The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Well-being of Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey
Abstract
BACKGROUND: As the coronavirus disease pandemic spread across the United States and protective measures to mitigate its impact were enacted, parents and children experienced widespread disruptions in daily life. Our objective with this national survey was to determine how the pandemic and mitigation efforts affected the physical and emotional well-being of parents and children in the United States through early June 2020. METHODS: In June 2020, we conducted a national survey of parents with children age <18 to measure changes in health status, insurance status, food security, use of public food assistance resources, child care, and use of health care services since the pandemic began. RESULTS: Since March 2020, 27% of parents reported worsening mental health for themselves, and 14% reported worsening behavioral health for their children. The proportion of families with moderate or severe food insecurity increased from 6% before March 2020 to 8% after, employer-sponsored insurance coverage of children decreased from 63% to 60%, and 24% of parents reported a loss of regular child care. Worsening mental health for parents occurred alongside worsening behavioral health for children in nearly 1 in 10 families, among whom 48% reported loss of regular child care, 16% reported change in insurance status, and 11% reported worsening food security. CONCLUSIONS: The coronavirus disease pandemic has had a substantial tandem impact on parents and children in the United States. As policy makers consider additional measures to mitigate the health and economic effects of the pandemic, they should consider the unique needs of families with children.
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“Published reports suggest that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a negative effect on children’s mental health (1,2).”
From Mental Health–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Children Aged <18 Years During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 1–October 17, 2020 (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“The increase in the proportion of ED visits for children’s mental health concerns might reflect increased pandemic-related stress and unintended consequences of mitigation measures, which reduced or modified access to children’s mental health services (2)”
From Mental Health–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Children Aged <18 Years During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 1–October 17, 2020 (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Research by Patrick et al. (2020) finds that in the year since the beginning of the pandemic, a quarter of parents reported worsening mental health for themselves and a 14% worsening in the behavioral health of their children.”
From Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Patrick et al. (2020)
In the citing paper
“They find that the combined impact of lack of child-care due to school closures, reduced access to healthcare due to closures and delays in visits, and declines in food security led to the most substantial declines in a family's mental and behavioral health.”
From Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Patrick et al. (2020)
In the citing paper
“Research has already demonstrated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among parents and children with respect to social isolation, loneliness, and depression.”
From Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Patrick et al. (2020)
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“23 There are also rising concerns about social isolation for those with attention-de fi cit hyperactivity and autism spectrum because of this pandemic.”
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Sim, J. Y., Wu, P., Cheng, C., Yiang, G., & Yu, C.-H. (2021) · Journal of Microbiology Immunology and Infection · doi:10.1016/j.jmii.2021.12.004 · Cited by 6
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Lyu, W., & Wehby, G. L. (2022) · INQUIRY The Journal of Health Care Organization Provision and Financing · doi:10.1177/00469580221092856 · Cited by 6
People’s Perception of Well-Being during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study in Japan
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“[15] investigated how the pandemic and mitigation efforts affected the physical and emotional well-being of parents and children in the United States in early June 2020.”
BackgroundGervais, C., Côté, I., Pierce, T., Vallée‐Ouimet, S., & de Montigny, F. (2023) · Canadian Journal of Nursing Research · doi:10.1177/08445621231175757 · Cited by 6
“…in the context of a pandemic combined with the significant decrease in social support available to individuals and families was a fertile ground for the development or exacerbation of mental health problems (Patrick et al., 2020), thereby undermining the wellbeing and functioning of families.”
BackgroundInfluentialPerceived control, loneliness, early-life stress, and parents’ perceptions of stress
Smith, K. E., Graf, E., Faig, K. E., Dimitroff, S. J., Rockwood, F., Hernandez, M. W., & Norman, G. J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39572-x · Cited by 9
Reduced Psychosocial Well-Being among the Children of Women with Early-Onset Breast Cancer
Schliemann, A., Teroerde, A., Beurer, B., Hammersen, F., Fischer, D., Katalinic, A., Labohm, L., Strobel, A. M., & Waldmann, A. (2023) · Current Oncology · doi:10.3390/curroncol30120731 · Cited by 16
“This differs significantly from the results of other studies [46,48,49] and suggests that the prepan-demic questionnaire did not ask about important elements of the impact of the pandemic (e.g., school performance, exposure at home and school and lack of social contacts).”
ResultThe impact of lockdown on child adjustment: a propensity score matched analysis
Weng, W., Liu, M., Wang, S., Li, X., Zhang, J., Fu, Y., Dong, C., & Li, Y. (2024) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-024-01894-4 · Cited by 7
“The increased stress and disruptions caused by the lockdown can contribute to higher levels of parent–child conflict within the home environment [87].”
