, beyond necessarily coding reward value, which more ventral aspects of the striatum may represent (Knutson and Wimmer, 2007), the increased putamen activation identified in the deprivation group may reflect a stronger mapping to, or learned association with, the positive stimulus response choices.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Knutson and Wimmer, 2007
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“The striatum (including the caudate, nucleus accumbens and putamen), has consistently been implicated in motivation and emotion regulation (Knutson and Cooper, 2005; Schultz, 2006), and can respond in a scaled, parametric way to increasing positive-reward valence (Knutson et al., 2000; Knutson et al., 2001; Delgado et al., 2003).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Knutson and Cooper, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Schultz, 2006
- Not checked yetcites Knutson et al., 2000
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Moreover, and in combination with the group-level differences identified in the fusiform gyrus, the increases in connectivity between these reward-associated networks and early sensory perceptual regions may enhance attention to features of the emotional objects, further increasing their perceived salience (Rolls and Grabenhorst, 2008).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Rolls and Grabenhorst, 2008
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Such a notion would support the concept of PFC sensitivity to, and hence dis-inhibition induced by, a lack of sleep (Harrison et al., 2000; Yoo et al., 2007b).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Harrison et al., 2000 source
- Not checked yetcites Yoo et al., 2007b
hedgeddirect- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: unclear — It is unclear whether the paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Our findings further support the hypothesis that sleep loss is not exclusively associated with enhanced emotional brain reactivity towards threat-relevant negative stimuli (Yoo et al., 2007b; Franzen et al., 2009), but also appears to impose a labile, bi-directional nature of affective imbalance, including increased neural and behavioral reactivity to positive experiences.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Yoo et al., 2007b
- Not checked yetcites Franzen et al., 2009
hedgedcorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“The putamen, situated in the dorsal striatum, has previously been linked to action-oriented components of reward-driven behavior that are stimulus relevant (rather than automated/habitual) (Balleine et al., 2007).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Balleine et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Both the amygdala and the insular cortex can preferentially respond to emotional salience, playing a role not only in registering negative valence, but also in reactivity towards, and coding of, positive stimuli (Berridge and Robinson, 2003; Murray, 2007).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Berridge and Robinson, 2003
- Not checked yetcites Murray, 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“Indeed, this collection of limbic regions, together with the VTA and striatum, has been proposed as a broad network supporting motivation and reward processing (Camara et al., 2009).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Camara et al., 2009
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
In the paper
“the anterior temporal pole (the latter also a region previously implicated in positive emotion processing [Pelletier et al., 2003])”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Pelletier et al., 2003
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“Striatal regions receive dopaminergic projections from the midbrain ventral tegmental area (VTA), the modulatory effects of which are believed to be important in regulating the brain's response to positive rewards by aiding information integration within the striatum (Knutson and Cooper, 2005; Schultz, 2006).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Knutson and Cooper, 2005
- Not checked yetcites Schultz, 2006
hedgedconditional- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it. It may state two separate claims as one.
In the paper
“This increase in reactivity of the VTA—a structure that can also scale in response magnitude with increasing reward value (Fields et al., 2007)–may offer a putative mechanism underlying the increase in the biased number of positive stimulus judgments observed in the deprivation group.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Fields et al., 2007
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: fails — The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. The paper’s conclusions may not depend on it.
None of the sources cited for this claim have been checked yet.
In the paper
“More generally, this paucity of connectivity is of potential relevance considering that OFC as well as mPFC regions can aid in coding and representing parameters of value and risk during positive, rewarding experiences (Wallis, 2007; Rolls and Grabenhorst, 2008).”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Discussion
What the sources say
- Not checked yetcites Wallis, 2007
- Not checked yetcites Rolls and Grabenhorst, 2008
plaincorrelational- Asserted: passes — The authors put it forward as true.
- Checkable: passes — It can be checked against evidence.
- Load-bearing: passes — The paper’s conclusions depend on it.
- Based: passes — The paper gives a reason why it holds.
Probably not a substantial claim. It may state two separate claims as one.
The paper relies on this without support.
The between-group differences in brain reactivity and behavioral ratings are attributable to sleep deprivation rather than to circadian/time-of-day or other uncontrolled differences between the groups.
“In the sleep-deprivation group, subjects were awake across Day-1, Night-1 and Day-2, prior to fMRI scanning on Day-2 (5PM). In the sleep-control group, subjects slept normally at home across Night-1 prior to scanning on Day-2 (5PM).”
The paper relies on this without support.
The positive bias score validly indexes biased appraisal of positive emotional experiences.
“The second was a positive bias score, which utilized these values, and represented the subtracted difference in the proportion of picture stimuli categorized by the participants as “neutral” from the proportion of picture stimuli categorized as “pleasant.””
