AcaWriter: A learning analytics tool for formative feedback on academic writing
Open accessAbstract
Written communication is an important skill across academia, the workplace, and civic participation. Effective writing incorporates instantiations of particular text structures - rhetorical moves - that communicate intent to the reader. These rhetorical moves are important across a range of academic styles of writing, including essays and research abstracts, as well as in forms of writing in which one reflects on learning gained through experience. However, learning how to effectively instantiate and use these rhetorical moves is a challenge. Moreover, educators often struggle to provide feedback supporting this learning, particularly at scale. Where effective support is provided, the techniques can be hard to share beyond single implementation sites. We address these challenges through the open-source AcaWriter tool, which provides feedback on rhetorical moves, with a design that allows feedback customization for specific contexts. We introduce three example implementations in which we have customized the tool and evaluated it with regard to user perceptions, and its impact on student writing. We discuss the tool's general theoretical background and provide a detailed technical account. We conclude with four recommendations that emphasize the potential of collaborative approaches in building, sharing and evaluating writing tools in research and practice.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
A further interesting area of work involves the use of feedback analytics to support student academic writing.
“A further interesting area of work involves the use of feedback analytics to support student academic writing (Gibson et al., 2017; Knight et al., 2020).”
From A systematic review of the role of learning analytics in enhancing feedback practices in higher education (2022) · cites this paper as Knight et al., 2020
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
Building Theories from Case Study Research
Eisenhardt, K. M. (1989) · The Academy of Management Review · doi:10.2307/258557 · Cited by 17,455 · see citing works
A General Inductive Approach for Analyzing Qualitative Evaluation Data
Thomas, D. R. (2006) · American Journal of Evaluation · doi:10.1177/1098214005283748 · Cited by 10,858 · see citing works
Brown, A. L. (1992) · Journal of the Learning Sciences · doi:10.1207/s15327809jls0202_2 · Cited by 4,000 · see citing works
Student writing in higher education: An academic literacies approach
Lea, M. R., & Street, B. (1998) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079812331380364 · Cited by 2,608 · see citing works
Reflection in teacher education: Towards definition and implementation
Hatton, N., & Smith, D. (1995) · Teaching and Teacher Education · doi:10.1016/0742-051x(94)00012-u · Cited by 2,314 · see citing works
Design-based research and technology-enhanced learning environments
Wang, F., & Hannafin, M. J. (2005) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/bf02504682 · Cited by 2,241 · see citing works
Penetrating the Fog: Analytics in Learning and Education.
Siemens, G., & Long, P. (2011) · Adelaide Research & Scholarship (AR&S) (University of Adelaide) · Cited by 1,761 · see citing works
Research Genres: Explorations and Applications
Swales, J. M. (2004) · Cited by 1,675 · see citing works
Sustainable Assessment: Rethinking assessment for the learning society
Boud, D. (2000) · Studies in Continuing Education · doi:10.1080/713695728 · Cited by 1,545 · see citing works
Genre pedagogy: Language, literacy and L2 writing instruction
Hyland, K. (2007) · Journal of Second Language Writing · doi:10.1016/j.jslw.2007.07.005 · Cited by 1,219 · see citing works
Toward a Design Science of Education
Collins, A. (1992) · New Directions in Educational Technology · doi:10.1007/978-3-642-77750-9_2 · Cited by 1,139 · see citing works
Academic Writing for Graduate Students: Essential Tasks and Skills
Swales, J. M., & Feak, C. B. (1996) · College Composition and Communication · doi:10.2307/358319 · Cited by 926 · see citing works
Boyd, E. M., & Fales, A. W. (1983) · Journal of Humanistic Psychology · doi:10.1177/0022167883232011 · Cited by 920 · see citing works
Learning to write, reading to learn: genre, knowledge and pedagogy in the Sydney School
