Mitochondria are required for pro-ageing features of the senescent phenotype
Open accessAbstract
Cell senescence is an important tumour suppressor mechanism and driver of ageing. Both functions are dependent on the development of the senescent phenotype, which involves an overproduction of pro‐inflammatory and pro‐oxidant signals. However, the exact mechanisms regulating these phenotypes remain poorly understood. Here, we show the critical role of mitochondria in cellular senescence. In multiple models of senescence, absence of mitochondria reduced a spectrum of senescence effectors and phenotypes while preserving ATP production via enhanced glycolysis. Global transcriptomic analysis by RNA sequencing revealed that a vast number of senescent‐associated changes are dependent on mitochondria, particularly the pro‐inflammatory phenotype. Mechanistically, we show that the ATM, Akt and mTORC1 phosphorylation cascade integrates signals from the DNA damage response (DDR) towards PGC‐1β‐dependent mitochondrial biogenesis, contributing to a ROS‐mediated activation of the DDR and cell cycle arrest. Finally, we demonstrate that the reduction in mitochondrial content in vivo , by either mTORC1 inhibition or PGC‐1β deletion, prevents senescence in the ageing mouse liver. Our results suggest that mitochondria are a candidate target for interventions to reduce the deleterious impact of senescence in ageing tissues.
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There is evidence for reciprocal influence between nuclear DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction.
“There is evidence in support of a reciprocal influence between nuclear DNA damage and mitochondrial dysfunction48”
From Cellular senescence in ageing: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities (2021) · cites this paper as [48]
The Results sections on PGC-1β-dependent biogenesis and ROS-driven DNA damage foci (page not provided) show influence in both directions: DNA damage response increases mitochondrial mass, while mitochondrial biogenesis and ROS help maintain DNA damage foci. The paper does not establish that nuclear DNA damage causes mitochondrial dysfunction specifically; the mitochondrial change it demonstrates is increased biogenesis. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredTargeting aspects of mitochondrial biology such as the electron transport chain, complex I assembly, mitochondrial fission rates, biogenesis, mitochondrial sirtuins, and/or disruption of the TCA cycle can trigger senescence.
“Targeting aspects of mitochondrial biology, such as the electron transport chain (ETC), complex I assembly, mitochondrial fission rates, and biogenesis, mitochondrial sirtuins and/or disruption of the TCA cycle can trigger senescence (Correia-Melo et al., 2016; Jiang et al., 2013; Kaplon et al., 2013; Miwa et al., 2014; Moiseeva et al., 2009; Park et al., 2010; Wiley et al., 2016).”
From Cellular Senescence: Defining a Path Forward (2019) · cites this paper as Correia-Melo et al., 2016
The Discussion says interventions affecting the electron transport chain enhance oncogene-induced senescence, and the Introduction links PGC-1β-dependent mitochondrial biogenesis to cellular senescence. These passages support the ETC and biogenesis examples, but they do not establish that targeting complex I assembly, fission rates, mitochondrial sirtuins, or the TCA cycle triggers senescence. Page numbers are not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredMitochondrial dysfunction during senescence can result in ROS-driven lipid damage, lipid deposits, and lipofuscin accumulation.
“Mitochondrial dysfunction during senescence can result in ROS-driven lipid damage, lipid deposits (Correia-Melo et al., 2016; Ogrodnik et al., 2017), and lipofuscin accumulation (Gorgoulis et al., 2018).”
From Cellular Senescence: Defining a Path Forward (2019) · cites this paper as Correia-Melo et al., 2016
The Results section reports that depleting mitochondria reduced ROS generation in senescent cells, supporting the mitochondrial ROS part of the claim. It does not report ROS-driven lipid damage or lipid deposits. Lipofuscin accumulation is attributed to a different citation in the citing sentence. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredInterventions known to increase health span such as dietary restriction, exercise, rapamycin and 17β-oestradiol can reduce the frequency of cells with TAFs.
“First, interventions known to increase health span such as dietary restriction41, exercise42, rapamycin43,44 and 17β-oestradiol45 can reduce the frequency of cells with TAFs.”
