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Cited by 41Parasitic Diseases Research and TreatmentHelminth infection and controlResearch on Leishmaniasis Studies

Role of golden jackals (Canis aureus) as natural reservoirs of Dirofilaria spp. in Romania

Open access
Ionică, Angela Monica, Matei, Ioana Adriana, D’Amico, Gianluca, Daskalaki, Aikaterini Alexandra, Juránková, Jana, Ionescu, Dan Traian, Mihalca, Andrei Daniel, Modrý, David +1 more·2016·Parasites & Vectors
DOI 10.1186/s13071-016-1524-3PMC PMC4848770
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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens are mosquito-transmitted zoonotic nematodes, causing heartworm disease and skin lesions, respectively, in carnivores. In Europe, the domestic dog is apparently the main definitive host, but patent infections occur also in other species of carnivores. The rapid spread of the golden jackals (Canis aureus) throughout Europe opens a question of involvement of this species in the sylvatic cycle of pathogens in the colonised territories, including Dirofilaria spp. METHODS: Between January 2014 and May 2015, 54 golden jackals from 18 localities in Romania were examined by full necropsy for the presence of adult filarioid nematodes and blood samples from all animals were screened for the presence of microfilariae of D. immitis, D. repens and Acanthocheilonema reconditum by multiplex PCR DNA amplification. RESULTS: Nematodes morphologically identified as D. immitis were found in 18.52% of the animals, originating from the southern part of Romania. No D. repens or A. reconditum were found at necropsy. The molecular prevalence in blood samples from the same animals was 9.26% for D. immitis and 1.85% for D. repens. All samples were negative by PCR for A. reconditum. CONCLUSION: The relatively high prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. infections in golden jackals from Romania together with the increasing density of the jackal populations highlight their potential role in the transmission of these zoonotic parasites and in the maintenance of natural disease foci.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This study examined 54 golden jackals from Romania for filarioid nematodes and found a relatively high prevalence of Dirofilaria immitis, plus the first molecular detection of D. repens in European golden jackals. The authors suggest golden jackals may act as reservoir hosts and contribute to sylvatic transmission of these zoonotic parasites.

Key findings

  • At necropsy, adult D. immitis were found in 10/54 jackals (18.52 %; 95 % CI 9.25–31.43 %), originating from six localities in southern Romania; no D. repens or Acanthocheilonema reconditum were found at necropsy.
  • Blood PCR was positive for D. immitis in 5/54 animals (9.26 %; 95 % CI 4.62–15.71 %), for D. repens in 1/54 (1.85 %; 95 % CI 0.05–9.89 %), and negative for A. reconditum in all samples.
  • D. immitis prevalence was significantly higher in adults than juveniles by necropsy (χ2 = 2.90, df = 1, P = 0.04) and by PCR (χ2 = 2.97, df = 1, P = 0.04); sex difference was not significant (χ2 = 0.4909, df = 1, P = 0.25).
  • Overall, 30 D. immitis specimens were recovered (12 males, 18 females), with intensity 1–7 nematodes/animal (mean 3); seven jackals harbored at least one sexually mature pair. D. immitis cox1 sequences were identical and showed 100 % similarity to dog strains from China and Australia (GenBank KT716014); D. repens sequence KU321603 showed 95 % similarity to European strains.

Methods

  • Between January 2014 and May 2015, 54 legally hunted golden jackals from 18 localities in Romania were necropsied; sex, estimated age, and collection location were recorded, with juveniles defined as under 11 months and adults over 11 months.
  • Subcutaneous tissue and muscular fasciae were examined for D. repens and A. reconditum; heart, pulmonary arteries, and lungs were examined for D. immitis; nematodes were identified morphologically and morphometrically.
  • Clotted heart blood was analyzed by multiplex PCR for D. immitis, D. repens, and A. reconditum; cox1 PCR and sequencing were performed on 10 nematodes, with BLAST comparison; statistical analysis used EpiInfo 7, prevalence with 95 % CI, and chi-square tests with P < 0.05.