Liu, Y. (2013) · Pedagogies An International Journal · doi:10.1080/1554480x.2013.827849 · Cited by 798 · see citing works
Theorising a model for teaching and assessing reflective learning in higher education
Ryan, M. E., & Ryan, M. (2012) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2012.661704 · Cited by 325 · see citing works
Digital support for academic writing: A review of technologies and pedagogies
Strobl, C., Ailhaud, E., Benetos, K., Devitt, A., Kruse, O., Proske, A., & Rapp, C. (2019) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2018.12.005 · Cited by 298 · see citing works
Improving reflective writing in higher education: a social semiotic perspective
Ryan, M. E. (2011) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562517.2010.507311 · Cited by 270 · see citing works
Human-Centred Learning Analytics
Shum, S. B., Ferguson, R., & Martínez‐Maldonado, R. (2019) · Journal of Learning Analytics · doi:10.18608/jla.2019.62.1 · Cited by 261 · see citing works
Automated Writing Assessment in the Classroom
Warschauer, M., & Grimes, D. (2008) · Pedagogies: An International Journal · doi:10.1080/15544800701771580 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
‘Tough love and tears’: learning doctoral writing in the sciences
Aitchison, C., Catterall, J., Ross, P. M., & Burgin, S. (2012) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2011.559195 · Cited by 221 · see citing works
Thesis and Dissertation Writing in a Second Language: A Handbook for Supervisors
Paltridge, B., & Starfield, S. (2020) · Psychology Teaching Review · doi:10.53841/bpsptr.2020.26.1.107 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
Bringing pedagogy to doctoral publishing
Lee, A., & Kamler, B. (2008) · Teaching in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/13562510802334723 · Cited by 173 · see citing works
Writing pal: Feasibility of an intelligent writing strategy tutor in the high school classroom.
Roscoe, R. D., & McNamara, D. S. (2013) · Journal of Educational Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0032340 · Cited by 144 · see citing works
Reflection: can we assess it? Should we assess it?
Sumsion, J., & Fleet, A. (1996) · Assessment & Evaluation in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/0260293960210202 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Faculty perceptions of common challenges encountered by novice doctoral writers
Maher, M., Feldon, D. F., Timmerman, B. E., & Chao, J. (2013) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2013.863850 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Educator perspectives on learning analytics in classroom practice
Shibani, A., Knight, S., & Buckingham Shum, S. (2020) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2020.100730 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Catterall, J., Ross, P. M., Aitchison, C., & Burgin, S. (2011) · Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice · doi:10.53761/1.8.2.7 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Reflective writing analytics for actionable feedback
Gibson, A., Aitken, A., Sándor, Á., Buckingham Shum, S., Tsingos-Lucas, C., & Knight, S. (2017) · Proceedings of the Seventh International Learning Analytics & Knowledge Conference · doi:10.1145/3027385.3027436 · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationEmbracing imperfection in learning analytics
Kitto, K., Shum, S. B., & Gibson, A. (2018) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3170358.3170413 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Self-citationContextualizable Learning Analytics Design
Shibani, A., Knight, S., & Shum, S. B. (2019) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3303772.3303785 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Self-citationCotos, E., Huffman, S. R., & Link, S. (2020) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2020.12.01.07 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Designing Academic Writing Analytics for Civil Law Student Self-Assessment
Knight, S., Shum, S. B., Ryan, P., Sándor, Á., & Wang, X. (2016) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-016-0121-0 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationWriting to learn: can reflection journals be used to promote self-reflection and learning?
