The DOI matches its Crossref record; 15 of the 15 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Well-being of Parents and Children During the COVID-19 Pandemic: A National Survey
Abstract
BACKGROUND: As the coronavirus disease pandemic spread across the United States and protective measures to mitigate its impact were enacted, parents and children experienced widespread disruptions in daily life. Our objective with this national survey was to determine how the pandemic and mitigation efforts affected the physical and emotional well-being of parents and children in the United States through early June 2020. METHODS: In June 2020, we conducted a national survey of parents with children age <18 to measure changes in health status, insurance status, food security, use of public food assistance resources, child care, and use of health care services since the pandemic began. RESULTS: Since March 2020, 27% of parents reported worsening mental health for themselves, and 14% reported worsening behavioral health for their children. The proportion of families with moderate or severe food insecurity increased from 6% before March 2020 to 8% after, employer-sponsored insurance coverage of children decreased from 63% to 60%, and 24% of parents reported a loss of regular child care. Worsening mental health for parents occurred alongside worsening behavioral health for children in nearly 1 in 10 families, among whom 48% reported loss of regular child care, 16% reported change in insurance status, and 11% reported worsening food security. CONCLUSIONS: The coronavirus disease pandemic has had a substantial tandem impact on parents and children in the United States. As policy makers consider additional measures to mitigate the health and economic effects of the pandemic, they should consider the unique needs of families with children.
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“Published reports suggest that the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has had a negative effect on children’s mental health (1,2).”
From Mental Health–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Children Aged <18 Years During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 1–October 17, 2020 (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“The increase in the proportion of ED visits for children’s mental health concerns might reflect increased pandemic-related stress and unintended consequences of mitigation measures, which reduced or modified access to children’s mental health services (2)”
From Mental Health–Related Emergency Department Visits Among Children Aged <18 Years During the COVID-19 Pandemic — United States, January 1–October 17, 2020 (2020) · cites this paper as [2]
In the citing paper
“Research by Patrick et al. (2020) finds that in the year since the beginning of the pandemic, a quarter of parents reported worsening mental health for themselves and a 14% worsening in the behavioral health of their children.”
From Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Patrick et al. (2020)
In the citing paper
“They find that the combined impact of lack of child-care due to school closures, reduced access to healthcare due to closures and delays in visits, and declines in food security led to the most substantial declines in a family's mental and behavioral health.”
From Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Patrick et al. (2020)
In the citing paper
“Research has already demonstrated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic among parents and children with respect to social isolation, loneliness, and depression.”
From Domestic violence during the COVID-19 pandemic—evidence from a systematic review and meta-analysis (2021) · cites this paper as Patrick et al. (2020)
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InfluentialPerspectives of infant active play: a qualitative comparison of working versus stay-at-home parents
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“Adverse psychological and psychosocial outcomes for CYP during the pandemic have been widely reported (Gassman-Pines et al., 2020; Jiao et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020; Yeasmin et al., 2020).”
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“This includes increased economic anxiety [12, 13] particularly in parents with young children [14].”
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“, 2020), it is possible that these patterns may also be partially explained by sociodemographic differences of regional populations (Fitzpatrick et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020; McKnight-Eily et al., 2021).”
Joshi, D., Aschner, A., Atkinson, L. R., Halili-Sychangco, D., Duku, E., Puffer, E. S., Rieder, A. D., Tonmyr, L., & González, A. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066840 · Cited by 9
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“This implies that much of the well-being of children during the pandemic has been assessed indirectly, often by interviewing parents and asking about the perception of their children’s habits and well-being during lockdowns (Patrick et al., 2020).”
BackgroundCarbonari, M. V., Davison, M., DeArmond, M., Dewey, D., Dizon-Ross, E., Goldhaber, D. D., Hashim, A. K., Kane, T. J., McEachin, A. J., Morton, E., et al. (2024) · AERA Open · doi:10.1177/23328584241281286 · Cited by 12
“Early in the pandemic, for example, survey research revealed declines in reported mental health (Patrick et al., 2020).”
