Cited by 1,200COVID-19 and Mental HealthSocial impacts of COVID-19Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations

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Well-being of Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey

Patrick, Stephen W., Henkhaus, Laura E., Zickafoose, Joseph S., Lovell, Kim, Halvorson, Alese, Loch, Sarah, Letterie, Mia, Davis, Matthew M.·2020·Pediatrics

DOI 10.1542/peds.2020-016824

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: As the coronavirus disease pandemic spread across the United States and protective measures to mitigate its impact were enacted, parents and children experienced widespread disruptions in daily life. Our objective with this national survey was to determine how the pandemic and mitigation efforts affected the physical and emotional well-being of parents and children in the United States through early June 2020. METHODS: In June 2020, we conducted a national survey of parents with children age <18 to measure changes in health status, insurance status, food security, use of public food assistance resources, child care, and use of health care services since the pandemic began. RESULTS: Since March 2020, 27% of parents reported worsening mental health for themselves, and 14% reported worsening behavioral health for their children. The proportion of families with moderate or severe food insecurity increased from 6% before March 2020 to 8% after, employer-sponsored insurance coverage of children decreased from 63% to 60%, and 24% of parents reported a loss of regular child care. Worsening mental health for parents occurred alongside worsening behavioral health for children in nearly 1 in 10 families, among whom 48% reported loss of regular child care, 16% reported change in insurance status, and 11% reported worsening food security. CONCLUSIONS: The coronavirus disease pandemic has had a substantial tandem impact on parents and children in the United States. As policy makers consider additional measures to mitigate the health and economic effects of the pandemic, they should consider the unique needs of families with children.