The paper relies on this without support.
Prior assessment of emotional brain reactivity under conditions of sleep deprivation has focused on negative valenced stimuli, leaving it unknown how sleep loss alters reactivity to positive emotional experiences.
“However, to date, the assessment of emotional brain reactivity under conditions of sleep deprivation has focused on negative valenced stimuli.”
The paper relies on this without support.
The sleep-deprivation and sleep-control groups are comparable on relevant baseline characteristics other than sleep deprivation.
“Twenty-seven healthy participants age 18–30 yr (mean 23.6, s.d.±1.4) were assigned to either a sleep-deprivation group (n=14, 7 males) or sleep-control group (n=13, 6 males).”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
The cited source says what the claim attributes to it.
In the citing paper
“On the other hand, sleep loss is also related to a compromised consolidation of negative emotional memories (Sterpenich et al., 2007), and this beneficial effect on the mood is linked with emotional lability and inappropriate emotional reactivity in healthy adults under sleep deprivation (Horne, 1988; Dahl, 1996; Gujar et al., 2011).”
From The Functional Role of Dreaming in Emotional Processes (2019) · cites this paper as Gujar et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Sleep deprivation also disrupts reward neural circuitry, usually enhancing brain reactivity to positive experiences.”
From Impact of Sleep and Circadian Rhythms on Addiction Vulnerability in Adolescents (2018) · cites this paper as [88]
In the citing paper
“Although neuroimaging research in adults has shown that sleep deprivation impacts brain function related to reward processing, risk-taking, and cognition (Chee et al., 2011; Gujar et al., 2011; Libedinsky et al., 2011; Venkatraman et al., 2011), only a few developmental studies have examined how sleep influences reward-related brain function in adolescents (Hasler et al., 2012; Holm et al., 2009)”
From The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence (2013) · cites this paper as Gujar et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“Indeed, functional connectivity analyses in adults reveal that poor sleep not only impairs brain function in affective and cognitive control regions but also disrupts cross-talk between these neural networks (Gujar et al., 2011; Venkatraman et al., 2011; Yoo et al., 2007).”
From The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence (2013) · cites this paper as Gujar et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“During risk taking, adolescents who reported poorer sleep quality showed greater activation in the insula during cash out trials as the reward increased, findings that are consistent with research on sleep deprived adults who show hyperactivation in the insula when processing positive stimuli (Gujar et al., 2011).”
From The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence (2013) · cites this paper as Gujar et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“These findings are consistent with adult work showing that sleep deprivation is related to reduced functional connectivity between affective and regulatory regions (Gujar et al., 2011; Yoo et al., 2007).”
From The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence (2013) · cites this paper as Gujar et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“The insula also plays a role in reactivity to and encoding of positive stimuli, supporting motivated behaviors (Camara et al., 2008; Gujar et al., 2011).”
From The effects of poor quality sleep on brain function and risk taking in adolescence (2013) · cites this paper as Gujar et al., 2011
In the citing paper
“sleep deficit, a problem commonly exhibited by individuals with ASD [216], alters reward receptivity, particularly to social rewards [217-219].”
From Social “wanting” dysfunction in autism: neurobiological underpinnings and treatment implications (2012) · cites this paper as [218]
Statistics that don’t add up
Each reported p-value recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“t (25) = 0.66, P = 0.43”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Materials and Methods
Reported p = .43 · recomputed p = .515
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
“F(1, 25) = 4.09, P = 0.04”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > Behavior
Reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .054
Statistics recomputed
Every reported test result, recomputed from its test statistic and degrees of freedom. A result shows as not adding up only once an independent check has confirmed it.
- Doesn’t add upt(25) = 0.66reported p = .43 · recomputed p = .515
“t (25) = 0.66, p = .43”
- Doesn’t add upF(1, 25) = 4.09reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .054
“F(1, 25) = 4.09, p = .04”
- Consistentt(25) = 0.28reported p = .78 · recomputed p = .782
“t (25) = 0.28, p = .78”
- Consistentt(25) = 0.75reported p = .46 · recomputed p = .460
“t (25) = 0.75, p = .46”
- Consistentt(25) = 0.89reported p = .38 · recomputed p = .382
“t(25) = 0.89, p = .38”
- Consistentt(13) > 3.06reported p < .009 · recomputed p = .009
“t(13) > 3.06, p < .009”
- Consistentt(12) < 0.63reported p > .54 · recomputed p = .541
“t(12) < 0.63, p > .54”
- Consistentt(25) = 2.17reported p = .04 · recomputed p = .040
“t (25) = 2.17, p = .04”
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Rated minor: it would not touch a result — a value no result rests on, a p-value that stays on the same side of the significance level, or a conflict that is clerical, resolved elsewhere in the paper, or outside its own findings.