From Telomere dysfunction in ageing and age-related diseases (2022) · cites this paper as [43]
Mitophagy in senescent cells appears to suppress the SASP.
“Mitophagy (mitochondrial clearance) in senescent cells appears to suppress the SASP (Correia-Melo et al., 2016).”
From Cellular Senescence: Defining a Path Forward (2019) · cites this paper as Correia-Melo et al., 2016
Dysfunctional mitochondria, persistent DNA damage response, C/EBPβ and NF-κB, mTOR, and other factors are involved in regulating SASP.
“Furthermore, dysfunctional mitochondria,195 persistent DNA damage response,196 CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β (C/EBPβ) and NF-κB,197 mTOR, and other factors are involved in regulating SASP.194”
From Inflammation and aging: signaling pathways and intervention therapies (2023) · cites this paper as [195]
Altered mitochondrial function appears essential in mediating the senescence phenotype.
“Altered mitochondrial function appears essential in mediating the senescence phenotype.”
From Ageing, Cellular Senescence and Neurodegenerative Disease (2018) · cites this paper as [60]
Many cells undergo senescence independently of telomere shortening due to replicative, mitochondrial, oxidative, metabolic, or genotoxic stress.
“Many cells undergo senescence independently of telomere shorting due to replicative, mitochondrial, oxidative, metabolic, or genotoxic stress (Parrinello et al., 2003; Christoffersen et al., 2010; Correia-Melo et al., 2016; Nair et al., 2015).”
From DNA damage-how and why we age? (2021) · cites this paper as Correia-Melo et al., 2016
A DNA damage response can induce mitochondrial ROS, partially dependent on activation of p53 and p21 pathways and on signals from ATM towards mTORC1.
“We have shown that a DNA damage response can induce mitochondrial ROS and this is partially dependent on the activation of p53 and p21 pathways, but also signals from ATM towards mTORC1 (Passos et al., 2010, Correia-Melo et al., 2016).”
From Telomeres and cell senescence—size matters not (2017) · cites this paper as Correia-Melo et al., 2016
Mitochondrial ablation or inhibition of mtROS formation in senescent cells inhibits the SASP and prevents CCF formation, suggesting mito-nuclear communication contributes to CCF formation.
“Interestingly, mitochondrial ablation from senescent cells, or inhibition of mtROS formation, inhibits the SASP and prevents the formation of CCF, suggesting that mito-nuclear communication plays a role in CCF formation (Correia-Melo et al., 2016; Vizioli et al., 2020).”
From Cytoplasmic DNA: sources, sensing, and role in aging and disease (2021) · cites this paper as Correia-Melo et al., 2016
Inhibition of the mTOR pathway (using rapamycin), which extends lifespan in a variety of model organisms, is an effective SASP suppressor.
“For instance, inhibition of the mTOR pathway (using the drug rapamycin), which has been shown to extend lifespan in a variety of model organisms (de Magalhaes et al., 2012;Harrison et al., 2009), is an effective SASP suppressor (Correia-Melo et al., 2016;Herranz et al., 2015;Laberge et al., 2015).”
From Stress, cell senescence and organismal ageing (2018) · cites this paper as Correia-Melo et al., 2016
Removal of mitochondria in senescent cells disrupts the feedforward cycle involving ROS production and persistent DDR activation, while preserving cell cycle arrest.
“Removal of mitochondria in senescent cells disrupts the feedforward cycle that involves ROS production and persistent DDR activation, while preserving their cell cycle arrest [215].”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [215]
During senescence, mTORC1 activation due to sustained DDR promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, contributing to ROS-dependent DDR persistence and SASP regulation.
“Similarly, during senescence, mTORC1 activation due to sustained DDR does not favor growth but promotes mitochondrial biogenesis, thus contributing to the ROS-dependent DDR persistence and to SASP regulation [215].”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [215]
The switch from transient to irreversible growth arrest involves positive feedback loops in which mitochondrial dysfunction via ROS, pro-inflammatory SASP factors, extensive chromatin remodeling, and/or nuclear lamina and chromatin degradation reinforce DDR signaling.