BackgroundHuebener, M., Waights, S., & Spiess, C. K. (2025) · Edward Elgar Publishing eBooks · doi:10.4337/9781035302765.00018 · Cited by 6
Torres, A., Kelley, C., Kelley, S., Piña, G., Garcia-Baza, I., & Griffith, I. (2021) · Journal of Creative Communications · doi:10.1177/09732586211000281 · Cited by 6
Schiff, D. M., Halvorson, A. E., Dupont, W. D., Davis, M. M., & Patrick, S. W. (2021) · Substance Abuse · doi:10.1080/08897077.2021.1975866 · Cited by 6
Self-citationParents' Preferences for Behavioral Services in Primary Care During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Petts, R. A., Walker, B. L., Hails, K. A., Simoni, M., Bignall, W. J. R., Hostutler, C. A., & Riley, A. R. (2021) · Journal of Developmental & Behavioral Pediatrics · doi:10.1097/dbp.0000000000001033 · Cited by 6
“The COVID-19 pandemic has caused significant challenges for children and families, and the need for behavioral health support is high.(1) Pediatric primary care is an ideal setting to provide behavioral interventions to children and families.”
BackgroundPandemi Sürecinde Annelerin Koronavirüs Hastalığı Korkusu ve Anne-Çocuk İletişimi
Kurt, Ş. H. (2021) · Psikiyatride Guncel Yaklasimlar - Current Approaches in Psychiatry · doi:10.18863/pgy.971643 · Cited by 8
Cama, S. F., Miyamoto, B. E., & DeJong, S. M. (2022) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2021.11.009 · Cited by 6
Doyle, A. E., Colvin, M. K., Beery, C. S., Koven, M. R., Vuijk, P. J., & Braaten, E. B. (2022) · Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Mental Health · doi:10.1186/s13034-022-00441-6 · Cited by 7
“Nonetheless, emerging data in this age group have related the onset of the pandemic to increases in anxiety and depression [4, 5] behavioral difficulties [6], suicidality [7, 8], and psychiatric emergency room visits [9].”
BackgroundSleep and media use among children with neurodevelopmental disorders during the COVID-19 pandemic
Wilaisakditipakorn, T. J., Ievers‐Landis, C. E., Malay, S., Burkhart, K. M., Ibrahim, S., Kralovic, S., & Diekroger, E. A. (2022) · Children s Health Care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2021.2013222 · Cited by 6
“…profound impacts for children above and beyond the rarer medical consequences, such as multisystem inflammatory syndrome (Brooks et al., 2020; Dubois-Comtois, Suffren, StLaurent, Milot, & Lemelin, 2021; Liu, Bao, Huang, Shi, & Lu, 2020; Panda et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020; Singh et al., 2020).”
BackgroundPrior home learning environment is associated with adaptation to homeschooling during COVID lockdown
Girard, C., & Prado, J. (2022) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2022.e09294 · Cited by 6
“For example, it has been suggested that being a parent increases the risk of experiencing signi fi - cant stress during lockdown (Achterberg et al., 2020; Brown et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020).”
Effect of telehealth implementation on an adolescent metabolic and bariatric surgery program
Herdes, R. E., Matheson, B. E., Tsao, D. D., Bruzoni, M., & Pratt, J. S. A. (2022) · Surgery for Obesity and Related Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.soard.2022.05.014 · Cited by 6
Working and caring for a disabled adopted child during a pandemic
Sellmaier, C., & Kim, J. (2022) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.12955 · Cited by 7
Initial Effects of a Brief Transdiagnostic Intervention on Parent Emotion Management During COVID-19
Halliday, E. R., Cepeda, S. L., Grassie, H. L., Jensen‐Doss, A., & Ehrenreich, J. T. (2022) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-022-01409-5 · Cited by 6
“For parents and caregivers of children, in particular, the pandemic posed unique challenges that may directly impact both parents’ and youths’ mental health [7, 8].”
Child abuse and neglect in Brussels during the COVID-19-lockdown
Verheyden, C., Dooren, E. V., Holen, F. V., Stroobants, T., & Vanderfaeillie, J. (2022) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105903 · Cited by 6
“For example, research points to increased psychological problems in children and parents during lockdown (Adıbelli & Sümen, 2020; Panchal et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020; The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action [The Alliance] et al., 2020).”