Lew, M., & Schmidt, H. G. (2011) · Higher Education Research & Development · doi:10.1080/07294360.2010.512627 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Mover: A machine learning tool to assist in the reading and writing of technical papers
Anthony, L., & Lashkia, G. V. (2003) · IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication · doi:10.1109/tpc.2003.816789 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Implementing learning analytics for learning impact: Taking tools to task
Knight, S., Gibson, A., & Shibani, A. (2020) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2020.100729 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationTowards the Discovery of Learner Metacognition From Reflective Writing
Gibson, A. A. P., Kitto, K., & Bruza, P. (2016) · Journal of Learning Analytics · doi:10.18608/jla.2016.32.3 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Self-citationCritical perspectives on writing analytics
Shum, S. B., Knight, S., McNamara, D. S., Allen, L. K., Bektik, D., & Crossley, S. A. (2016) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/2883851.2883854 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationGraduate learners’ approaches to genre-analysis tasks: Variations across and within four disciplines
Kuteeva, M. (2013) · English for Specific Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.esp.2012.11.004 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
The writing experiences of social science research students
Torrance, M., Thomas, G. V., & Robinson, E. J. (1992) · Studies in Higher Education · doi:10.1080/03075079212331382637 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Cai, J. (2016) · Journal of English for Academic Purposes · doi:10.1016/j.jeap.2016.09.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
British Academic Written English Corpus
Nesi, H., Gardner, S. F., Thompson, P., & Wickens, P. (2008) · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Lucas, C., Gibson, A. A. P., & Shum, S. B. (2018) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe6800 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Self-citationDesign and implementation of a pedagogic intervention using writing analytics
Shibani, A., Knight, S., Shum, S. B., & Ryan, P. (2017) · International Conference on Computers in Education · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Self-citationGriffin, J. E., Lorenz, G. F., & Mitchell, D. (2010) · ScholarsArchive at Johnson & Wales University (Johnson & Wales University) · Cited by 16 · see citing works
The pragmatic maxim as learning analytics research method
Gibson, A. A. P., & Lang, C. (2018) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3170358.3170384 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Self-citationCan a reflective rubric be applied consistently with raters globally? A study across three countries
Lucas, C., Smith, L. D., Lonie, J. M., Hough, M. J., Rogers, K. D., & Mantzourani, E. (2019) · Currents in Pharmacy Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1016/j.cptl.2019.06.004 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Introduction. Why publishing pedagogies
Aitchison, C., Kamler, B., & Lee, A. (2010) · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Knight, S., Allen, L. K., Gibson, A., McNamara, D. S., & Shum, S. B. (2017) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3027385.3029425 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationGenre approaches to theses and dissertations
Thompson, P. (2016) · doi:10.4324/9781315657455.ch29 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The teachable moment: The washington center internship program
Ryan, M. (1988) · New Directions for Teaching and Learning · doi:10.1002/tl.37219883505 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Advances in writing analytics : mapping the state of the field
Shibani, A., Liu, M., Rapp, C., & Knight, S. (2019) · OPUS - Open Publications of UTS Scholars (University of Technology Sydney) · doi:10.21256/zhaw-5531 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citation
Flagged first, then by citations
Research works printed but not linked: 6
- Boud, D., Keogh, R., & Walker, D. (1985). What is reflection in learning. In D. Boud (Ed.), Reflection: Turning experience into learning (pp. 7-17). Kogan Page.
- Cope, B., & Kalantzis, M. (1993). The Powers of Literacy: A Genre Approach to Teaching Writing. Routledge.
- Elsevier. (2015). New open access resource will support text mining and natural language processing. Elsevier Connect. https://www.elsevier.com/connect/new-open-accessresource-will-support-text-mining-and-natural-language-processing
- Hayes, J. R., & Flower, L. (1980). Identifying the organization of writing process. In L. W. Gregg & E. R. Steinberg (Eds.), Cognitive Processes in Writing (pp. 3-30). Erlbaum.