“The switch from transient to irreversible growth arrest involves positive feedback loops in which mitochondrial dysfunction via ROS [215,250], pro-inflammatory SASP factors [147,154,252], extensive chromatin remodeling [253], and/or nuclear lamina and chromatin degradation [105,171,247] reinforce DDR signaling (Figure 3).”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [215]
Escalating ROS production by dysfunctional mitochondria aggravates nuclear DNA damage and stabilizes chronic DDR activation, contributing to maintenance of the pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant senescent phenotype upon DNA damage.
“The escalating ROS production by dysfunctional mitochondria aggravates nuclear DNA damage and stabilizes the chronic DDR activation, contributing to the maintenance of the pro-inflammatory and pro-oxidant senescent phenotype upon DNA damage [215,250].”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [215]
Selective and specific removal of mitochondria in senescent cells normalizes ROS levels.
“Indeed, the selective and specific removal of mitochondria in senescent cells normalizes ROS levels [215].”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [215]
Mitochondrial dysfunction is the main cause of elevated ROS production in senescence.
“Mitochondrial dysfunction is the main cause of elevated ROS production in senescence.”
From Mechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence (2021) · cites this paper as [215]
Muscle mitochondria are important regulators of muscle size.
“Together, these observations support for the idea that muscle mitochondria are important regulators of muscle size.”
From Mitochondria initiate and regulate sarcopenia (2017) · cites this paper as [31]
Knockout of Mfn1/2 in skeletal muscle prevented mitochondrial fusion, increased mtDNA defects, and resulted in muscle atrophy.
“a knockout of Mfn 1/2 in skeletal muscle, which prevented mitochondrial fusion, increased the accumulation of mtDNA defects and resulted in muscle atrophy (31).”
From Mitochondria initiate and regulate sarcopenia (2017) · cites this paper as [31]
DNA damage response induced by stress or cell replication activates mitochondrial biogenesis, which mediates cell cycle arrest.
“Recently, Correia‐Melo et al. (2016) reported that DNA damage response (DDR) [induced by stress (i.e., ROS) or cell replication] activates mitochondrial biogenesis which will mediate a cell cycle arrest.”
From Rapamycin inhibits the secretory phenotype of senescent cells by a Nrf2-independent mechanism (2017) · cites this paper as Correia‐Melo et al. (2016)
Reduction in mitochondrial content by mTORC1 inhibition prevents cellular senescence.
“Interestingly, they showed that the reduction in mitochondrial content by mTORC1 inhibition prevents cellular senescence.”
From Rapamycin inhibits the secretory phenotype of senescent cells by a Nrf2-independent mechanism (2017) · cites this paper as Correia‐Melo et al. (2016)
Mitochondrial dysfunction has been described as both a driver and consequence of cellular senescence.
“Mitochondrial dysfunction has been described as both a driver and consequence of cellular senescence”
From Length-independent telomere damage drives post-mitotic cardiomyocyte senescence (2019) · cites this paper as Correia‐Melo et al, 2016
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Endothelial PGC-1α Mediates Vascular Dysfunction in Diabetes
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Adult-onset, short-term dietary restriction reduces cell senescence in mice
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PREPARATION OF MITOCHONDRIA FROM ANIMAL TISSUES AND YEASTS
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S6K1 is a multifaceted regulator of Mdm2 that connects nutrient status and DNA damage response
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Suppression of replicative senescence by rapamycin in rodent embryonic cells
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IHG-1 Promotes Mitochondrial Biogenesis by Stabilizing PGC-1α
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Cellular Senescence: Defining a Path Forward
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Self-citationHallmarks of Cellular Senescence
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Cellular senescence in ageing: from mechanisms to therapeutic opportunities
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Senescence and the SASP: many therapeutic avenues
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Self-citationCellular senescence: the good, the bad and the unknown
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Self-citationCellular senescence drives age-dependent hepatic steatosis
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Regulation and metabolic functions of mTORC1 and mTORC2.
