First records of Dirofilaria repens in wild canids from the region of Central Balkan
Open accessAbstract
Dirofilaria repens causes an emerging zoonotic disease in Europe, particularly in its southern part, the Mediterranean region. Many reports on human dirofilariosis have been published recently, but little is known about the wildlife hosts and reservoirs of this parasite in nature. This paper presents the first records of adult D. repens specimens from free-ranging carnivores in Central Balkan countries (Serbia and Macedonia). During the period 2009–2013, a total of 145 regularly shot canids were examined for the presence of D. repens adults. In order to investigate their role as hosts and potential wild reservoirs of this zoonosis, 71 wolves (Canis lupus), 48 foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and 26 jackals (Canis aureus) were examined. Under the skin of two wolves (one from Serbia and one from Macedonia) and of a red fox from Serbia D. repens adults were found. In all three cases only one parasite was present. Further research on wild canids is needed, particularly on species widening their range (such as jackals) and those living near human settlements (foxes and jackals), which facilitates the transmission of the parasites to dogs and humans.
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Written from the paper’s full text.
TL;DR
This paper reports the first records of adult *Dirofilaria repens* in free-ranging wild canids from the Central Balkan region, based on examination of 145 legally shot wolves, foxes, and jackals in Serbia and Macedonia during 2009–2013. Adult worms were found in two wolves and one red fox, with no infections detected in the jackals examined.
Key findings
- Of 145 wild canids examined, only three were infected with adult *D. repens*: two wolves (one from northeastern Serbia and one from central Macedonia) and one red fox from northeastern Serbia.
- In all three infected animals, only one adult parasite was present; two worms were found in the bend of the left foreleg, and one female worm was subcutaneously implanted on the head in the occipital region of the red fox.
- The parasites averaged 155 mm in length and 0.8 mm in diameter (n = 3); no oedema, redness, or other visible sign of parasite presence was observed on the outer skin in any of the three cases.
- No *D. repens* adults were observed in golden jackals from Serbia; the Results state that 16 jackals were examined, while the Abstract and Methods report 26 jackals.
Methods
- Parasitological study conducted in 2009–2013 on legally shot canids: 71 wolves (*Canis lupus*), 48 red foxes (*Vulpes vulpes*), and 26 golden jackals (*Canis aureus*) from Serbia and Macedonia.
- Animals were skinned for taxidermy preparation, and subcutaneous tissue was carefully examined for adult *D. repens*; sex, date of death, and location were recorded for all animals.
- Parasites were identified by morphological characters under optical microscopy and by cross-section histology after formalin fixation, paraffin embedding, microtome sectioning, and haematoxylin-eosin staining; most carcasses were unsuitable for blood testing for microfilariae.
Limitations
- The paper states that further research on wild canids is needed, particularly on species widening their range (such as jackals) and those living near human settlements (foxes and jackals).
- The paper states that due to the small number of studies on wild animals regarding *D. repens* infection, it is difficult to discuss the role of wild carnivores in natural cycles or as reservoirs.
- The paper states that most animal carcasses were in bad condition and unsuitable for testing blood for microfilariae; evident from the text is also the small number of infected animals (three) and the discrepancy in jackal sample size between the Abstract/Methods (26) and Results (16).
Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.
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Claims the paper makes
0 of 11 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged
- Findingown data
In 16 golden jackals examined from Serbia, no infection caused by D. repens adults was observed.
“In 16 golden jackals examined from Serbia no infection caused by D. repens adults was observed.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data
Out of 48 red foxes examined from Serbia and Macedonia, only one male was infected.
“Out of 48 red foxes examined from Serbia and Macedonia only one male was infected.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ FIRST RECORDS OF DIROFILARIA REPENS IN WILD CANIDS FROM THE REGION OF CENTRAL BALKAN
In all three infected cases, only one adult D. repens parasite was present.
“In all three cases only one parasite was present.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim - Findingown data§ FIRST RECORDS OF DIROFILARIA REPENS IN WILD CANIDS FROM THE REGION OF CENTRAL BALKAN
This paper presents the first records of adult D. repens specimens from free-ranging carnivores in Central Balkan countries (Serbia and Macedonia).