BackgroundMoss, R. E., Hertzberg, E., Person, H., Stoffels, G. J., Zackai, S., Bucuvalas, J. C., & Gillen, J. K. (2022) · Clinical Pediatrics · doi:10.1177/00099228221124680 · Cited by 6
Suicide Rates Among 5–29-Year-Old African Americans, 1990–2018
Goddard, L. L. (2022) · Journal of Black Psychology · doi:10.1177/00957984221136418 · Cited by 6
Roberts, J. P., Satherley, R., & Iles, J. E. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1044664 · Cited by 6
“As previously outlined, increased father involvement has the potential to enhance infant outcomes, however, concurrent with the increase in paternal presence was additional financial, workplace and childcare stress (Patrick et al., 2020; Cheng et al., 2021).”
BackgroundManaging Disruptions in Early Care & Education: Lessons from COVID-19
Cook, K. D., van Leer, K. F., Gandhi, J., Ayala, C., & Kuh, L. P. (2022) · Early Childhood Education Journal · doi:10.1007/s10643-022-01430-2 · Cited by 6
“This has been particularly relevant during the COVID-19 pandemic, during which families faced disruptions in their children’s ECE arrangements due to mandatory closures, health risks, employment changes, and other challenges (e.g., Malik et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020).”
InfluentialBirnkammer, S., & Calvano, C. (2023) · Children · doi:10.3390/children10020207 · Cited by 7
Delgado, J. R., Mansfield, L. N., Bruxvoort, K. J., Macias, M. M., Grotts, J. H., Lewin, B. J., Bronstein, D. E., Munoz‐Plaza, C. E., Szilagyi, P. G., Chang, J. M., et al. (2023) · Journal of Adolescent Health · doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2022.12.018 · Cited by 6
Tavano, S., Caini, S., Sforzi, I., Silvestri, C., Voller, F., & Pisano, T. (2023) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm12124154 · Cited by 6
“Studies conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic also found that parents’ depression, job loss, and previous mistreatment predicted higher rates of mistreatment of children aged 4 to 10 years old [41].”
BackgroundLi, L., Wang, A. T., Fang, Q., & Moosbrugger, M. E. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/40383 · Cited by 7
Parents' coping behaviors and mental health during the COVID ‐19 pandemic
Koepp, A. E., Barton, J. M., Berendzen, H. M., Rough, H. E., & Gershoff, E. T. (2023) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12929 · Cited by 6
Sociodemographic Differences in COVID-19 Pandemic Experiences Among Families in the United States
LeWinn, K. Z., Trasande, L., Law, A., Blackwell, C. K., Bekelman, T. A., Arizaga, J. A., Sullivan, A., Bastain, T. M., Breton, C. V., Karagas, M. R., et al. (2023) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.30495 · Cited by 6
Uncertainty in the COVID-19 Pandemic and the Art of Medicine
He, Y., & Vinci, R. J. (2021) · PEDIATRICS · doi:10.1542/peds.2020-042937 · Cited by 6
Burkhart, K., Minnes, S., Yamoah, O., Doernberg, E., Balser, S., Ciesielski, T. H., Dimitropoulos, A., Nock, N., & Freedman, D. A. (2021) · Children's health care · doi:10.1080/02739615.2021.1997602 · Cited by 5
Cimino, S., & Cerniglia, L. (2022) · Psychology Research and Behavior Management · doi:10.2147/prbm.s364480 · Cited by 6
“Even more severe symptoms, such as trauma-related mental health problems and emotional instability, have been recorded in confined persons and those who have lost a relative.(12) Children, on the other hand, are suggested to have”
BackgroundPediatric Consultation–Liaison Psychology: Insights and Lessons Learned During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Schneider, N. M., Steinberg, D. M., Garcia, A. M., Guler, J., Mudd, E., Agoston, A. M., Schwartzkopf, K., Kullgren, K. A., & Judd-Glossy, L. (2022) · Journal of Clinical Psychology in Medical Settings · doi:10.1007/s10880-022-09887-4 · Cited by 7
“” This appeared to be directly related to an increase in the need and severity of cases in light of family struggles and child psychiatric conditions becoming exacerbated as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic (Patrick et al., 2020).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Patrick, S. W., Henkhaus, L. E., Zickafoose, J. S., Lovell, K., Halvorson, A., Loch, S., Letterie, M., & Davis, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Patrick, Stephen W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2020-07-24
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e2020016824
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W3044545080
- Cited by
- 1,200
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 212 · 2022: 353 · 2021: 343 · 2020: 35
- FWCI
- 94.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, parental mental health, child behavioral health, food insecurity, employer-sponsored health insurance, health care utilization, family well-being, pandemic mitigation measures
- MeSH terms
- Child Health, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Child, Child Care, Female, Food Supply, Health Policy, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Parents, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Assistance, United States, Coronavirus Infections, Insurance Coverage, Pandemics
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