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Telomere dysfunction in ageing and age-related diseases
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Self-citationThe metabolic roots of senescence: mechanisms and opportunities for intervention
Wiley, C. D., & Campisi, J. (2021) · Nature Metabolism · doi:10.1038/s42255-021-00483-8 · Cited by 691 · see citing works
Apoptotic stress causes mtDNA release during senescence and drives the SASP
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Self-citationA guide to assessing cellular senescence <i>in vitro</i> and <i>in vivo</i>
González‐Gualda, E., Baker, A. G., Fruk, L., & Muñoz‐Espín, D. (2021) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.15570 · Cited by 645 · see citing works
Mitochondrial signal transduction
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mTOR as Regulator of Lifespan, Aging, and Cellular Senescence: A Mini-Review
Weichhart, T. (2018) · Gerontology · doi:10.1159/000484629 · Cited by 596 · see citing works
Tau protein aggregation is associated with cellular senescence in the brain
Musi, N., Valentine, J. M., Sickora, K. R., Baeuerle, E., Thompson, C. S., Shen, Q., & Orr, M. E. (2018) · Aging Cell · doi:10.1111/acel.12840 · Cited by 595 · see citing works
The senescence-associated secretory phenotype and its regulation
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Obesity-Induced Cellular Senescence Drives Anxiety and Impairs Neurogenesis
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Length-independent telomere damage drives post-mitotic cardiomyocyte senescence
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Self-citationMitochondrial fusion, fission, and mitochondrial toxicity
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Oxidative Stress in Neurodegenerative Diseases: From a Mitochondrial Point of View
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Senescent cell clearance by the immune system: Emerging therapeutic opportunities
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From Ancient Pathways to Aging Cells—Connecting Metabolism and Cellular Senescence
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The role of retrotransposable elements in ageing and age-associated diseases
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Ageing, Cellular Senescence and Neurodegenerative Disease
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mTOR as a central regulator of lifespan and aging
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Telomeres and cell senescence—size matters not
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Self-citationMitochondria in Cell Senescence: Is Mitophagy the Weakest Link?
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“Indeed, in senescent cells activity of mTORC1 appears to be elevated (Correia-Melo et al., 2016; Dalle Pezze et al., 2014; Demidenko and Blagosklonny, 2008) and become unresponsive to starvation signals.”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationMechanisms and Regulation of Cellular Senescence
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DNA damage-how and why we age?
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Role of mitochondrial reactive oxygen species in homeostasis regulation
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Self-citationRapamycin inhibits the secretory phenotype of senescent cells by a Nrf2-independent mechanism
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The role of mitochondrial <scp>ROS</scp> in the aging brain
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Cellular senescence: all roads lead to mitochondria
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Self-citationTherapy-Induced Senescence: Opportunities to Improve Anticancer Therapy
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Stress, cell senescence and organismal ageing
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Mitochondrial dysfunction and cell senescence: deciphering a complex relationship
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Self-citationMitochondrial DNA Release in Innate Immune Signaling
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Skin Senescence: Mechanisms and Impact on Whole-Body Aging
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Psychological Stress and Mitochondria: A Conceptual Framework
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A Senescence-Centric View of Aging: Implications for Longevity and Disease
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Mechanisms and Functions of Spatial Protein Quality Control
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The senescent bystander effect is caused by ROS-activated NF-κB signalling
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Self-citationThe Dual Role of Cellular Senescence in Developing Tumors and Their Response to Cancer Therapy
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Senescent human melanocytes drive skin ageing via paracrine telomere dysfunction
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Self-citationThe bystander effect contributes to the accumulation of senescent cells in vivo
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Mitochondrial Homeostasis and Cellular Senescence
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Pathophysiology and mechanisms of primary sarcopenia (Review)
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Mitochondria in the signaling pathways that control longevity and health span
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Neutrophils induce paracrine telomere dysfunction and senescence in ROS‐dependent manner
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Self-citationSenolytics and senostatics as adjuvant tumour therapy
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Self-citationCellular Senescence in Postmitotic Cells: Beyond Growth Arrest
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Roles of extracellular vesicles in the aging microenvironment and age‐related diseases
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Senescent Cells: Emerging Targets for Human Aging and Age-Related Diseases
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“Although mitophagy in senescent cells appears to suppress the SASP [54], inhibition of the ETC can induce cellular senescence with a distinct SASP that lacks several key proinflammatory factors such as IL-6 and IL-8 [57].”