Limitations

  • The paper states that adult D. repens were missed at necropsy, probably because of abundant subcutaneous fat or extensive bullet wound, and explains PCR/necropsy discordance for D. immitis by occult infections, single-sex nematodes, prepatency, or immune-mediated clearance of microfilariae.
  • No dedicated limitations section is present; evident from the text, the sample is modest (54 jackals from 18 localities) and cross-sectional, with no mosquito vector sampling or longitudinal follow-up.
  • Evident from the text, comparison with dog prevalence relies on previously published data from the same counties rather than concurrent dog sampling.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.1186/s13071-016-1524-3

Cites

49 of 49 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

0 of 36 cited sources checked · 0 supported · 0 flagged

  • Findingown data

    Among infected jackals, the majority were adults (8/10).

    “The majority of infected animals were adults (8/10) and the sex ratio was 3:2 in favor of females.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    The molecular prevalence of D. repens in blood samples from the same animals was 1.85%.

    “The molecular prevalence in blood samples from the same animals was 9.26 % for D. immitis and 1.85 % for D. repens.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “one sample was PCR-positive for D. repens (1.85 %; 95 % CI 0.05–9.89 %)”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
  • Findingown data

    All five blood samples PCR positive for D. immitis corresponded to animals that were also positive at necropsy.

    “All five blood samples PCR positive for D. immitis. corresponded to animals which were positive also at necropsy (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingreasoning

    The prevalence of D. immitis infection was significantly higher in adult golden jackals compared to juveniles.

    “The prevalence of infection was significantly higher in adults compared to juveniles (χ2 = 2.90, df = 1, P = 0.04)”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “The prevalence of D. immitis infection in adult animals was significantly higher compared to juveniles (χ2 = 2.97, df = 1, P = 0.04)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • Findingown data

    All blood samples were negative by PCR for A. reconditum.

    “All samples were negative by PCR for A. reconditum.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “all samples were PCR-negative for A. reconditum.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
  • May combine two claims. 14
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 13
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    D. immitis nematodes were found in 18.52% of examined golden jackals from Romania, originating from the southern part of Romania.

    “Nematodes morphologically identified as D. immitis were found in 18.52 % of the animals, originating from the southern part of Romania.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “Nematodes were retrieved from the right ventricle and pulmonary arteries of ten jackals (18.52 %; 95 % CI 9.25–31.43 %) originating from six localities”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The 54 legally hunted golden jackals from 18 localities are representative of the Romanian golden jackal population for estimating Dirofilaria prevalence.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    The difference in D. immitis prevalence between sexes was not significant.

    “whereas the difference between sexes was not significant (χ2 = 0.4909, df = 1, P = 0.25).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The intensity of D. immitis infection varied between one and seven nematodes per animal (mean intensity three), with seven jackals harboring at least one sexually mature pair.

    “The intensity of infection varied between one and seven nematodes/animal (mean intensity three), with seven jackals harboring at least one sexually mature pair (minimum one male and one female).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Overall, 30 nematode specimens were recovered (12 males, 18 females) and identified as D. immitis based on morphology and morphometry.

    “Overall, 30 nematode specimens were recovered (12 males, 18 females) and identified as D. immitis based on morphology and morphometry (Table 1).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Findingown data

    Among infected jackals, the sex ratio was 3:2 in favor of females.

    “The majority of infected animals were adults (8/10) and the sex ratio was 3:2 in favor of females.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    No D. repens or A. reconditum were found at necropsy.

    “No D. repens or A. reconditum were found at necropsy.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    D. repens had never been found in European golden jackals before this study; the present study reports D. repens infection in golden jackals for the first time in Europe.

    “but this species has never been found in European golden jackals.”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusion · hedged
      “To the best of our knowledge, the present study reports D. repens infection in golden jackals for the first time in Europe.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingreasoning

    The molecular prevalence of D. immitis (9.26%) was lower than the necropsy prevalence (18.52%).