- LAK11. (2011). 1st International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge 2011 | Connecting the technical, pedagogical, and social dimensions of learning analytics. LAK11. https://tekri.athabascau.ca/analytics/about
- Shibani, A., Knight, S., & Shum, S. B. (2019). Contextualizable Learning Analytics Design: A Generic Model and Writing Analytics Evaluations. Proceedings of the 9th International
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Explainable Artificial Intelligence in education
Khosravi, H., Shum, S. B., Chen, G., Conati, C., Tsai, Y.-S., Kay, J., Knight, S., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Sadiq, S., & Gašević, D. (2022) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100074 · Cited by 863 · see citing works
Self-citationAssessment in the age of artificial intelligence
Swiecki, Z., Khosravi, H., Chen, G., Martinez-Maldonado, R., Lodge, J. M., Milligan, S., Selwyn, N., & Gašević, D. (2022) · Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100075 · Cited by 409 · see citing works
Banihashem, S. K., Noroozi, O., van Ginkel, S., Macfadyen, L. P., & Biemans, H. J. A. (2022) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2022.100489 · Cited by 246 · see citing works
A Design Space for Intelligent and Interactive Writing Assistants
Lee, M., Gero, K. I., Chung, J. J. Y., Shum, S. B., Raheja, V., Shen, H., Venugopalan, S., Wambsganss, T., Zhou, D., Alghamdi, E. A., et al. (2024) · Proceedings of the CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642697 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Self-citationThe Effectiveness of Automated Writing Evaluation on Writing Quality: A Meta-Analysis
Zhai, N., & Ma, X. (2022) · Journal of Educational Computing Research · doi:10.1177/07356331221127300 · Cited by 169 · see citing works
Wilson, J., Ahrendt, C., Fudge, E. A., Raiche, A., Beard, G., & MacArthur, C. (2021) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104208 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Educator perspectives on learning analytics in classroom practice
Shibani, A., Knight, S., & Buckingham Shum, S. (2020) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2020.100730 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
ChatGPT for Automated Writing Evaluation in Scholarly Writing Instruction
Parker, J. L., Becker, K., & Carroca, C. (2023) · Journal of Nursing Education · doi:10.3928/01484834-20231006-02 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Learning analytics for online game-Based learning: a systematic literature review
Banihashem, S. K., Dehghanzadeh, H., Clark, D. B., Noroozi, O., & Biemans, H. J. A. (2023) · Behaviour and Information Technology · doi:10.1080/0144929x.2023.2255301 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Formative assessment strategies for students' conceptions—The potential of learning analytics
Stanja, J., Gritz, W., Krugel, J., Hoppe, A., & Dannemann, S. (2022) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13288 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Exploring ChatGPT as a writing assessment tool
Bucol, J. L., & Sangkawong, N. (2024) · Innovations in Education and Teaching International · doi:10.1080/14703297.2024.2363901 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Yin, J., Goh, T., & Hu, Y. (2024) · IEEE Transactions on Learning Technologies · doi:10.1109/tlt.2024.3364015 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Explainable AI In Education : Current Trends, Challenges, And Opportunities
Rachha, A., & Seyam, M. (2023) · SoutheastCon 2023 · doi:10.1109/southeastcon51012.2023.10115140 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Vandermeulen, N., Leijten, M., & Waes, L. V. (2020) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2020.12.01.05 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Implementing learning analytics for learning impact: Taking tools to task
Knight, S., Gibson, A., & Shibani, A. (2020) · The Internet and Higher Education · doi:10.1016/j.iheduc.2020.100729 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Self-citationBuckingham Shum, S., Lim, L.-A., Boud, D., Bearman, M., & Dawson, P. (2023) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-023-00410-9 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Supporting the shift to digital with student-centered learning analytics
