The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Well-being of Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey
Abstract
BACKGROUND: As the coronavirus disease pandemic spread across the United States and protective measures to mitigate its impact were enacted, parents and children experienced widespread disruptions in daily life. Our objective with this national survey was to determine how the pandemic and mitigation efforts affected the physical and emotional well-being of parents and children in the United States through early June 2020. METHODS: In June 2020, we conducted a national survey of parents with children age <18 to measure changes in health status, insurance status, food security, use of public food assistance resources, child care, and use of health care services since the pandemic began. RESULTS: Since March 2020, 27% of parents reported worsening mental health for themselves, and 14% reported worsening behavioral health for their children. The proportion of families with moderate or severe food insecurity increased from 6% before March 2020 to 8% after, employer-sponsored insurance coverage of children decreased from 63% to 60%, and 24% of parents reported a loss of regular child care. Worsening mental health for parents occurred alongside worsening behavioral health for children in nearly 1 in 10 families, among whom 48% reported loss of regular child care, 16% reported change in insurance status, and 11% reported worsening food security. CONCLUSIONS: The coronavirus disease pandemic has had a substantial tandem impact on parents and children in the United States. As policy makers consider additional measures to mitigate the health and economic effects of the pandemic, they should consider the unique needs of families with children.
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“Published reports suggest that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a negative effect on children’s mental health (1,2).”
From Mental Health–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Children Aged <18 Years During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 1–October 17, 2020 (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“The increase in the proportion of ED visits for children’s mental health concerns might reflect increased pandemic-related stress and unintended consequences of mitigation measures, which reduced or modified access to children’s mental health services (2)”
From Mental Health–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Children Aged <18 Years During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 1–October 17, 2020 (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Research by Patrick et al. (2020) finds that in the year since the beginning of the pandemic, a quarter of parents reported worsening mental health for themselves and a 14% worsening in the behavioral health of their children.”
From Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Patrick et al. (2020)
In the citing paper
“They find that the combined impact of lack of child-care due to school closures, reduced access to healthcare due to closures and delays in visits, and declines in food security led to the most substantial declines in a family's mental and behavioral health.”
From Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Patrick et al. (2020)
In the citing paper
“Research has already demonstrated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among parents and children with respect to social isolation, loneliness, and depression.”
From Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Patrick et al. (2020)
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SNAP Participants and High Levels of Food Insecurity in the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic
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“Broader impacts of the pandemic and restrictions may include worsening stress levels and mental health for parents [14], which may exacerbate avoidance behaviours and concerns around their child’s health.”
BackgroundRelations between Child and Parent Fears and Changes in Family Functioning Related to COVID-19
Suffren, S., Dubois‐Comtois, K., Lemelin, J., St‐Laurent, D., & Milot, T. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18041786 · Cited by 52
“Another study reported increased physical and mental health problems in parents and children between March and June 2020 [14].”
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BackgroundTransforming Practice with HOPE (Healthy Outcomes from Positive Experiences)
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“, 2021), parenting requirements such as loss of regular childcare (Neece et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020), financial problems (Cameron et al.”
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ResultBorel, M., Xie, L., Kapera, O., Mihalcea, A., Kahn, J. S., & Messiah, S. E. (2022) · World Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1007/s12519-022-00515-7 · Cited by 46
“mental health and child behavioral health [23].”
BackgroundGreteman, B., Garcia, C., Gryzlak, B. M., Kahl, A. R., Lutgendorf, S. K., Chrischilles, E. A., & Charlton, M. E. (2022) · The Journal of Rural Health · doi:10.1111/jrh.12667 · Cited by 44
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“…income for low-income families Moreover, a lack of access to the internet and devices, loss of employer-sponsored health insurance coverage [15], and cumbersome procedures to obtain problems, and caregiver engagement across the three periods during the pandemic in the December 2020 survey…”
InfluentialPrescription Drug Dispensing to US Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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BackgroundChanges in Children's Behavioral Health and Family Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Hanno, E. C., Cuartas, J. A., Miratrix, L. W., Jones, S. M., & Lesaux, N. K. (2021) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001010 · Cited by 43
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“Previous findings include studies of families in the UK [7] Canada [29] and the US [30], where lockdown measures were put in place but COVID-19 infection rates were also high.”