“This paper presents the first records of adult D. repens specimens from free-ranging carnivores in Central Balkan countries (Serbia and Macedonia).”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Findingown data
In both infected wolves, the single parasite was found in the bend of the left foreleg.
“In both animals one parasite per host was found in the same position, in the bend of the left foreleg.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
- Interpretationcitation
These findings suggest that this disease is becoming an emergent zoonosis in Serbia.
“These findings suggest that this disease is becoming an emergent zoonosis in Serbia.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim - Premisecitation
The only comprehensive study on wild carnivores from Italy showed that the red fox can be considered a wild reservoir for zoonotic filarioids.
“The only comprehensive study on wild carnivores from Italy showed that the red fox can be considered a wild reservoir for zoonotic filarioids (Magi et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Magi et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The same study points out that the highest seroreactivity is recorded in the northeastern part of Serbia (Pančevo, 27.1%) close to sites where D. repens was found in wild animals in this study.
“The same study points out that the highest seroreactivity is recorded in the northeastern part of the country (Pančevo, 27.1%) close to sites where D. repens was found in wild animals in this study.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tasić-Otašević et al., 2014 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
In that Italian study, 23 out of 132 specimens (17.4%) proved to be positive for microfilariae.
“In that study, 23 out of 132 specimens (17.4%) proved to be positive for microfilariae.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Magi et al., 2008 source
Not checked in the free run.
- Premisecitation
The only study on animals in Macedonia was conducted on professional dogs of different breeds from the region of Skopje.
“The only study on animals was conducted on professional dogs of different breeds from the region of Skopje (Kočevski et al., 2010).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kočevski et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
- Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 11
- May combine two claims. 8
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe adult D. repens worms were whitish in colour.
“The parasites were whitish in colour”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe D. repens adult found in the wolf from Macedonia was a male, located in the subcutaneous tissue of a female wolf shot on 14 February 2010 near Sveti Nikole.
“A male D. repens adult was found in the subcutaneous tissue (Fig. 2a) of a female wolf (shot on 14 February 2010) from the area surrounding the town of Sveti Nikole (Macedonia)”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataThe cuticle of the adult D. repens worms had a clearly visible longitudinal and pale transverse pattern.
“The cuticle has a clearly visible longitudinal and pale transverse pattern.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe three adult D. repens specimens averaged 155 mm in length and 0.8 mm in diameter.
“their length, tapering at the ends, was in average (n = 3) 155 mm and their diameter 0.8 mm.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Findingown dataOn the outer side of the skin, there was no oedema, redness or any other visible sign of parasite presence in any of the three cases of infection.
“On the outer side of the skin, there was no oedema, redness or any other visible sign of parasite presence in any of the three cases of infection.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataOf 145 wild canids examined, three were infected with adult D. repens: two wolves (one from Serbia and one from Macedonia) and one red fox from Serbia.
“A total of 145 wild canids were examined and only three were infected with D. repens: two wolves (one from the northeastern part of Serbia and one from central Macedonia) and one red fox from the northeastern part of Serbia (Fig. 1).”
- Also stated in: § FIRST RECORDS OF DIROFILARIA REPENS IN WILD CANIDS FROM THE REGION OF CENTRAL BALKAN · plain
“Under the skin of two wolves (one from Serbia and one from Macedonia) and of a red fox from Serbia D. repens adults were found.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claim- Also stated in: § FIRST RECORDS OF DIROFILARIA REPENS IN WILD CANIDS FROM THE REGION OF CENTRAL BALKAN · plain
May combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe anterior part of the body of the adult D. repens worms was rounded and the tail was blunted and mildly bent ventrally.
“The anterior part of the body was rounded and the tail blunted and mildly bent ventrally.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
Findingown dataThe D. repens adult found in the wolf from Serbia was a female, located in a male wolf shot on 15 December 2013 near the village Zatonje.
“a female D. repens adult was found in a male wolf (shot on 15 December 2013) from the surroundings of the village Zatonje (Serbia).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
FindingreasoningThe woman with the third case of human dirofilariosis in Macedonia is from the village of Gorobinci in the municipality of Sveti Nikole, the same region where the wolf in which D. repens was found was shot in 2010.