Ochôa, X., & Wise, A. F. (2020) · Educational Technology Research and Development · doi:10.1007/s11423-020-09882-2 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Zou, B., Wang, C., He, H., Li, C., Purwanto, E., & Wang, P. (2025) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2025.102158 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Conijn, R., Martínez‐Maldonado, R., Knight, S., Shum, S. B., Waes, L. V., & van Zaanen, M. M. (2020) · Computer Assisted Language Learning · doi:10.1080/09588221.2020.1839503 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Self-citationWeidlich, J., Fink, A., Frey, A., Jivet, I., Gombert, S., Menzel, L., Giorgashvili, T., Yau, J. Y.-K., & Drachsler, H. (2025) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-025-00539-9 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Effective Interfaces for Student-Driven Revision Sessions for Argumentative Writing
Afrin, T., Kashefi, O., Olshefski, C. A., Litman, D., Hwa, R., & Godley, A. (2021) · CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3411764.3445683 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Teacher, peer, or AI? Comparing effects of feedback sources in higher education
Weidlich, J., Gotsch, F., Schudel, K., Marusic-Würscher, C., Mazzarella, J., Bolten, H., Bütler, D., Luger, S., Wohlfender, B., & Merki, K. M. (2025) · Computers and Education Open · doi:10.1016/j.caeo.2025.100300 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Exploring feedback and regulation in online writing classes with keystroke logging
Bowen, N. E. J. A., Thomas, N., & Vandermeulen, N. (2022) · Computers & composition/Computers and composition · doi:10.1016/j.compcom.2022.102692 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Kaliisa, R., Misiejuk, K., López‐Pernas, S., & Saqr, M. (2025) · Educational Psychology · doi:10.1080/01443410.2025.2553639 · Cited by 50 · see citing works
Raković, M., Iqbal, S., Li, T., Fan, Y., Singh, S., Surendrannair, S., Kilgour, J., van der Graaf, J., Lim, L., Molenaar, I., et al. (2022) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12769 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Ruwe, T., & Mayweg-Paus, E. (2024) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2024.1461362 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Feedback Generation through Artificial Intelligence
Bulut, O., & Wongvorachan, T. (2022) · The Open/Technology in Education Society and Scholarship Association Conference · doi:10.18357/otessac.2022.2.1.125 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Carvalhais, L. S. D. A., Limpo, T., Richardson, U., & Castro, S. L. (2020) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2020.12.01.02 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“We Should Not Be Like a Dinosaur”—Using AI Technologies to Provide Formative Feedback to Students
Burner, T., Lindvig, Y., & Wærness, J. I. (2025) · Education Sciences · doi:10.3390/educsci15010058 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Learning Analytics in the Era of Large Language Models
Mazzullo, E., Bulut, O., Wongvorachan, T., & Tan, B. (2023) · Analytics · doi:10.3390/analytics2040046 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Using Learner Trace Data to Understand Metacognitive Processes in Writing from Multiple Sources
Rakovic, M., Fan, Y., van der Graaf, J., Singh, S., Kilgour, J., Lim, L., Moore, J., Bannert, M., Molenaar, I., & Gasevic, D. (2022) · LAK22: 12th International Learning Analytics and Knowledge Conference · doi:10.1145/3506860.3506876 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Raković, M., Winne, P. H., Marzouk, Z., & Chang, D. (2021) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.12531 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Combining factor analysis with writing analytics for the formative assessment of written reflection
Liu, M., Kitto, K., & Shum, S. B. (2021) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2021.106733 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Early prediction of writing quality using keystroke logging
Conijn, R., Cook, C. L., van Zaanen, M. M., & Waes, L. V. (2021) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-021-00268-w · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Shibani, A., Knight, S., & Shum, S. B. (2022) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3506860.3506912 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Self-citationTang, L., Shen, K., Le, H., Shen, Y., Tan, S., Zhao, Y., Juelich, T., Li, X., Gašević, D., & Fan, Y. (2024) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.13036 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Crossley, S. A., Balyan, R., Liu, J. Y., Karter, A. J., McNamara, D. S., & Schillinger, D. (2020) · Journal of Communications In Healthcare · doi:10.1080/17538068.2020.1822726 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Learning analytics of humanities course: reader profiles in critical reading activity