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Pozzobon, A. P. B., Petry, A. C., Zilberberg, C., de Barros, C. M., Nepomuceno‐Silva, J. L., Feitosa, N. M., Neto, L. R. G., Rodrigues, B. D. C., Brindeiro, R., Nocchi, K. J. C. V., et al. (2022) · Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências · doi:10.1590/0001-3765202220211361 · Cited by 14
Child Abuse in Times of Crises: Lessons Learned
Agrawal, N., & Kelley, M. (2020) · Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.cpem.2020.100801 · Cited by 14
Parent and Adolescent Perspectives on the Impact of COVID on the Care of Seriously Ill Children
Beight, L., Helton, G., Avery, M. E., Dussel, V., & Wolfe, J. (2021) · Journal of Pain and Symptom Management · doi:10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2021.07.017 · Cited by 13
Social Work Doctoral Student Well-Being During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Descriptive Study
Evans, K. E., Holmes, M. R., Prince, D. M., & Groza, V. K. (2021) · International journal of doctoral studies · doi:10.28945/4840 · Cited by 13
“Indeed, other studies have shown that some parents experienced an increase in mental health symptoms during the COVID-19 pandemic, particularly among those who are navigating food insecurity, job loss, changes in insurance status, and children with behavioral problems (Patrick et al., 2020; Westrupp et al., 2020).”
Background
Russian Schools during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Impact of the First Two Waves on the Quality of Education
Chaban, T., Rameeva, R., Denisov, I., Дмитриевна, К. Ю., & Zvyagintsev, R. (2022) · Voprosy Obrazovaniya/ Educational Studies Moscow · doi:10.17323/1814-9545-2022-1-160-188 · Cited by 13
Child Disruptions, Remote Learning, and Parent Mental Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Deeb, S., Madden, D. A., Berhane, T., Lin, J., Özbek, U., Mayer, V., & Vangeepuram, N. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19116442 · Cited by 14
Parents and school-aged children’s mental well-being after prolonged school closures and confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic in Mexico: a cross-sectional online survey study
León-Rojas, D., Castorena-Torres, F., Garza-Ornelas, B., Tarquino, A. M. C., Silva, C. A. S., Chanona, J. L. A., & Rodríguez-de-Ita, J. (2022) · BMJ Paediatrics Open · doi:10.1136/bmjpo-2022-001468 · Cited by 11
Mental Health Stigma Reduction in the Midwestern United States: Evidence from a Digital Campaign Using a Collective Impact Model
Diouf, F., Lemley, B., Barth, C., Goldbarg, J., Helgenberger, S., Grimm, B. L., Wartella, E. A., Smyser, J., & Bonnevie, E. (2022) · Journal of Community Health · doi:10.1007/s10900-022-01130-3 · Cited by 13
“), 27% of adults have reported symptoms of anxiety or depression during the pandemic, and 30% of parents have reported worsening mental health symptoms [6, 7].”
Background
Has Anything Changed in the Frequency of Emergency Department Visits and the Profile of the Adolescent Seeking Emergency Mental Care during the COVID-19 Pandemic?
Ferro, V., Averna, R., Murciano, M., Raucci, U., Cristaldi, S., Musolino, A. M., Pontillo, M., Vecchia, N. D., Labonia, M., Pisani, M., et al. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10030578 · Cited by 14
COVID-19 vaccine hesitancy, vaccination, and mental health: A national study among U.S. parents
Penner, F., Contreras, H. T., Elzaki, Y., Santos, R. P., & Sarver, D. E. (2023) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-023-04740-9 · Cited by 13
“Moreover, job losses during the pandemic were especially stressful for parents supporting families (Gader-mann et al., 2021), particularly given that families with children are more likely to live in poverty (Patrick et al., 2020).”
The bright side of the COVID-19 pandemic: Public coughing weakens the overconfidence bias in non-health domains
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Social distancing and anxiety among female caregivers of children ages zero-to-five during coronavirus disease (COVID-19) lockdown in the United States
Baiden, P., LaBrenz, C. A., & Findley, E. (2021) · Journal of Affective Disorders Reports · doi:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100154 · Cited by 13
The prefrontal cortex in a pandemic: Restoring functions with system-, family-, and individual-focused interventions.
Arnsten, A. F. T., Condon, E. M., Dettmer, A. M., Gee, D. G., Lee, K. S., Mayes, L. C., Stover, C. S., & Tseng, W. (2021) · American Psychologist · doi:10.1037/amp0000823 · Cited by 13
“reported a loss of regular childcare, insurance status, and worsening food and job security during the pandemic (Patrick et al., 2020).”
Background
Increases in Stressors Prior to-Versus During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the United States Are Associated With Depression Among Middle-Aged Mothers
Taylor, B. K., Frenzel, M. R., Johnson, H. J., Willett, M. P., White, S. F., Badura-Brack, A. S., & Wilson, T. W. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.706120 · Cited by 13
Parent Voices: Suggestions for Remote Learning during COVID Pandemic and Beyond
Logan, N., Oğurlu, Ü., Garbe, A., & Cook, P. A. (2021) · Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies · doi:10.29333/ejecs/850 · Cited by 16
COVID-19 Sürecinde Demografik, Sosyal, Akademik ve Hastalıkla İlgili Faktörlerin Üniversite Öğrencilerinin Psikolojik İyi Oluşları ile İlişkisi
Ergül‐Topçu, A., Yasak, Y., Kalafat, T., & Altınoğlu‐Dikmeer, İ. (2021) · Eğitimde Kuram ve Uygulama · doi:10.17244/eku.926595 · Cited by 14
Perilaku Kekerasan Ibu Terhadap Anak Selama Pandemi Covid 19
cahayanengdian, A., & Sugito, S. (2021) · Jurnal Obsesi Jurnal Pendidikan Anak Usia Dini · doi:10.31004/obsesi.v6i3.1686 · Cited by 13
Sex Ed Lessons from COVID-19
Rolleri, L. A., Bass, T. M., & Taverner, W. J. (2021) · American Journal of Sexuality Education · doi:10.1080/15546128.2021.1975592 · Cited by 13
“E. Jean Thielen Independent Consultant Theme 3: COVID-19’s impact on mental health and implications for sexuality education The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on the mental health of Americans—adults and young people alike (Panchal et al., 2021; Patrick et al., 2020).”
Background
The Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Health and Well-Being of Children and Youth in Nova Scotia: Youth and Parent Perspectives
Caldwell, H. A. T., Friesen, C. L. H., & Kirk, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Pediatrics · doi:10.3389/fped.2021.725439 · Cited by 13
The Effect of an After-School Physical Activity Program on Children’s Cognitive, Social, and Emotional Health during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Nova Scotia
Caldwell, H. A. T., Miller, M. B., Tweedie, C., Zahavich, J. B. L., Cockett, E., & Rehman, L. A. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042401 · Cited by 13
Drawing the COVID-19 pandemic: how do children incorporate the health crisis and its consequences into their everyday thinking?
Mondragón, N. I., Munitis, A. E., Sancho, N. B., & Ozamiz-Etxebarria, N. (2022) · Psychology and Health · doi:10.1080/08870446.2022.2066103 · Cited by 16
“…children in emotions will also be crucial to promote their well-being, particularly in times of crisis, when taking care of their emotions will be paramount, that is, knowing how to recognize, listen, and express themselves assertively (Cao et al., 2020; Ghosh et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020).”
Background
Emotional Wellbeing: The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Women Academics in South Africa
Ronnie, L., Bam, A., & Walters, C. A. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.770447 · Cited by 15
Determinants of Anxiety And Depression Among Bangladeshi Adults During COVID-19 Lockdown