BackgroundResultValidation of the COVID-19 Exposure and Family Impact Scales
Enlow, P. T., Phan, T.-L. T., Lewis, A. M., Hildenbrand, A. K., Sood, E., Canter, K. S., Vega, G., Alderfer, M. A., & Kazak, A. E. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsab136 · Cited by 38
“This is consistent with other studies demonstrating small associations between discrete, event-related stressors (e.g., natural disaster, traumatic brain injury) and global family functioning (McDermott & Cobham, 2012; Ponsford & Schönberger, 2010).”
ResultParental mental health and child anxiety during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Latin America
Brik, A. B., Williams, N. A., Esteinou, R., Acero, I. D. M., Mesurado, B., Debeljuh, P., Storópoli, J., Orellana, O. N., & James, S. L. (2022) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/josi.12523 · Cited by 45
“In a nationwide survey conducted in the United States, nearly 1 in 10 parents reported worsening of mental health for themselves as well as their children (Patrick et al., 2020).”
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“Hence, it is not surprising that in a retrospective study design parents reported worsening mental health for themselves in June 2020 compared to March 2020 during the beginning of the pandemic (Patrick et al., 2020).”
BackgroundWhat we have learnt about trauma, loss and grief for children in response to COVID-19
Fitzgerald, D. A., Nunn, K. P., & Isaacs, D. (2021) · Paediatric Respiratory Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.prrv.2021.05.009 · Cited by 40
Dodge, K. A., Skinner, A. T., Godwin, J. W., Bai, Y., Lansford, J. E., Copeland, W., Goodman, W. B., McMahon, R. J., Goulter, N., Bornstein, M. H., et al. (2021) · Addictive Behaviors Reports · doi:10.1016/j.abrep.2021.100388 · Cited by 43
“Patrick et al. (2020) reported that 27% of parents experienced worsening mental health following the pandemic onset.”
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“These results align with previous parent-report research suggesting that parents with children at home have been a population at heightened risk of worsened mental health outcomes during the pandemic [6,10,15].”
ResultRibeiro, F. S., Janzen, T. B., Passarini, L. B. F., & Vanzella, P. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.633499 · Cited by 39
“9% reported severe stress levels, which is consistent with previous studies indicating that the COVID-19 pandemic can have significant effects on adults’ mental health (Patrick et al., 2020; Russell et al., 2020).”
BackgroundResultCOVID-19 Pandemic Lockdown and Wellbeing: Experiences from Aotearoa New Zealand in 2020
Officer, T. N., Imlach, F., McKinlay, E. M., Kennedy, J., Pledger, M. J., Russell, L., Churchward, M., Cumming, J., & McBride‐Henry, K. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042269 · Cited by 49
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“Thus, not surprisingly, research shows negative effects of the pandemic on families with young children (Gassman-Pines et al., 2020; Janssen et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020) versus older adults (Sterina et al.”
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Peck, J. L., & Sonney, J. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Health Care · doi:10.1016/j.pedhc.2021.04.012 · Cited by 39
Bhogal, A., Borg, B. A., Jovanović, T., & Marusak, H. A. (2021) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2021.114146 · Cited by 41
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“Parental use of behavioral skills intended to disrupt a coercive cycle of parentchild interaction implicated in early-onset DBDs constitutes BPT’s mechanism of action (Forehand et al., 2014; Patterson, 1982).”