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Self-citationLipid (per) oxidation in mitochondria: an emerging target in the ageing process?
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Senescence as a therapeutic target in cancer and age-related diseases
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Metabolic landscape in cardiac aging: insights into molecular biology and therapeutic implications
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Regulation of Survival Networks in Senescent Cells: From Mechanisms to Interventions
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The Metabolic Impact on Histone Acetylation and Transcription in Ageing
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mTORC1 and Nutrient Homeostasis: The Central Role of the Lysosome
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Self-citationCellular Senescence: Molecular Targets, Biomarkers, and Senolytic Drugs
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Senescence in Post-Mitotic Cells: A Driver of Aging?
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Self-citationMitochondria, telomeres and cell senescence: Implications for lung ageing and disease
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- Authors
- Correia‐Melo, C., Marques, F. D., Anderson, R., Hewitt, G., Hewitt, R., Cole, J., Carroll, B. M., Miwa, S., Birch, J., Merz, A., Rushton, M. D., Charles, M., Jurk, D., Tait, S. W., Czapiewski, R., Greaves, L., Nelson, G., Bohlooly‐Y, M., Rodriguez‐Cuenca, S., Vidal‐Puig, A., Mann, D., Saretzki, G., Quarato, G., Green, D. R., Adams, P. D., von Zglinicki, T., Korolchuk, V. I., & Passos, J. F.
- Affiliations
- Universidade do Porto (PT)
- Newcastle University (GB)
- Cancer Research UK Scotland Institute (GB)
- Wellcome Centre for Mitochondrial Research (GB)
- AstraZeneca (Sweden) (SE)
- University of Cambridge (GB)
- St. Jude Children's Research Hospital (US)
- Corresponding author
- Passos, João F
- ORCID
- Correia‐Melo, Clara
- Hewitt, Graeme
- Cole, John
- Carroll, Bernadette M
- Miwa, Satomi
- Birch, Jodie
- Charles, Michelle
- Jurk, Diana
- Tait, Stephen WG
- Czapiewski, Rafal
- Greaves, Laura
- Nelson, Glyn
- Bohlooly‐Y, Mohammad
- Vidal‐Puig, Antonio
- Mann, Derek
- Saretzki, Gabriele
- Quarato, Giovanni
- Green, Douglas R
- Adams, Peter D
- Korolchuk, Viktor I
- Passos, João F
- Venue
- The EMBO Journal
- Published
- 2016-02-04
- Volume
- 35
- Issue
- 7
- Pages
- 724-742
- ISSN
- 0261-4189 (ISSN-L)
- 1460-2075
- PMC
- PMC4818766
- OpenAlex
- W2267737556
- Cited by
- 796
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 71 · 2025: 104 · 2024: 91 · 2023: 83 · 2022: 82 · 2021: 92 · 2020: 74 · 2019: 59 · 2018: 66 · 2017: 48 · 2016: 25
- FWCI
- 53.15
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Locations
- The EMBO Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Explore Bristol Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- ENLIGHTEN (Jurnal Bimbingan dan Konseling Islam) (acceptedVersion)
- Bristol Research (University of Bristol) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity) (cc-by)
- Funders
- FP7‐MITIN (HEALTH‐F4‐2008‐223450)
- Medical Research Council Centre for Obesity and Related Metabolic Diseases
- BBSRC (BB/I020748/1, BB/K019260/1, BB/H022384/1, BB/K017314/1)
- Royal Society University Fellowship
- Foundation for Science and Technology (FCT), Portugal
- GABBA Program
- University of Porto
- Newcastle University
- David Phillips Fellowship
- AstraZeneca
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Telomeres, Telomerase, and Senescence
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Aging › Genetics, Aging, and Longevity in Model Organisms
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Mitochondrial Function and Pathology
- Keywords
- cellular senescence, mitochondria, aging, pro-inflammatory phenotype, mitochondrial biogenesis, PGC-1β, mTORC1, ATM, Akt, DNA damage response, reactive oxygen species, glycolysis, cell cycle arrest, transcriptomics
- MeSH terms
- Aging, Animals, Cell Line, Humans, Mitochondria, Models, Biological, Phenotype, Mice
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