Haque, M. R., Islam, S., Hasan, M. K., Hossain, M. S., Khan, M. A. H., & Islam, F. (2021) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09415 · Cited by 13
“Globally, COVID-19 not only causes fatality but also poses a range of adverse effects on the mental health and well-being of people (Dawson and Golijani-Moghaddam, 2020; O'Connor et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020; Salari et al., 2020).”
Association Between Material Hardship in Families With Young Children and Federal Relief Program Participation by Race and Ethnicity and Maternal Nativity
Lê‐Scherban, F., de Cuba, S. E., Bovell-Ammon, A., Coleman, S. M., Rateau, L. J., Cutts, D. B., Black, M. M., Heeren, T., & Frank, D. A. (2023) · JAMA Health Forum · doi:10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.0508 · Cited by 13
Connection During COVID-19: Pilot Study of a Telehealth Group Parenting Intervention
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Women’s Equality and the COVID-19 Caregiving Crisis
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“The pandemic reduced infant care, childcare, and elder care supports for women of all socioeconomic groups (Irani, Niyomyart, and Hickman 2021; Malik et al. 2020; Patrick et al. 2020; Russell and Sun 2020).”
Background
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Astle, S. M., Duncan, J. C., Toews, M. L., Perez‐Brena, N. J., McAllister, P., Maddy, M. A., & Feinberg, M. E. (2021) · Journal of Adolescent Research · doi:10.1177/07435584211062116 · Cited by 13
“For example, 27% of parents in a national survey of U.S. families reported worsening mental health and 14% reported their child showed behavioral disruptions (Patrick et al., 2020).”
Return to school and mask-wearing in class during the COVID-19 pandemic: Student perspectives from a school simulation study
Coelho, S. G., Segovia, A., Anthony, S. J., Lin, J., Pol, S. J., Crosbie, J., Science, M. E., Matava, C. T., Parekh, R. S., Caldeira‐Kulbakas, M., et al. (2022) · Paediatrics & Child Health · doi:10.1093/pch/pxab102 · Cited by 13
“…mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic in one or more domains, consistent with extant literature suggesting increased depressive and anxiety symptoms among children in general, and exacerbation of mental health symptoms among children with physical health concerns, during COVID-19 (15,30–32).”
Remote and Hybrid Schooling During COVID-19: Associations with Child Behavior and Sleep
Levitt, K. J., Munzer, T. G., Torres, C., Schaller, A., McCaffery, H., & Radesky, J. S. (2022) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001085 · Cited by 12
When “Time Is Not Your Own”: Experiences of Mothering Students During the COVID-19 Pandemic
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Effectiveness of quadrivalent HPV vaccination in reducing vaccine-type and nonvaccine-type high risk HPV infection
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The Impact of COVID-19 on Infant Maltreatment Emergency Department and Inpatient Medical Encounters
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“Infants, already at greatest risk of experiencing maltreatment-related injuries and fatalities,(21-23) may have been uniquely vulnerable to risk in the context of increased family stress and lower social surveillance resulting from pandemic-related service interruptions.(8,24) Furthermore, infants in need of home visi…”
Background
Household income and food security during the COVID-19 pandemic in the urban slums of Punjab, Pakistan
Mehmood, Y., Arshad, M. U., & Bashir, M. K. (2023) · Local Environment · doi:10.1080/13549839.2023.2238749 · Cited by 12
“The studies by Patrick et al. (2020) and Adams et al. (2020) report 11% and 20% increases in food insecurity in the USA.”
Background
Trends in Well-Being Among Youth in Australia, 2017-2022
Dumuid, D., Singh, B., Brinsley, J., Virgara, R., Curtis, R., Brinkman, S. A., & Maher, C. A. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.30098 · Cited by 14
Prevalence and correlates of internalizing and externalizing mental health problems among in-school adolescents in eastern Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study
Hunduma, G., Dessie, Y., Geda, B., Yadeta, T. A., & Deyessa, N. (2024) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-024-54145-2 · Cited by 16
A systematic review of the nexus between climate change and social media: present status, trends, and future challenges
Sultana, B. C., Prodhan, M. T. R., Alam, E., Sohel, M. S., Bari, A. B. M. M., Pal, S. C., Islam, M. K., & Islam, A. R. M. T. (2024) · Frontiers in Communication · doi:10.3389/fcomm.2024.1301400 · Cited by 12
Artificial Intelligence–Based Mobile Phone Apps for Child Mental Health: Comprehensive Review and Content Analysis
Yang, F., Wei, J., Zhao, X., & An, R. (2025) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/58597 · Cited by 15
“Many children grapple with mental health issues, and an overwhelming fraction encounter barriers to accessing effective, affordable, and high-quality mental health services [6].”
Impact of COVID-19 on resource families: Unique challenges and strengths
Langley, A. K., Ruderman, M. A., Waterman, J., & Franke, T. M. (2021) · Developmental Child Welfare · doi:10.1177/25161032211020756 · Cited by 12
“Many reported interconnected worsening mental health for themselves and worsening behavioral health for their children (Calderon, 2020; Patrick et al., 2020).”
Background
The Way of Distance Teaching Is Related to Adolescent Students’ Health and Loneliness during the School Closure in Finland
Rimpelä, A., Lindfors, P. L., Kinnunen, J. M., Myöhänen, A., Hotulainen, R., Koivuhovi, S., & Vainikainen, M. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182312377 · Cited by 12
“The effects on students’ health have also been seen in worsening health behaviours like decreasing physical activity or increasing screen time [7].”
Inhibitory Control, Student–Teacher Relationships, and Expulsion Risk in Preschools: An Indirect Effects Path Analysis
Loomis, A. M., Freed, S., & Coffey, R. (2022) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-021-01287-x · Cited by 12
New Parent Support Needs and Experiences with Pediatric Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Walsh, T. B., Reynders, R., & Davis, R. N. (2022) · Maternal and Child Health Journal · doi:10.1007/s10995-022-03496-1 · Cited by 12
“Parent wellbeing declined during the pandemic (Gassman-Pines et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020), and because of the centrality of caregiving relationships in early development, heightened distress and emotional symptoms in parents place infants at particular risk (Rosenblum et al., 2019).”
Background
Schooling amidst a pandemic in the United States: Parents’ perceptions about reopening schools and anticipated challenges during COVID-19
Meghani, A., Agarwal, S., Zapf, A. J., Edwards, J. G., Labrique, A. B., & Gibson, D. G. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0268427 · Cited by 12
“Recent studies examining the mental health impact of school closures have shown declines in parents mental well-being, with nearly a third of parents reporting a worsening of mental health and close to 40% of parents demonstrating signs of depression or anxiety, respectively [19,33,34].”
Background
Food Insecurity–Related Interventions and Mental Health Among US Adults During the COVID-19 Pandemic, April 2020 through August 2021
Lee, H., & Singh, G. K. (2022) · Public Health Reports · doi:10.1177/00333549221110294 · Cited by 14
Parents' pandemic stress, parental involvement, and family quality of life for children with autism
Cheng, S., Cheng, S., Liu, S., & Li, Y. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.1061796 · Cited by 14