“Interestingly, that woman is from the village of Gorobinci which is situated in the municipality of Sveti Nikole, the same region where the wolf in which D. repens was found was shot in 2010.”
Quote in the paperSubstantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductown dataApart from macroscopic determination, D. repens was also identified on the basis of cross-section of the parasite in histology slides.
“Apart from macroscopic determination, D. repens was also identified on the basis of cross-section of the parasite in the histology slides.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Premisecitation§ FIRST RECORDS OF DIROFILARIA REPENS IN WILD CANIDS FROM THE REGION OF CENTRAL BALKANDirofilaria repens causes an emerging zoonotic disease in Europe, particularly in the Mediterranean region.
“Dirofilaria repens causes an emerging zoonotic disease in Europe, particularly in its southern part, the Mediterranean region.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked- cites Pampiglione et al., 1999
Not checked in the free run.
- cites Svobodova et al., 2006
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
Study design and conductnone givenMost animal carcasses were in bad condition unsuitable for testing the blood for the presence of microfilariae.
“Most animal carcasses were in bad condition unsuitable for testing the blood for the presence of microfilariae.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimMay combine two claims.
PremisecitationSerbia is an endemic area for D. repens due to its climate conditions supporting the development of numerous mosquito species recognised as vectors of D. repens.
“Serbia is an endemic area for D. repens (as well as for D. immitis, see Otranto et al., 2013), due to its climate conditions supporting the development of numerous mosquito species such as those already recognised as vectors of D. repens (Anopheles maculipennis and Aedes albopictus).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Otranto et al., 2013 source
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable).
Interpretationown dataOur findings contribute to the knowledge of wild canids acting as hosts and potential reservoirs of dirofilariosis in nature.
“Our findings contribute to the knowledge of wild canids acting as hosts and potential reservoirs of dirofilariosis in nature.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim- Rests on an assumption: Little is known about the wildlife hosts and reservoirs of D. repens in nature.
May combine two claims.
PremisecitationOut of 39 dogs examined in Skopje, the presence of D. repens microfilariae was recorded in 8 cases, indicating a relative high prevalence (20.5%).
“Out of 39 dogs examined, the presence of D. repens microfilariae was recorded in 8 cases, which indicates their relative high prevalence (20.5%).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Kočevski et al., 2010
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA study conducted during 2006 and 2007 showed that microfilariae of D. repens were present in 49.2% of 193 dogs examined in Vojvodina, northern Serbia.
“A study conducted during 2006 and 2007 showed that microfilariae of D. repens were present in 49.2% of 193 dogs examined in Vojvodina, the northern province of Serbia (Tasić et al., 2008).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tasić et al., 2008
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationOnly three cases of human dirofilariosis caused by D. repens have been reported so far in Macedonia.
“Moreover, only three cases of human dirofilariosis caused by D. repens have been reported so far in Macedonia.”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claimProbably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationA recent study has shown that seroreactivity to D. repens antigens was found in 29 out of 297 people examined (9.8%) from 7 different areas of Serbia.
“A recent study has shown that seroreactivity to D. repens antigens was found in 29 out of 297 people examined (9.8%) from 7 different areas of Serbia (Tasić-Otašević et al., 2014).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tasić-Otašević et al., 2014
Not checked in the free run.
Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).
PremisecitationIn another study conducted in 2009 in the northeastern part of Serbia, D. repens microfilariae were detected in 21 out of 122 (17.2%) pet dogs examined.
“In another study conducted in 2009 in the northeastern part of the country, D. repens microfilariae were detected in 21 out of 122 (17.2%) pet dogs examined (Tasić et al., 2012).”
Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked- cites Tasić et al., 2012 source
Not checked in the free run.
The paper relies on this without support.
Data about dirofilariosis in Macedonia are scarce.
“Data about dirofilariosis in Macedonia are scarce.”
The paper relies on this without support.
Little is known about the wildlife hosts and reservoirs of D. repens in nature.
“but little is known about the wildlife hosts and reservoirs of this parasite in nature.”
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Wild animals in which Dirofilaria infections were identified were predominantly canids like red foxes, golden jackals, and grey wolves.
