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Well-being of Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey
Abstract
BACKGROUND: As the coronavirus disease pandemic spread across the United States and protective measures to mitigate its impact were enacted, parents and children experienced widespread disruptions in daily life. Our objective with this national survey was to determine how the pandemic and mitigation efforts affected the physical and emotional well-being of parents and children in the United States through early June 2020. METHODS: In June 2020, we conducted a national survey of parents with children age <18 to measure changes in health status, insurance status, food security, use of public food assistance resources, child care, and use of health care services since the pandemic began. RESULTS: Since March 2020, 27% of parents reported worsening mental health for themselves, and 14% reported worsening behavioral health for their children. The proportion of families with moderate or severe food insecurity increased from 6% before March 2020 to 8% after, employer-sponsored insurance coverage of children decreased from 63% to 60%, and 24% of parents reported a loss of regular child care. Worsening mental health for parents occurred alongside worsening behavioral health for children in nearly 1 in 10 families, among whom 48% reported loss of regular child care, 16% reported change in insurance status, and 11% reported worsening food security. CONCLUSIONS: The coronavirus disease pandemic has had a substantial tandem impact on parents and children in the United States. As policy makers consider additional measures to mitigate the health and economic effects of the pandemic, they should consider the unique needs of families with children.
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“Published reports suggest that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a negative effect on children’s mental health (1,2).”
From Mental Health–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Children Aged <18 Years During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 1–October 17, 2020 (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“The increase in the proportion of ED visits for children’s mental health concerns might reflect increased pandemic-related stress and unintended consequences of mitigation measures, which reduced or modified access to children’s mental health services (2)”
From Mental Health–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Children Aged <18 Years During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 1–October 17, 2020 (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Research by Patrick et al. (2020) finds that in the year since the beginning of the pandemic, a quarter of parents reported worsening mental health for themselves and a 14% worsening in the behavioral health of their children.”
From Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Patrick et al. (2020)
In the citing paper
“They find that the combined impact of lack of child-care due to school closures, reduced access to healthcare due to closures and delays in visits, and declines in food security led to the most substantial declines in a family's mental and behavioral health.”
From Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Patrick et al. (2020)
In the citing paper
“Research has already demonstrated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among parents and children with respect to social isolation, loneliness, and depression.”
From Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Patrick et al. (2020)
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BackgroundImpact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Quality of Life and Mental Health in Children and AdolescentsPreprint
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Sun, J., Singletary, B., Jiang, H., Justice, L. M., Lin, T., & Purtell, K. M. (2021) · Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.appdev.2021.101375 · Cited by 89
Tahlyan, D., Said, M., Mahmassani, H. S., Stathopoulos, A., Walker, J. L., & Shaheen, S. (2021) · Transportation Research Part A Policy and Practice · doi:10.1016/j.tra.2021.11.025 · Cited by 101
“A common structure in adoption studies is to frame use intentions from the perspective of perceived benefits and barriers, which, in turn, are driven by experiences (Ajzen, 1991, Zunft et al., 1999, Kadir et al., 2019, Pérez et al., 2002, Van Horn and Storen, 2000, Meroño-Cerdán, 2017).”
BackgroundAssesment of parent-child relationship in Covid-19 pandemic
Uzun, H., Karaca, N. H., & Metin, Ş. (2021) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105748 · Cited by 80
Preis, H., Mahaffey, B., Pati, S., Heiselman, C. J., & Lobel, M. (2021) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kaab005 · Cited by 83
“The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has changed the daily lives of people across the globe, causing tremendous psychological stress for parents and children [1, 2].”
