Sex differences in functional connectivity during fetal brain development
Open accessAbstract
Sex-related differences in brain and behavior are apparent across the life course, but the exact set of processes that guide their emergence in utero remains a topic of vigorous scientific inquiry. Here, we evaluate sex and gestational age (GA)-related change in functional connectivity (FC) within and between brain wide networks. Using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging we examined FC in 118 human fetuses between 25.9 and 39.6 weeks GA (70 male; 48 female). Infomap was applied to the functional connectome to identify discrete prenatal brain networks in utero. A consensus procedure produced an optimal model comprised of 16 distinct fetal neural networks distributed throughout the cortex and subcortical regions. We used enrichment analysis to assess network-level clustering of strong FC-GA correlations separately in each sex group, and to identify network pairs exhibiting distinct patterns of GA-related change in FC between males and females. We discovered both within and between network FC-GA associations that varied with sex. Specifically, associations between GA and posterior cingulate-temporal pole and fronto-cerebellar FC were observed in females only, whereas the association between GA and increased intracerebellar FC was stronger in males. These observations confirm that sexual dimorphism in functional brain systems emerges during human gestation.
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Associations between gestational age and connectivity vary with sex, with male-female differences seen in the posterior cingulate-temporal, fronto-cerebellar, and intracerebellar connections.
“Associations between gestational age and connectivity also varies with sex, with male-female differences seen in the posterior cingulate-temporal, fronto-cerebellar, and intracerebellar connections [67].”
From Brain structural and functional outcomes in the offspring of women experiencing psychological distress during pregnancy (2024) · cites this paper as [67]
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“Associations between gestational age and connectivity also varies with sex, with male-female differences seen in the posterior cingulate-temporal, fronto-cerebellar, and intracerebellar connections [67].”
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Ouyang, M., Fields, C. R., Zhu, T., & Huang, H. (2023) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-323-85280-7.00018-x · Cited by 1 · see citing works
An automated BIDS-App for brain segmentation of human fetal functional MRI dataPreprint
Nichols, E. S., Correa, S., Dyken, P. C. V., Kai, J., Kuehn, T. K., de Ribaupierre, S., Duerden, E. G., & KHAN, A. R. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.09.02.506391 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Woodhill, B. M., Samuels, C. A., & Jamieson, G. A. (2023) · doi:10.33774/coe-2020-k7gt1-v9
- Authors
- Wheelock, M. D., Hect, J. L., Hernandez-Andrade, E., Hassan, S. S., Romero, R., Eggebrecht, A. T., & Thomason, M. E.
- Affiliations
- Washington University in St. Louis (US)
- Wayne State University (US)
- United States Department of Health and Human Services (US)
- Corresponding author
- Eggebrecht, A.T.
- Thomason, M.E.
- Venue
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Elsevier BV
- Published
- 2019-04
- Volume
- 36
- Pages
- 100632
- ISSN
- 1878-9293 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6944279
- OpenAlex
- W2918884083
- Cited by
- 126
- References
- 72
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 20 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 20 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 18 · 2019: 7 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 9.59
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Digital Commons@Becker (Washington University School of Medicine) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
- Metropolitan Museum of Art
- National Alliance for Research on Schizophrenia and Depression
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
- National Institutes of Health (T32 MH100019, ES026022, MH110793, K01 MH103594)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- sex differences, fetal brain development, functional connectivity, gestational age, sexual dimorphism, functional connectome, human fetus
- MeSH terms
- Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Humans, Male, Pregnancy, Prenatal Care, Sex Characteristics, Fetal Development
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