Avery, A. R., Tsang, S., Seto, E., & Duncan, G. E. (2021) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2021.688462 · Cited by 38
Steinmayr, R., Paschke, P., & Wirthwein, L. (2022) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-022-00537-y · Cited by 48
“Because of the school lockdown during the pandemic, parents with school-aged children were very burdened and reported a significantly reduced SWB during and after the social distancing interventions implemented by the governments compared to the time before (Patrick et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCOVID-19 lockdowns and demographically-relevant Google Trends: A cross-national analysis
Berger, L. M., Ferrari, G., Leturcq, M., Panico, L., & Solaz, A. (2021) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0248072 · Cited by 35
Children and Adolescent Mental Health in a Time of COVID-19: A Forgotten Priority
Binagwaho, A., & Senga, J. (2021) · Annals of Global Health · doi:10.5334/aogh.3330 · Cited by 40
Linnavalli, T., & Kalland, M. (2021) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci11080435 · Cited by 37
“studies showing an increase in mental strain under the crisis [11,12].”
BackgroundResultInfluentialCOVID-19 and the Well-being of Children and Families
Coller, R. J., & Webber, S. A. (2020) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-022079 · Cited by 37
Pandemic precarity and everyday disparity: gendered housing needs in North America
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Libraries as Wellbeing Supportive Spaces in Contemporary Schools
Merga, M. K. (2021) · Journal of Library Administration · doi:10.1080/01930826.2021.1947056 · Cited by 48
“Concerns about student wellbeing are on the rise and may be compounded by the ongoing diverse challenges students face in current times, with the COVID-19 pandemic influencing student wellbeing (Patrick et al., 2020).”
BackgroundIlari, B. S., Cho, E., Li, J., & Bautista, A. (2021) · Journal of Child and Family Studies · doi:10.1007/s10826-021-02171-3 · Cited by 36
“Patrick et al. (2020) found a worsening of parental mental health between March and June in a sample of 1,011 American parents.”
BackgroundUnderstanding family life during the COVID ‐19 shutdown
Singletary, B., Schmeer, K. K., Purtell, K. M., Sayers, R. C., Justice, L. M., Lin, T., & Jiang, H. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12655 · Cited by 40
“…Summer 2020 found that many U.S. parents of children from birth to 18 years of age reported worsening well-being since March 2020 for both themselves and their children (N = 286 parents, Davidson et al., 2020; N = 645 parents, Gassman-Pines et al., 2020; N = 1011 parents, Patrick et al., 2020).”
BackgroundParents’ New Role and Needs During the COVID-19 Educational Emergency
Rousoulioti, T., Tsagari, D., & Giannikas, C. N. (2022) · Interchange · doi:10.1007/s10780-022-09464-6 · Cited by 48
“During the pandemic, parents have reported higher levels of stress when compared to adults without children (American Psychological Association, 2020) and mental health struggles overall (Patrick et al., 2020).”
BackgroundTrends in Suicidal Ideation-Related Emergency Department Visits for Youth in Illinois: 2016–2021
Brewer, A. G., Doss, W., Sheehan, K., Davis, M. M., & Feinglass, J. M. (2022) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-056793 · Cited by 36
Self-citationPediatrics 2025: The AMSPDC Workforce Initiative
Vinci, R. J., Degnon, L. E., & Devaskar, S. U. (2021) · The Journal of Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2021.02.004 · Cited by 36
Lee, B., Hanley, J. P., Nowak, S. A., Bates, J. H. T., & Hébert‐Dufresne, L. (2020) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-020-09799-8 · Cited by 37
HALL, S. L., White, A., Ballas, J., Saxton, S. N., Dempsey, A. G., & Saxer, K. (2021) · Journal of Obstetric, Gynecologic & Neonatal Nursing · doi:10.1016/j.jogn.2020.12.005 · Cited by 41
“Working from home, loss of child care, and schooling from home (Patrick et al., 2020)”
Optimizing Health And Well-Being For Women And Children
Fuentes‐Afflick, E., Perrin, J. M., Moley, K. H., Díaz, Á., McCormick, M. C., & Lu, M. C. (2021) · Health Affairs · doi:10.1377/hlthaff.2020.01504 · Cited by 36
Environmental health research and the COVID-19 pandemic: A turning point towards sustainability
Yang, X., & Lo, K. (2021) · Environmental Research · doi:10.1016/j.envres.2021.111157 · Cited by 37
Prime, H., Wade, M., May, S. S., Jenkins, J. M., & Browne, D. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.669106 · Cited by 31
U.S. Parents’ Reports of Assisting Their Children with Distance Learning during COVID-19
Sonnenschein, S., Grossman, E. R., & Grossman, J. A. (2021) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci11090501 · Cited by 41
Vandenplas, R., Truyens, P., Vis, S., & Picone, I. (2021) · Journalism Studies · doi:10.1080/1461670x.2021.1990788 · Cited by 49
“Second, studies have discussed the disruptive effect of the pandemic on the everyday life and routines of parents and children (Patrick et al. 2020; Lee et al. 2021), and while this pertains to a highly relevant topic, we argue that it is one that warrants its own discussion and goes beyond the…”
BackgroundBisanzio, D., Reithinger, R., Alqunaibet, A., Almudarra, S., Alsukait, R. F., Dong, D., Zhang, Y., El-Saharty, S., & Herbst, C. H. (2022) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-022-02232-4 · Cited by 32
“, if a parent or caregiver has to become part-time or quit their job in order to take care and even home-school their child) [73, 74].”