Smartphone Addiction among Adolescents in Southern Italy and Correlation with Other Risky Behaviors
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“…this, the UK witnessed a notable rise in depressive symptoms, post-traumatic stress disorder, and externalizing difficulties [50], while the United States reported worsened psychological well-being and behavioral health among children and adolescents, compared to the pre-pandemic period [51,52].”
BackgroundPaternal Depression and Anxiety During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Cameron, E. E., Joyce, K. M., Hatherly, K., & Roos, L. E. (2025) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph22010124 · Cited by 9
“The understudied area of paternal mental health is particularly troublesome, as results from previous quarantines and the COVID-19 pandemic indicate an increased mental health risk amongst caregivers [11,12].”
Khozaei, F., & Carbon, C. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.675529 · Cited by 9
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“In general, the COVID-19 pandemic negatively influenced parental mental health, psychosocial wellbeing, and socioeconomic situation (8–10).”
The Occurrence and Co-Occurrence of Harsh Parenting and Family Conflict in Hong Kong
Chen, Q., Lo, C. K. M., Chen, M., Chan, K. L., & Ip, P. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph192316199 · Cited by 9
“This impacts more than family dynamics and the well-being of family members [25,26], as families with lower levels of parental supervision have an increased risk of children experiencing extra-familial victimization [27,28].”
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de Araújo, C. I. L., Piva, J. P., Nicoladeli, A. V., Hartwig, J. P., Vieira, A. P. R., Rocha, N. S., & da Rocha, T. S. (2023) · Jornal de Pediatria · doi:10.1016/j.jped.2023.07.006 · Cited by 11
“28,29 In addition, there is an association between child and parent self-report.”
BackgroundEquity for Children in the United States
Meek, S. E., Catherine, E., Soto-Boykin, X. T., & Blevins, D. (2024) · Cambridge University Press eBooks · doi:10.1017/9781009379755 · Cited by 8
Seiler, M., Staubli, G., Hoeffe, J., Gualco, G., Manzano, S., & Goldman, R. D. (2021) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-021-11315-5 · Cited by 9
Maternal Adverse Childhood Experience Exposure and Resilience During COVID-19
LaBrenz, C. A., Baiden, P., Findley, E., Tennant, P. S., & Chakravarty, S. (2021) · Families in Society The Journal of Contemporary Social Services · doi:10.1177/10443894211002323 · Cited by 9
“COVID-19 has been viewed as a significant stressor for many parents and children (Patrick et al., 2020; Xu et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialPlagg, B., Flarer, H., Conca, A., Wiedermann, C. J., Engl, A., Piccoliori, G., Mairhofer, S., Barbieri, V., & Eisendle, K. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph182111174 · Cited by 9
“Suspension of face-to-face instruction at school and closure of kindergartens and nurseries significantly changed the lives of preschool- or schoolchildren and their families [2,3].”
BackgroundParental Worrying, Family Functioning, and Quality of Life During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Taha, A. A., Azar, N. G., Eisen, A. M., Abdul-Rahman, H. Q., & Hanes, D. A. (2021) · Nursing Research · doi:10.1097/nnr.0000000000000570 · Cited by 9
Gritzka, S., Angerer, P., Pietrowsky, R., & Diebig, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19031739 · Cited by 8
Benzing, V., Gaillard, P., Scheidegger, D., Dössegger, A., Nigg, C. R., & Schmidt, M. (2022) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph19042231 · Cited by 9
Understanding the unpaid work roles amongst households, during COVID-19
Furtado, R., Seens, H., Ziebart, C., Fraser, J., & MacDermid, J. C. (2022) · Aging and Health Research · doi:10.1016/j.ahr.2022.100071 · Cited by 9
Experience of parents of preschool children in Hawaii during the COVID‐19 pandemic
Glauberman, G., Wong, D. K., & Qureshi, K. (2022) · Public Health Nursing · doi:10.1111/phn.13076 · Cited by 9
“A nationwide survey found that parents with children age 18 or younger experiencedworseningmental health, increasing food insecurity, decreased health insurance coverage, and loss of childcare during the pandemic (Patrick et al., 2020).”