BackgroundQuality of Life Changes during the COVID-19 Pandemic for Caregivers of Children with ADHD and/or ASD
Pecor, K. W., Barbayannis, G., Yang, M., Johnson, J., Materasso, S., Borda, M., Garcia, D., Garla, V., & Ming, X. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18073667 · Cited by 87
Dawes, J., May, T., McKinlay, A. R., Fancourt, D. E., & Burton, A. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00701-8 · Cited by 88
Penna, A. L., de Aquino, C. M., Pinheiro, M. S. N., do Nascimento, R. L. F., Farías-Antúnez, S., Araújo, D. A. B. S., Mita, C., Machado, M. M. T., & Castro, M. C. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-15003-4 · Cited by 88
Szczepańska, A., & Pietrzyka, K. (2021) · Journal of Public Health · doi:10.1007/s10389-020-01456-z · Cited by 83
COVID-19: Differences in sentinel injury and child abuse reporting during a pandemic
Sharma, S., Wong, D., Schomberg, J., Knudsen-Robbins, C., Gibbs, D., Berkowitz, C. D., & Heyming, T. W. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.104990 · Cited by 78
Effects of COVID-19 on University Student Food Security
Davitt, E. D., Heer, M. M., Winham, D. M., Knoblauch, S. T., & Shelley, M. (2021) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu13061932 · Cited by 78
Child Maltreatment During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Rapp, A., Fall, G., Radomsky, A. C., & Santarossa, S. (2021) · Pediatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.pcl.2021.05.006 · Cited by 76
“Emerging research has suggested that parents experiencing pandemic-related social isolation report an increase in verbal aggression, physical punishment such as spanking or hitting, and neglectful behaviors toward their children.(20) The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant economic challenges and could have long…”
BackgroundWeight-Related Behaviors of Children with Obesity during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Neshteruk, C. D., Zizzi, A. R., Suarez, L., Erickson, E., Kraus, W. E., Li, J. S., Skinner, A. C., Story, M. T., Zucker, N. L., & Armstrong, S. (2021) · Childhood Obesity · doi:10.1089/chi.2021.0038 · Cited by 76
Trends in Pediatric Primary Care Visits During the Coronavirus Disease of 2019 Pandemic
Schweiberger, K. A., Patel, S. Y., Mehrotra, A., & Ray, K. N. (2021) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2021.04.031 · Cited by 76
Browne, D. T., Wade, M., May, S. S., Jenkins, J. M., & Prime, H. (2021) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0001237 · Cited by 81
Missed and Delayed Preventive Health Care Visits Among US Children Due to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Lebrun-Harris, L. A., Sappenfield, O. R., & Warren, M. D. (2022) · Public Health Reports® · doi:10.1177/00333549211061322 · Cited by 74
Crasta, D., Daks, J. S., & Rogge, R. D. (2020) · Journal of Contextual Behavioral Science · doi:10.1016/j.jcbs.2020.09.003 · Cited by 72
Gayatri, M. (2020) · Humanities & Social Sciences Reviews · doi:10.18510/hssr.2020.866 · Cited by 74
“(Pawilen, 2020) the Philippines Supplementary curriculum themes for Kindergarten students to help students understand about COVID-19 pandemic Analysis of existing reports, curriculum, documents, and literature review -”
BackgroundFood Security and COVID-19: A Systematic Review of the First-Year Experience
Éliás, B. A., & Jámbor, A. (2021) · Sustainability · doi:10.3390/su13095294 · Cited by 74
Marchetti, D., Fontanesi, L., Giandomenico, S. D., Mazza, C., Roma, P., & Verrocchio, M. C. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2020.567052 · Cited by 74
Steinberg, S., Liu, T., & Lense, M. D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.641733 · Cited by 72
Understanding at-the-moment stress for parents during COVID-19 stay-at-home restrictions
Freisthler, B., Gruenewald, P. J., Tebben, E., McCarthy, K. S., & Wolf, J. P. (2021) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2021.114025 · Cited by 72
McLean, K. D., & Johnson, T. J. (2021) · Academic Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1111/acem.14322 · Cited by 71
The Impact of COVID-19 Pandemic on Family Well-Being: A Literature Review
Gayatri, M., & Puspitasari, M. D. (2022) · The Family Journal · doi:10.1177/10664807221131006 · Cited by 71
“This change impacts social life, such as isolation, psychological distress, substantial economic distress, depression, and also domestic violence, including child abuse (Campbell, 2020; Patrick et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMental health impact of the Covid-19 pandemic on parents in high-risk, low income communities
Alonzo, D. M., Popescu, M. L., & Zubaroglu-Ioannides, P. (2021) · International Journal of Social Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/0020764021991896 · Cited by 70
“Another US study demonstrated worsening parental mental health functioning throughout the course of the pandemic, with 1 in 4 parents reporting increased psychological distress (Patrick et al., 2020).”
