Longitudinal Study of the Emerging Functional Connectivity Asymmetry of Primary Language Regions during Infancy
Open accessAbstract
Asymmetry in the form of left-hemisphere lateralization is a striking characteristic of the cerebral regions involved in the adult language network. In this study, we leverage a large sample of typically developing human infants with longitudinal resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging scans to delineate the trajectory of interhemispheric functional asymmetry in language-related regions during the first 2 years of life. We derived the trajectory of interhemispheric functional symmetry of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) and superior temporal gyrus (STG), the sensory and visual cortices, and two higher-order regions within the intraparietal sulcus and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex. Longitudinal models revealed a best fit with quadratic age terms and showed significant estimated coefficients of determination for both the IFG (r2= 0.261,p< 0.001) and the STG (r2= 0.142,p< 0.001) regions while all other regions were best modeled by log-linear increases. These inverse-U-shaped functions of the language regions peaked at ∼11.5 months of age, indicating that a transition toward asymmetry began in the second year. This shift was accompanied by an increase in the functional connectivity of these regions within the left hemisphere. Finally, we detected an association between the trajectory of the IFG and language outcomes at 4 years of age (χ 2= 10.986,p= 0.011). Our results capture the developmental timeline of the transition toward interhemispheric functional asymmetry during the first 2 years of life. More generally, our findings suggest that increasing interhemispheric functional symmetry in the first year might be a general principle of the developing brain, governing different functional systems, including those that will eventually become lateralized in adulthood. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Cross-sectional studies of the language system in early infancy suggest that the basic neural mechanisms are in place even before birth. This study represents the first of its kind, using a large longitudinal sample of infants, to delineate the early language-related transition toward interhemispheric functional asymmetry in the brain using resting-state functional MRI. More generally, our findings suggest that increasing interhemispheric functional symmetry in the first year might be a general principle of the developing brain governing multiple functional systems, including those that will eventually become lateralized in adulthood. Although resting-state functional MRI cannot provide direct insights into the developmental mechanisms of language lateralization, this study reveals language-related functional connectivity changes during infancy, marking critical points in the development of the brain's functional architecture.
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The default-mode network shows the earliest synchronization of its constituent regions and achieves an adult-like core structure by around six months, consistent with the emergence of self-awareness thought to depend on this network at that age.
“the default-mode network99, 100 shows the earliest synchronization of its constituent regions and achieves an adult-like core structure [G] by around 6 months of age91, consistent with the emergence of self-awareness, which is thought to depend on the default-mode network, at this age101.”
From Imaging structural and functional brain development in early childhood (2018) · cites this paper as [101]
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James, M. H. (2019) · University of New Hampshire Scholars Repository (University of New Hampshire at Manchester)
Lampl, M. (2020) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781108351959.002
- Authors
- Emerson, R. W., Gao, W., & Lin, W.
- Affiliations
- University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (US)
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center (US)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2016-10-19
- Volume
- 36
- Issue
- 42
- Pages
- 10883-10892
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC5083015
- OpenAlex
- W2533920203
- Cited by
- 112
- References
- 61
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 44 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 10 · 2017: 3
- FWCI
- 3.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Carolina Digital Repository (University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) (submittedVersion)
- UNC Libraries
- Funders
- Cedars-Sinai Medical Center
- National Institutes of Health
- National Institute of Mental Health (U01MH110274)
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (R21NS088975)
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (T32HD040127)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Hemispheric Asymmetry in Neuroscience
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- language lateralization, infancy, resting-state functional connectivity, inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, intraparietal sulcus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, brain development, language outcomes, hemispheric lateralization, typically developing infants
- MeSH terms
- Child Development, Cognition, Female, Humans, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Infant, Infant, Newborn, Language Development, Functional Laterality, Longitudinal Studies, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Nerve Net, Neural Pathways, Somatosensory Cortex, Temporal Lobe, Visual Cortex, Prefrontal Cortex
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