BackgroundThe impact of COVID-19 on Canadian child maltreatment workers
Williams, S., Bruer, K. C., Evans, A. D., & Price, H. L. (2022) · Children and Youth Services Review · doi:10.1016/j.childyouth.2022.106492 · Cited by 9
“Closure of non-essential services meant that children spent most of their time in close quarters with family (Patrick et al., 2020) - with parents working from home - while also isolated from extended family members (Cheng et al.”
Zhang, N., Russell, B. S., Park, C. L., & Fendrich, M. (2022) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/02654075221098419 · Cited by 12
“Indeed, growing evidence suggests that parents have experienced concerning burden, distress, and mental health problems during the pandemic (Fong & Iarocci, 2020; Fontanesi et al., 2020; Horiuchi et al., 2020; McRae et al., 2021; Patrick et al., 2020; Pew Research Center, 2021; Russell et al., 2021).”
BackgroundCoulter, S., Mooney, S., MacDonald, M., & Daly, L. (2022) · Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/03085759221094357 · Cited by 9
Ryan, G. W., Goulding, M., Borg, A., Minkah, P. A., Hermann, S., Fisher, L., Rosal, M. C., & Lemon, S. C. (2022) · Preventive Medicine Reports · doi:10.1016/j.pmedr.2022.101966 · Cited by 9
Le, Y., Mogle, J. A., & Feinberg, M. E. (2022) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12823 · Cited by 9
School Counselor and Administrator Perceptions of Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic
Kruczek, T. A., Geesa, R. L., Mayes, R. D., & Odell, K. M. (2022) · Professional School Counseling · doi:10.1177/2156759x221134661 · Cited by 11
Rakap, S., Batık, M. V., Kalkan, S., Karnas, M., Sarı, H. İ., & Bayrakdar, U. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2022.827230 · Cited by 9
“, 2021) and behavioral problems such as anxiety and depression increased significantly in children (Patrick et al., 2020; Romero et al., 2020) and children’s quality of life decreased (Adıbelli and Sümen, 2020) with the effect of the traumatic event (i.”
BackgroundThe response to the COVID-19 pandemic: With hindsight what lessons can we learn?
Faghy, M. A., Arena, R. A., Hills, A. P., Yates, J., Vermeesch, A. L., Franklin, B. A., Popović, D., Strieter, L., Lavie, C. J., & Smith, A. (2022) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2022.11.019 · Cited by 9
“In the US, food insecurity increased by 4% from March 2020 to July 2020.(17) Most likely from fear of contracting COVID-19 from grocery stores, more and more families resorted to ordering food, resulting in an increase in the purchasing of packaged foods and consumption of less fresh fruits and vegetables.”
Price, A. M. H., Suárez, D. C., Zhu, A., Schreurs, N., Measey, M., Woolfenden, S. R., Burley, J., Bryson, H., Efron, D., Rhodes, A., et al. (2022) · Australian Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1002/ajs4.252 · Cited by 9
“…Bridges, Cartwright, Willan, et al., 2021; Dickerson, Kelly, Lockyer, Bridges, Cartwright, Willan, Shire, et al., 2021; Nearchou et al., 2020; Patrick et al., 2020; Sciberras et al., 2022; The Royal Children's Hospital National Child Health Poll, 2020), it follows that the F I G U R E 1…”
BackgroundThe Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Physical and Mental Health of School-Aged Children
Abbas, S. A., Athar, S., & Jilani, N. Z. (2023) · HCA Healthcare Journal of Medicine · doi:10.36518/2689-0216.1547 · Cited by 12
Haskett, M. E., Hall, J. K., Finster, H. P., Owens, C. R., & Buccelli, A. R. (2022) · Family Relations · doi:10.1111/fare.12684 · Cited by 9
“Unmarried mothers and those with younger children are at particular risk of poor mental health and high stress levels, with financial burdens and loss of childcare identified as primary stressors (Patrick et al., 2020).”
BackgroundInfluentialDawes, J., May, T., McKinlay, A. R., Fancourt, D. E., & Burton, A. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.05.13.21256805 · Cited by 9
Loneliness, Social Isolation, and its Effects on Physical and Mental Health.