    “Interestingly, PCR reactions revealed a lower prevalence value (9.26 %).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens are mosquito-transmitted zoonotic nematodes causing heartworm disease and skin lesions, respectively, in carnivores.

    “The main species of Dirofilaria infecting European carnivores are D. immitis, a widespread nematode that causes severe cardiovascular disease (heartworm disease) [1] and D. repens, which localises sucutaneously and is associated with a variety of dermatological clinical signs [2].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [1] Simón F, Siles-Lucas M, Morchón R, González-Miguel J, Mellado I, Carretón E, Montoya-Alonso JA. Human and animal dirofilariasis: the emergence of a zoonotic mosaic. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2012;25:507–44. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [2] Albanese F, Abramo F, Braglia C, Caporali C, Venco L, Vercelli A, Ghibaudo G, Leone F, Carrani F, Giannelli A, Otranto D. Nodular lesions due to infestation by Dirofilaria repens in dogs from Italy. Vet Dermatol. 2013;24:255–6. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Dirofilariases are widely distributed in Europe; southern countries are historically endemic or hyperendemic, and during recent decades the infection has spread into north-eastern and central Europe.

    “Dirofilariases are widely distributed in Europe. The southern countries are historically endemic or even hyperendemic territories, and during the last decades, the infection has spread also into the north-eastern and central Europe [9, 10].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [9] Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Traversa D, Petrić D, Genchi C, Capelli G. Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:16. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [10] Morchón R, Carretón E, González-Miguel J, Mellado-Hernández I. Heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) and their vectors in Europe - new distribution trends. Front Physiol. 2012;3:196. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Both Dirofilaria spp. are zoonotic; D. repens is involved in most human cases recorded in Europe.

    “Both Dirofilaria spp. are zoonotic; however, D. repens is the one involved in most human cases recorded in Europe [8, 9].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [8] Pampiglione S, Rivasi F. Human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria (Nochtiella) repens: an update of world literature from 1995 to 2000. Parassitologia. 2000;42:231–54.

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [9] Otranto D, Dantas-Torres F, Brianti E, Traversa D, Petrić D, Genchi C, Capelli G. Vector-borne helminths of dogs and humans in Europe. Parasit Vectors. 2013;6:16. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    The current distribution range of golden jackals covers most of southeastern Europe and parts of eastern and central Europe, with occasional records further north and west.

    “More recently, this species underwent further migrations, and its current distribution range covers most of southeastern Europe and parts of eastern and central Europe, with animals occasionally being documented also to the north and the west, far from the established populations [15, 16].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [15] Arnold J, Humer A, Heltai M, Murariu D, Spassov N, Hackländer K. Current status and distribution of golden jackals (Canis aureus L., 1758) in Europe. Mammal Rev. 2012;42:1–11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Trouwborst A, Krofel M, Linnell JDC. Legal implications of range expansions in a terrestrial carnivore: the case of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Europe. Biodivers Conserv. 2015;24:2593–610. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In Romania, infections by D. immitis, D. repens and Acanthocheilonema reconditum have been reported in dogs and humans from different areas of the country.

    “In Romania, infections by D. immitis, D. repens and Acanthocheilonema reconditum have been reported in dogs and humans from different areas of the country [11–13].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [11] Popescu I, Tudose I, Racz P, Muntau B, Giurcaneanu C, Poppert S. Human Dirofilaria repens infection in Romania: a case report. Case Rep Infect Dis. 2012;7:472976. doi: 10.1155/2012/472976 . source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [12] Lupșe M, Mircean V, Cavasi A, Mihalca AD. Recurrent subcutaneous human dirofilariasis due to Dirofilaria repens after surgical removal of the worm and anthelmintic treatment. Parasit Vectors. 2014;7 Suppl 1:3. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [13] Ionică AM, Matei IA, Mircean V, Dumitrache MO, D’Amico G, Győrke A, Pantchev N, Annoscia G, Albrechtová K, Otranto D, Modrý D, Mihalca AD. Current surveys on the prevalence and distribution of Dirofilaria spp. and Acanthocheilonema reconditum infections in dogs in Romania. Parasitol Res. 2015;114:975–82. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    In Europe, the domestic dog is apparently the main definitive host for Dirofilaria spp., but patent infections occur also in other carnivore species, including golden jackals.