BackgroundEssler, S., Christner, N., & Paulus, M. (2023) · European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/s00787-023-02215-7 · Cited by 41
“A host of studies provides empirical support for notions of lockdowns as particularly challenging phases for child and family functioning [10, 11, 19, 25, 46, 56, 68, 70, 75].”
BackgroundSmith, K. E., & Pollak, S. D. (2021) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-021-00901-0 · Cited by 38
“We already see evidence that the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly job and income loss, is associated with more harsh parenting behaviors (Kalil et al., 2020) and increased risk for maltreatment (Lawson et al., 2020), as well as increased risk for behavioral issues in children (Patrick et al., 2020).”
BackgroundFamily Disruption and Parenting During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Schmeer, K. K., Singletary, B., Purtell, K. M., & Justice, L. M. (2021) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/0192513x211042852 · Cited by 34
Westrupp, E. M., Greenwood, C. J., Fuller‐Tyszkiewicz, M., Olsson, C. A., Sciberras, E., Mikocka‐Walus, A. A., Melvin, G. A., Evans, S., Stokes, M. A., WOOD, A. G., et al. (2021) · Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry · doi:10.1177/00048674211065365 · Cited by 36
“, 2020); (2) children, in many cases removed from their usual education, care and social environments (Duan et al., 2020; Liu et al., 2020; Oosterhoff et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020; Rosen et al., 2020; Xie et al., 2020); and (3) high-risk groups, such as families with pre-existing mental health conditions (Asmund…”
BackgroundResultGutiérrez‐Sacristán, A., Serret-Larmande, A., Hutch, M. R., Sáez, C., Aronow, B. J., Bhatnagar, S., Bonzel, C.-L., Cai, T., Devkota, B., Hanauer, D. A., et al. (2022) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.46548 · Cited by 34
“001 Duration of hospitalization, median (IQR), d 7 (4-11) 7 (4-13) .”
School closures were over-weighted against the mitigation of COVID-19 transmission
Tan, W. (2021) · Medicine · doi:10.1097/md.0000000000026709 · Cited by 33
“to 60%, and 24% of surveyed parents reported loss of regular child-care.([66]) The results of a national survey showed that since March 2020, 27% of parents reported worsening mental health”
BackgroundNjoroge, W., White, L. K., Waller, R. E., Forkpa, M., Himes, M. M., Morgan, K., Seidlitz, J., Chaiyachati, B. H., Barzilay, R., Kornfield, S. L., et al. (2022) · JAMA Psychiatry · doi:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2022.0597 · Cited by 33
Validating the Five-Item World Health Organization Well-Being Index
Nylén‐Eriksen, M., Bjørnnes, A. K., Hafstad, H., Lie, I., Grov, E. K., & Lara‐Cabrera, M. L. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph191811489 · Cited by 35
Lorenc, A., Kesten, J. M., Kidger, J., Langford, R. M., & Horwood, J. P. (2021) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2020-000987 · Cited by 32
COVID-19 Impacts on Families of Color and Families of Children With Asthma
Clawson, A. H., Nwankwo, C. N., Blair, A. L., Pepper-Davis, M., Ruppe, N. M., & Cole, A. B. (2021) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsab021 · Cited by 33
Novins, D. K., Stoddard, J., Althoff, R. R., Charach, A., Cortese, S., Cullen, K. R., Frazier, J. A., Glatt, S. J., Henderson, S. W., Herringa, R. J., et al. (2021) · Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jaac.2021.03.005 · Cited by 30
Köhler‐Dauner, F., Clemens, V., Lange, S., Ziegenhain, U., & Fegert, J. M. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00385-3 · Cited by 32
“[41] who detected a positive relationship between the experienced psychological stress of parents and that of their children [25, 28, 41].”