“Furthermore, there are some wild animals in which Dirofilaria infections were identified, predominantly in canids like red foxes [4, 5, 51–62], golden jackals [52–55, 63, 64], and grey wolves [2, 3, 51, 52, 55, 65, 66].”
From Vectors, host range, and spatial distribution of Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in Europe: a systematic review (2025) · cites this paper as [55]
Dirofilaria infections are prevalent in wild canids.
“In addition, infections have also been found to be prevalent in wild canids (39)”
From Seroepidemiological Study of Canine and Human Dirofilariasis in the Endemic Region of Northern Serbia (2020) · cites this paper as [39]
In Europe, the domestic dog is apparently the main definitive host for Dirofilaria spp., but patent infections occur also in other carnivore species, including golden jackals.
“The typical hosts for both species are the domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), but patent infections have been reported also in wild canids, such as wolves (Canis lupus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and golden jackals (Canis aureus) [4–6].”
From Role of golden jackals (Canis aureus) as natural reservoirs of Dirofilaria spp. in Romania (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
In wolves, Dirofilaria spp. infections are only sporadically reported, as individual cases.
“Indeed, in wolves Dirofilaria spp. infections are only sporadically reported, as individual cases [6, 50, 55–57].”
From Role of golden jackals (Canis aureus) as natural reservoirs of Dirofilaria spp. in Romania (2016) · cites this paper as [6]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.
Conflicting numbers of jackals examined
MinorThe Results state that 16 golden jackals were examined, while the Methods list 15 males and 11 females, totaling 26.
“In 16 golden jackals examined from Serbia no infection caused by D. repens adults was observed.”
“golden jackals (Canis aureus) (15 males and 11 females) from Serbia.”
Figure 2 labels reverse the wolf and fox
MinorThe Results identify Fig. 2a as showing a parasite in a wolf and Fig. 2b as showing one in a fox. The figure caption assigns the species the opposite labels.
“A male D. repens adult was found in the subcutaneous tissue (Fig. 2a) of a female wolf”
“Fig. 2. Subcutaneously located Dirofilaria repens a) in a red fox (Vulpes vulpes) and b) in a wolf (Canis lupus)”
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The occurrence of Dirofilaria repens in dogs in the southern Transdanubia
Török, H. K., Turgyán, Á., Szentpáli, F., Nagy, G., & Csivincsik, Á. (2022) · Acta Agraria Kaposváriensis · doi:10.31914/aak.3005
- Authors
- Ćirović, D., Penezić, A., Pavlović, I., Kulišić, Z., Ćosić, N., Burazerović, J., & Maletić, V.
- Affiliations
- University of Belgrade (RS)
- Scientific Institute for Veterinary Medicine of Serbia (RS)
- Ss. Cyril and Methodius University in Skopje (MK)
- ORCID
- Venue
- Acta Veterinaria Hungarica
- Publisher
- Akademiai Kiado Zrt.
- Published
- 2014-12-01
- Volume
- 62
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 481-488
- ISSN
- 0236-6290 (ISSN-L)
- 1588-2705
- OpenAlex
- W2052265609
- Semantic Scholar
- 7463f70c80fdaeeae9830a2244a81df4dc58374e
- Cited by
- 33
- References
- 22
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 2 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 2 · 2022: 3 · 2020: 5 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 2 · 2016: 6 · 2015: 4
- FWCI
- 2.80
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Acta Veterinaria Hungarica (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Repository of the Academy's Library (Library of the Hungarian Academy of Sciences) (acceptedVersion)
- Digital Repository of Archived Publications (University of Belgrade, Institute for Biological Research Sinisa Stankovic) (submittedVersion)
- RepoNIVS - Repository of the Scientific Veterinary Institute of Serbia (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc)
- Veterinar – Repository of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade (University of Belgrade, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Ministarstvo Prosvete, Nauke i Tehnološkog Razvoja (173006)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
- Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
- Keywords
- Dirofilaria repens, dirofilariasis, wild canids, wildlife reservoirs, zoonoses, wolf, red fox, golden jackal, jackal, wild carnivores, parasite prevalence, Central Balkans
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.
Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.
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