    “The typical hosts for both species are the domestic dogs (Canis familiaris), but patent infections have been reported also in wild canids, such as wolves (Canis lupus), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and golden jackals (Canis aureus) [4–6].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [4] Sadighian A. Helminth parasites of stray dogs and jackals in Shahsavar area, Caspian region. Iran J Parasitol. 1969;55:372–4. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [5] McCall JW, Genchi C, Kramer LH, Guerrero J, Venco L. Heartworm disease in animals and humans. Adv Parasitol. 2008;66:193–285. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [6] Ćircović D, Penezić A, Pavlović I, Kulišić Z, Ćosić N, Burazerović J, Maletić V. First records of Dirofilaria repens in wild canids from the region of Central Balkan. Acta Vet Hung. 2014;62:481–8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The relatively high prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. infections in golden jackals from Romania, together with the increasing density of jackal populations, highlights their potential role in transmission of these zoonotic parasites and in maintenance of natural disease foci.

    “The relatively high prevalence of Dirofilaria spp. infections in golden jackals from Romania together with the increasing density of the jackal populations highlight their potential role in the transmission of these zoonotic parasites and in the maintenance of natural disease foci.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Patent D. immitis infection in golden jackals indicates they can act as reservoir hosts and contribute to transmission.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    In two cases with both male and female D. immitis present but negative PCR, the animals were juvenile and it is possible that the worms were not sexually mature yet.

    “In the two cases when both male and female D. immitis were present, but with negative PCR results, the animals were juvenile and it is possible that the worms were not sexually mature yet.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Currently, in Romania golden jackals are largely distributed throughout the country.

    “Currently, in Romania golden jackals are largely distributed throughout the country [17].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [17] Papp CR, Banea OC, Szekely-Sitea AI. Applied ecology and management aspects related to the golden jackal specific ecological system in Romania. Acta Musei Maramorosiensis. 2014;9:275–92.

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    In past decades, golden jackal populations in Europe underwent considerable expansion.

    “In the past decades, the populations of golden jackals in Europe underwent considerable expansion.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 3 sources checked
    • cites [14] Lindblad-Toh K, Wade CM, Mikkelsen TS, Karlsson EK, Jaffe DB, Kamal M, et al. Genome sequence, comparative analysis and haplotype structure of the domestic dog. Nature. 2005;438:803–19. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [15] Arnold J, Humer A, Heltai M, Murariu D, Spassov N, Hackländer K. Current status and distribution of golden jackals (Canis aureus L., 1758) in Europe. Mammal Rev. 2012;42:1–11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [16] Trouwborst A, Krofel M, Linnell JDC. Legal implications of range expansions in a terrestrial carnivore: the case of the golden jackal (Canis aureus) in Europe. Biodivers Conserv. 2015;24:2593–610. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The high prevalence of patent D. immitis infections in Romanian golden jackals suggests the existence and perpetuation of a sylvatic life-cycle and highlights the importance of jackals as free-ranging reservoirs.

    “The high prevalece of patent D. immitis infections in Romanian golden jackals suggests the existence and perpetuation of a sylvatic life-cycle and highlights the importance of jackals as free-ranging resevoirs.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    D. repens infections have been previously reported in golden jackals from Africa and Asia.

    “Dirofilaria repens infections have been previously reported in golden jackals from Africa and Asia [4, 54], but this species has never been found in European golden jackals.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites [4] Sadighian A. Helminth parasites of stray dogs and jackals in Shahsavar area, Caspian region. Iran J Parasitol. 1969;55:372–4. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [54] Myers BJ, Kuntz RE, Wells WH. Helminth parasites of reptiles, birds, and mammals in Egypt VII. Check list of the nematodes collected from 1948–1955. Can J Zool. 1962;40:531–8. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Several studies suggest that red foxes are not suitable reservoir hosts for D. immitis or D. repens in some epidemiological settings.