In the paper
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Abstract
“the extent of which exclusively correlated with activity in mesolimbic regions.”
§ Sleep deprivation amplifies reactivity of brain reward networks, biasing the appraisal of positive emotional experiences > Results > fMRI – association with task performance
“the VTA, the left fusiform gyrus and left insular cortex (Figure 4A; coordinates provided in Supplemental Table 2).”
Citations
Cites
Statistical parametric maps in functional imaging: A general linear approach
Friston, K. J., Holmes, A. P., Worsley, K. J., Poline, J. ‐., Frith, C. D., & Frackowiak, R. S. J. (1994) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.460020402 · Cited by 9,688
Psychophysiological and Modulatory Interactions in Neuroimaging
Friston, K. J., Buechel, C., Fink, G. R., Morris, J., Rolls, E., & Dolan, R. J. (1997) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1006/nimg.1997.0291 · Cited by 3,097
International Affective Picture System (IAPS) : Technical Manual and Affective Ratings
Lang, P. J. (1995) · Medical Entomology and Zoology · Cited by 2,870
Cornell scale for depression in dementia
Alexopoulos, G. S., Abrams, R. C., Young, R. C., & Shamoian, C. A. (1988) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/0006-3223(88)90038-8 · Cited by 2,678
Anticipation of Increasing Monetary Reward Selectively Recruits Nucleus Accumbens
Knutson, B., Adams, C. M., Fong, G. W., & Hommer, D. (2001) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.21-16-j0002.2001 · Cited by 2,244
Dinges, D. F., Pack, F. M., Williams, K., Gillen, K. A., Powell, J. W., Ott, G. E., Trasande, C. A., & Pack, A. I. (1997) · SLEEP · doi:10.1093/sleep/20.4.267 · Cited by 2,018
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (2003) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/s0166-2236(03)00233-9 · Cited by 1,869
Valid conjunction inference with the minimum statistic
Nichols, T. E., Brett, M., Andersson, J., Wager, T. D., & Poline, J. (2005) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2004.12.005 · Cited by 1,854
Behavioral Theories and the Neurophysiology of Reward
Schultz, W. (2006) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev.psych.56.091103.070229 · Cited by 1,637
Sleep and Psychiatric Disorders: A Meta-analysis
Benca, R. M. (1992) · Archives of General Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/archpsyc.1992.01820080059010 · Cited by 1,468
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Rasch, B., & Born, J. (2013) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2012 · Cited by 2,783
Control of sleep and wakefulness
Brown, R. E., Basheer, R., McKenna, J. T., Strecker, R. E., & McCarley, R. W. (2012) · Physiological Reviews · doi:10.1152/physrev.00032.2011 · Cited by 1,477
The sleep-deprived human brain
Krause, A. J., Simon, E. B., Mander, B. A., Greer, S. M., Saletin, J. M., Goldstein-Piekarski, A. N., & Walker, M. P. (2017) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn.2017.55 · Cited by 1,200
Self-citationInsomnia as a predictor of mental disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Hertenstein, E., Feige, B., Gmeiner, T., Kienzler, C., Spiegelhalder, K., Johann, A., Jansson-Fröjmark, M., Palagini, L., Rücker, G., Riemann, D., et al. (2019) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2018.10.006 · Cited by 1,201
Scott, A. J., Webb, T. L., Martyn-St James, M., Rowse, G., & Weich, S. (2021) · Sleep Medicine Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.smrv.2021.101556 · Cited by 1,094
Metadata
- Authors
- Gujar, N., Yoo, S.-S., Hu, P., & Walker, M. P.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Brigham and Women's Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Walker, Matthew P.
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2011-03-23
- Volume
- 31
- Issue
- 12
- Pages
- 4466-4474
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC3086142
- OpenAlex
- W1968748283
- Cited by
- 491
- References
- 76
- Citations by year
- 2026: 26 · 2025: 28 · 2024: 32 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 21 · 2021: 40 · 2020: 37 · 2019: 51 · 2018: 24 · 2017: 33 · 2016: 29 · 2015: 49 · 2014: 34 · 2013: 37 · 2012: 23
- FWCI
- 16.08
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute on Aging (AG31164, R01AG031164)
- National Institute of Mental Health (R01MH093537)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and Work-Related Fatigue
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurotransmitter Receptor Influence on Behavior
- Keywords
- sleep deprivation, reward processing, emotional reactivity, primary visual cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, medial prefrontal cortex, mood disorders, major depressive disorder
- MeSH terms
- Adolescent, Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Emotions, Female, Humans, Limbic System, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Psychomotor Performance, Reinforcement, Psychology, Reward, Sleep Deprivation, Linear Models, Young Adult
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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