BackgroundBullinger, L. R., Boy, A., Messner, S. A., & Brown, S. (2021) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/s12887-021-02870-2 · Cited by 32
“the pandemic [7, 8], and children’s behavioral health has declined since March 2020 [9].”
BackgroundSchool support, chaos, routines, and parents’ mental health during COVID-19 remote schooling.
McGoron, L., Aikins, J. W., Trentacosta, C. J., Gómez, J. M., & Beeghly, M. (2021) · School Psychology · doi:10.1037/spq0000467 · Cited by 32
Fuerboeter, M., Boettcher, J., Barkmann, C., Zapf, H., Nazarian, R., Wiegand‐Grefe, S., Reinshagen, K., & Boettcher, M. (2021) · Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases · doi:10.1186/s13023-021-02129-0 · Cited by 32
“While many parents may face a burden by the daily care of their children and working from home and thus having less time to themselves due to the COVID-19 pandemic, parents of children with rare congenital diseases may experience a particular additional burden of having to care for their ill child and its consequences…”
BackgroundHeterogeneity in maternal and child mental health responses to the COVID-19 pandemic
Saleem, S., Burns, S., Falenchuk, O., Varmuza, P., & Perlman, M. (2021) · Early Childhood Research Quarterly · doi:10.1016/j.ecresq.2021.12.004 · Cited by 30
Quansah, F., Hagan, J. E., Sambah, F., Frimpong, J. B., Ankomah, F., Srem‐Sai, M., Seibu, M., Abieraba, R. S. K., & Schack, T. (2022) · European Journal of Investigation in Health Psychology and Education · doi:10.3390/ejihpe12010003 · Cited by 33
“For both students and teachers, the perception of getting infected with the coronavirus from the learning environment threatens not only their psychological well-being but also their physical, intellectual, emotional, and occupational well-being [11].”
BackgroundChildren’s Psychological Reactions to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Pfefferbaum, B. J. (2021) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-021-01289-x · Cited by 33
Robertson, E., Piscitello, J., Schmidt, E. M., Mallar, C., Davidson, B., & Natale, R. (2021) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-021-00422-1 · Cited by 37
“Evidence suggests that negative caregiver reactions may have cascading impacts on child internalizing and externalizing symptoms [10, 18].”
BackgroundEmergency Department Child Abuse Evaluations During COVID-19: A Multicenter Study
Chaiyachati, B. H., Wood, J. N., Carter, C. P., Lindberg, D. M., Chun, T. H., Cook, L. J., Alpern, E. R., & PECARN Registry Study Group and PECARN Child Abuse Special Interest Group (2022) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2022-056284 · Cited by 31
Metadata
- Authors
- Patrick, S. W., Henkhaus, L. E., Zickafoose, J. S., Lovell, K., Halvorson, A., Loch, S., Letterie, M., & Davis, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Patrick, Stephen W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2020-07-24
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e2020016824
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W3044545080
- Cited by
- 1,200
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 212 · 2022: 353 · 2021: 343 · 2020: 35
- FWCI
- 94.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, parental mental health, child behavioral health, food insecurity, employer-sponsored health insurance, health care utilization, family well-being, pandemic mitigation measures
- MeSH terms
- Child Health, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Child, Child Care, Female, Food Supply, Health Policy, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Parents, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Assistance, United States, Coronavirus Infections, Insurance Coverage, Pandemics
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