    “Similarly, several studies suggest that red foxes are not suitable reservoir hosts for D. immitis or D. repens in some epidemiological settings [25, 49, 58–60].”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 5 sources checked
    • cites [25] Magi M, Calderini P, Gabrielli S, Dell’Omodarme M, Macchioni F, Prati MC, Cancrini G. Vulpes vulpes: a possible wild reservoir for zoonotic filariae. Vector-Borne Zoonotic Dis. 2008;8:249–52. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [49] Tolnai Z, Széll Z, Sproch Á, Szeredi L, Sréter T. Dirofilaria immitis: an emerging parasite in dogs, red foxes and golden jackals in Hungary. Vet Parasitol. 2014;203:339–42. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [58] Marconcini A, Magi M, Macchioni G, Sassetti M. Filariosis in foxes in Italy. Vet Res Comm. 1996;20:316–9. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [59] Magi M, Guardone L, Prati MC, Mignone W, Macchioni F. Extraintestinal nematodes of the red fox Vulpes vulpes in north-west Italy. J Helmithol. 2015;89:506–11. source

      Not checked in the free run.

    • cites [60] Härtwig V, Schulze C, Pfeffer M, Daugschies A, Dyachenko V. No evidence of Dirofilaria repens infection in red foxes (Vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (Nyctereutes procyonoides) from Brandenburg, Germany. Parasitol Res. 2016;115:867–71. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    The discrepancy between necropsy and PCR prevalence can be explained by occult (amicrofilaremic) infections, which may occur due to presence of nematodes of a single sex, prepatency of infection, or immune-mediated clearance of microfilariae.

    “This discrepancy can be explained by occult (amicrofilaremic) infections, which may occur under several circumstances, such as the presence of nematodes of a single sex, prepatency of infection or immune-mediated clearance of microfilariae [51].”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites [51] Rawlings CA, Dawe DL, McCall JW, Keith JC, Prestwood AK. Four types of occult Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs. J Am Vet Med Assoc. 1982;180:1323–6. source

      Not checked in the free run.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Interpretationreasoning

    The infection in golden jackals may have originated in infected dogs inhabiting the same areas.

    “Indeed, the infection in golden jackals may have originated in infected dogs inhabiting the same areas.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
23 of 23

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The role of wild carnivores in Romania in the spread of filarioid parasites is unknown.

    “However, despite the large populations of wild carnivores present in Romania, the role of these hosts in the spread of filarioid parasites remains unknown.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The importance of jackals in the epidemiology of these diseases in newly occupied territories has been poorly investigated.

    “However, the importance of jackals in the epidemiology of these diseases in newly occupied territories has been poorly investigated.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The 54 legally hunted golden jackals from 18 localities are representative of the Romanian golden jackal population for estimating Dirofilaria prevalence.

    “Between January 2014 and May 2015, 54 legally hunted golden jackals originating from 18 localities of Romania (Fig. 1) were submitted for necropsy at the Department of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases within the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca (Romania).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Patent D. immitis infection in golden jackals indicates they can act as reservoir hosts and contribute to transmission.

    “The high level of patency (9.26 %; 50 % of infected animals) suggests the possibility of subsequent self-sustaining foci within the golden jackal populations.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Domestic dogs are the most abundant carnivores throughout Europe and represent a dominant reservoir of Dirofilaria spp. compared to wild canids in sympatric areas.

    “Undoubtedly, the domestic dogs are the most abundant carnivores throughout Europe and as such, represent a dominant reservoir of Dirofilaria spp. compared to the wild canids in sympatric areas.”
5 of 5

Claims other papers make about this one

Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?

  • In Romania, prevalence between 7.58-9.26% was reported in golden jackals, 0.33% in red foxes, and 10% in feral cats.

    “In Romania, prevalence between 7.58–9.26% was reported in golden jackals, 0.33% in red foxes, and 10% in feral cats [140,141].”