Authors: Patrick, S. W., Henkhaus, L. E., Zickafoose, J. S., Lovell, K., Halvorson, A., Loch, S., Letterie, M., & Davis, M. M.
Affiliations: Vanderbilt University (US)
Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
Northwestern University (US)
Corresponding author: Patrick, Stephen W.
ORCID: Patrick, Stephen W.
Henkhaus, Laura E.
Zickafoose, Joseph S.
Halvorson, Alese
Loch, Sarah
Letterie, Mia
Davis, Matthew M.
Venue: Pediatrics
Publisher: American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
Published: 2020-07-24
Volume: 146
Issue: 4
Pages: e2020016824
ISSN: 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
1098-4275
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2020-016824
OpenAlex: W3044545080
Cited by: 1,200
References: 15
Citations by year: 2026: 38 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 212 · 2022: 353 · 2021: 343 · 2020: 35
FWCI: 94.20
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social impacts of COVID-19
Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
Keywords: COVID-19 pandemic, parental mental health, child behavioral health, food insecurity, employer-sponsored health insurance, health care utilization, family well-being, pandemic mitigation measures
MeSH terms: Child Health, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Child, Child Care, Female, Food Supply, Health Policy, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Parents, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Assistance, United States, Coronavirus Infections, Insurance Coverage, Pandemics

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Well-being of Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey

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