Shankar, R. (2023) · PubMed Central · Cited by 8
Nowland, R. A., McNally, L., & Gregory, P. (2024) · Scandinavian Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/sjop.12998 · Cited by 11
Determinants of post COVID-19 food security policy success
Amin, F., Hadi, W. P., Zauhar, S., & Haryono, B. S. (2021) · International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment · doi:10.1108/ijdrbe-11-2020-0118 · Cited by 8
Kaye, A. J., Pejic, V., Moffa, K., Jordan, M., Dennery, K. M., & DeMaso, D. R. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22652 · Cited by 8
PediHome: Development of a Family-Reported Measure of Pediatric Home Healthcare Quality
Foster, C. C., Kaat, A. J., Shaunfield, S. L., Lin, E. P., Coleman, C. L., Storey, M., Morales, L., & Davis, M. M. (2022) · Academic Pediatrics · doi:10.1016/j.acap.2022.04.004 · Cited by 8
Self-citationDemir, M. R., & Yıldızlı, H. (2022) · The International Review of Research in Open and Distributed Learning · doi:10.19173/irrodl.v23i2.5870 · Cited by 8
“…stress, fear, anxiety, and self-blame (Aznar, 2021; de Araújo et al., 2020; Dong et al., 2020 ; İyimaya & Irmak, 2021; Jeffs et al., 202 1; Patrick et al., 2020; Spinelli et al., 2020); educational approaches and learning processes (i.e., readiness) (Cahapay, 2020); homeschooling (Bubb &…”
Rodriguez, C. M., Lee, S. J., & Ward, K. P. (2021) · Child Abuse & Neglect · doi:10.1016/j.chiabu.2022.105954 · Cited by 8
Maoz, L. B., Lavy, S., & Berkovich‐Ohana, A. (2023) · Child & Family Social Work · doi:10.1111/cfs.13013 · Cited by 8
Naumann, S., Bayer, M., Kirst, S., van der Meer, E. E., & Dziobek, I. (2023) · npj Science of Learning · doi:10.1038/s41539-023-00169-8 · Cited by 14
Beech, A., Edelman, A., Yatziv, T., Rutherford, H. J. V., Joormann, J., & Polack, R. G. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.07.093 · Cited by 8
Lee, A., Datu, J. A. D., Chung, K. K. H., Fung, W. K., & Cheung, R. Y. M. (2024) · Family Process · doi:10.1111/famp.12979 · Cited by 8
Pan, T., Gallo, M. E., Donald, K. A., Webb, K., & Bath, K. G. (2024) · Brain Behavior & Immunity - Health · doi:10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100760 · Cited by 9
“…(due to school and daycare closures), in tandem with financial stress (due to job loss and MIS-C hospitalization fees), can confer considerable stress onto parental responsibilities and contribute to worsening mental health outcomes during the pandemic (Patrick et al., 2020; Cheng et al., 2021).”
Background
Metadata
- Authors
- Patrick, S. W., Henkhaus, L. E., Zickafoose, J. S., Lovell, K., Halvorson, A., Loch, S., Letterie, M., & Davis, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Vanderbilt University (US)
- Vanderbilt University Medical Center (US)
- Northwestern University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Patrick, Stephen W.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Pediatrics
- Publisher
- American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP)
- Published
- 2020-07-24
- Volume
- 146
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- e2020016824
- ISSN
- 0031-4005 (ISSN-L)
- 1098-4275
- OpenAlex
- W3044545080
- Cited by
- 1,200
- References
- 15
- Citations by year
- 2026: 38 · 2025: 78 · 2024: 137 · 2023: 212 · 2022: 353 · 2021: 343 · 2020: 35
- FWCI
- 94.20
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- PEDIATRICS (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social impacts of COVID-19
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Food Security and Health in Diverse Populations
- Keywords
- COVID-19 pandemic, parental mental health, child behavioral health, food insecurity, employer-sponsored health insurance, health care utilization, family well-being, pandemic mitigation measures
- MeSH terms
- Child Health, Betacoronavirus, COVID-19, SARS-CoV-2, Child, Child Care, Female, Food Supply, Health Policy, Health Status, Health Surveys, Humans, Male, Mental Health, Parents, Pneumonia, Viral, Public Assistance, United States, Coronavirus Infections, Insurance Coverage, Pandemics
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