    From What has happened to heartworm disease in Europe in the last 10 years? (2022) · cites this paper as [140]

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 11

  1. Lombaard D. Age determination and growth curves in the black-backed jackal. Ann Transv Mus. 1971;27:135–69.
  2. Klevezal G, Kleinenberg S. Age determination of mammals by layered structure in teeth and bone. Moscow: Nauka; 1967. in Russian.
  3. Taryannikov VI. Reproduction of the jackal (Canis aureus L.) in central Asia. Ekologiya. 1976;2:107. In Russian.
  4. Angelescu A. The golden jackal: origin, morphoanatomy, eco-etholgy, management. Bucharest: Editura MMC; 2004. In Romanian.
  5. Vasiliu G. Verzeichnis der Säugetiere Rumäniens (Enumerația mamiferelor din România). Säugetierkd Mitt München. 1961;9:64.
  6. Dragomir FB. Șacalii în centrul Transilvaniei. Revista Vânătorul şi Pescarul Român. 2010. p. Nr. 6. In Romanian.
  7. Pintea T. Șacalii din Vestul Țării. Revista Vânătorul şi Pescarul Român. 2010. p. Nr 8. In Romanian.
  8. Paşca S, Miron L, Acatrinei D, Mihalachi S. Both cardio-vasculary and subcutaneous forms of dirofilariosis in dog: a case report. In: Miron L, Mareş M, editors. Scientific Papers Veterinary Medicine Iași, vol. 51. 2008. p. 123–7.
  9. Florea CI, Olaru S, Dobrica A, Tudor P. Epidemiologically study about natural infestation with Dirofilaria in shelters located in the Southern part of Romania. In: Proceedings of the Fourth European Dirofilaria and Angiostrongylus. Budapest: Days (FEDAD); 2014. p. 43.
  10. Georgieva D, Kirkova Z, Ivanov A. A study on the incidence and diagnosis of dirofilariosis (heartworm disease) in carnivores. Bulg J Vet Med. 2001;4:231–6.
  11. Kirkova Z, Ivanov A, Georgieva D. Dirofilariosis in dogs and wild carnivores in Bulgaria. In: Genchi C, Rinaldi L, Cringoli G, editors. Mappe Parassitologiche 8 - Dirofilaria immitis and D. repens in dog and cat and human infections. Naples: Rolando Editore; 2007. p. 204.

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Authors
Ionică, A. M., Matei, I. A., D’Amico, G., Daskalaki, A. A., Juránková, J., Ionescu, D. T., Mihalca, A. D., Modrý, D., & Gherman, C. M.
Affiliations
  • University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca (RO)
  • University of Veterinary Sciences Brno (CZ)
  • Transilvania University of Brașov (RO)
Corresponding author
Matei, Ioana Adriana
ORCID
Venue
Parasites & Vectors
Publisher
Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published
2016-04-28
Volume
9
Issue
1
Pages
240-240
ISSN
1756-3305 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.1186/s13071-016-1524-3
PMC
PMC4848770
OpenAlex
W2343126929
Semantic Scholar
38d4019b80ec8b366269ff2d761bd44f433cb853
Cited by
41
References
49
Citations by year
2026: 3 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 4 · 2022: 6 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 6 · 2018: 1 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 1
FWCI
4.00
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
cc-by
Locations
  • Parasites & Vectors (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • ASEP (publishedVersion)
Funders
UEFISCDI (TE299/2015)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Infectious Diseases › Parasitic Diseases Research and Treatment
  • Health Sciences › Veterinary › Small Animals › Helminth infection and control
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Research on Leishmaniasis Studies
Keywords
golden jackal, Dirofilaria immitis, Dirofilaria repens, Acanthocheilonema reconditum, filarioid nematodes, natural reservoirs, sylvatic transmission cycle, zoonotic parasites, heartworm disease, Romania
MeSH terms
Animals, Dirofilaria, Dirofilariasis, Disease Reservoirs, Dogs, Female, Male, Romania, Jackals

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-09.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-09.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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