The COVID-19 pandemic and its potential enduring impact on children
Irwin, M., Lazarevic, B., Soled, D., & Adesman, A. (2022) · Current Opinion in Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/mop.0000000000001097 · Cited by 72
Czeisler, M. É., Rohan, E. A., Melillo, S. N., Matjasko, J. L., DePadilla, L. M., Patel, C. G., Weaver, M. D., Drane, A., Winnay, S. S., Capodilupo, E. R., et al. (2021) · MMWR Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report · doi:10.15585/mmwr.mm7024a3 · Cited by 69
“In addition, 27% of parents of children aged <18 years reported that their mental health had worsened during the pandemic (2).”
BackgroundMagge, S. N., Wolf, R. M., Pyle, L. L., Brown, E. A., Benavides, V. C., Bianco, M. E., Chao, L. C., Cymbaluk, A., Balikcioglu, P. G., Halpin, K. L., et al. (2022) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2022.08.010 · Cited by 67
“[36] Patrick SW, Henkhaus LE, Zickafoose JS, Lovell K, Halvorson A, Loch S, et al.”
Khoury, J. E., Kaur, H., & González, A. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.706168 · Cited by 68
“Indeed, mothers are experiencing high levels of stress, anxiety, and depression during the COVID-19 pandemic (Cameron et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020; Adams et al., 2021).”
BackgroundWhaley, G. L., & Pfefferbaum, B. J. (2023) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-023-01412-0 · Cited by 77
Stallard, P., Pereira, A. I., & Barros, L. (2021) · BJPsych Open · doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.1 · Cited by 75
van Tilburg, M. A. L., Edlynn, E. S., Maddaloni, M., van Kempen, K., Ferris, M., & Thomas, J. S. (2020) · Children · doi:10.3390/children7100193 · Cited by 67
“In a study conducted in June (two months after our study) 24% of parents reported losing care during the pandemic [10], supporting our findings.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGuo, J., Carli, P. D., Lodder, P., Bakermans‐Kranenburg, M. J., & Riem, M. M. E. (2021) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291720005504 · Cited by 73
Šinko, L., He, Y., Kishton, R. E., Ortiz, R., Jacobs, L., & Fingerman, M. (2021) · Journal of Family Violence · doi:10.1007/s10896-021-00290-5 · Cited by 64
Mann, M., McMillan, J., Silver, E. J., & Stein, R. E. K. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01295-z · Cited by 70
Harunavamwe, M., & Ward, C. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.921211 · Cited by 102
“A number of studies have identified the extensive challenges imposed by the pandemic in the workplace, especially in terms of wellbeing (Jemberie et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020; Sibley et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMeaningful activities during COVID-19 lockdown and association with mental health in Belgian adults
Cruyt, E., VRIENDT, P. D., Letter, M. D., Vlerick, P., Calders, P., Pauw, R. D., Oostra, K. M., Rodríguez‐Bailón, M., Szmalec, A., Merchán-Baeza, J. A., et al. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-10673-4 · Cited by 68
Sounding the Alarm for Children’s Mental Health During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Benton, T. D., Njoroge, W., & Ng, W. Y. K. (2022) · Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine · doi:10.1001/jamapediatrics.2021.6295 · Cited by 61
Metadata
- Authors
- Patrick, S. W., Henkhaus, L. E., Zickafoose, J. S., Lovell, K., Halvorson, A., Loch, S., Letterie, M., & Davis, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Patrick, Stephen W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2020-07-24
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e2020016824
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W3044545080
- Cited by
- 1,200
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 212 · 2022: 353 · 2021: 343 · 2020: 35
- FWCI
- 94.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, parental mental health, child behavioral health, food insecurity, employer-sponsored health insurance, health care utilization, family well-being, pandemic mitigation measures
- MeSH terms
- Child Health, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Child, Child Care, Female, Food Supply, Health Policy, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Parents, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Assistance, United States, Coronavirus Infections, Insurance Coverage, Pandemics
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