Majumdar, R., Bakilapadavu, G., Majumder, R., Chen, M. A., Flanagan, B., & Ogata, H. (2021) · Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning · doi:10.1186/s41039-021-00164-w · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Saqr, M., Peeters, W., & Viberg, O. (2021) · Research and Practice in Technology Enhanced Learning · doi:10.1186/s41039-021-00175-7 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Lettersmith: Scaffolding Written Professional Communication Among College Students
Hui, J., & Sprouse, M. L. (2023) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3544548.3581029 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Co-producing AIED Ethics Under Lockdown: an Empirical Study of Deliberative Democracy in Action
Swist, T., Shum, S. B., & Gulson, K. Ν. (2024) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-023-00380-z · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Applications of deep language models for reflective writings
Nehyba, J., & Štefánik, M. (2022) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-022-11254-7 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
Watts, F. M., Dood, A. J., & Shultz, G. V. (2023) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3576050.3576053 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Towards explainable prediction of essay cohesion in Portuguese and English
Oliveira, H., Mello, R. F., Rosa, B. A. B., Raković, M., de Miranda, P. B. C., Cordeiro, T., Isotani, S., Bittencourt, I. I., & Gašević, D. (2023) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3576050.3576152 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Scaffolding Feedback Literacy: Designing a Feedback Analytics Tool with Students
Jin, F. J.-Y., Maheshi, B., Martínez‐Maldonado, R., Gašević, D., & Tsai, Y. (2024) · Journal of Learning Analytics · doi:10.18608/jla.2024.8339 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
A reflective design case of practical micro‐ethics in learning analytics
Knight, S., Shibani, A., & Shum, S. B. (2023) · British Journal of Educational Technology · doi:10.1111/bjet.13323 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationCotos, E. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-36033-6_22 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Lucas, C., Shum, S. B., Liu, M., & Bebawy, M. (2021) · American Journal of Pharmaceutical Education · doi:10.5688/ajpe8320 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Editorial: Artificial Intelligence is Awesome, but Good Teaching Should Always Come First.
Crawford, J., Vallis, C., Yang, J., Fitzgerald, R., O'Dea, C., & Cowling, M. (2024) · Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice · doi:10.53761/1.20.7.01 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Limpo, T., Nunes, A., & Coelho, A. F. (2020) · Journal of Writing Research · doi:10.17239/jowr-2020.12.01.01 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
Knight, S., Abel, S., Shibani, A., Goh, Y. K., Conijn, R., Gibson, A., Vajjala, S., Cotos, E., Sándor, Á., & Shum, S. B. (2020) · Journal of Learning Analytics · doi:10.18608/jla.2020.73.10 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Self-citationDispositional learning analytics and formative assessment: an inseparable twinship
Tempelaar, D. T., Rienties, B., & Giesbers, B. (2024) · International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education · doi:10.1186/s41239-024-00489-8 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Winograd, B. A., Dood, A. J., Moeller, R., Moon, A. C., Gere, A. R., & Shultz, G. V. (2021) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3448139.3448202 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Investigating the impact of structured knowledge feedback on collaborative academic writing
Li, X., Jiang, S., Hu, Y., Feng, X., Chen, W., & Ouyang, F. (2024) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-024-12560-y · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Goldshtein, M., Alhashim, A. G., & Roscoe, R. D. (2024) · Computers · doi:10.3390/computers13070160 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Jung, Y., & Wise, A. F. (2025) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2025.105280 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Li, Y., Shan, Z., Raković, M., Guan, Q., Gašević, D., & Chen, G. (2025) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-025-13741-z · Cited by 12 · see citing works
The early automated writing evaluation (eAWE) framework
McNamara, D. S., & Kendeou, P. (2022) · Assessment in Education Principles Policy and Practice · doi:10.1080/0969594x.2022.2037509 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Iqbal, S., Raković, M., Chen, G., Li, T., Bajaj, J., Mello, R. F., Fan, Y., Aljohani, N. R., & Gašević, D. (2024) · International Conference on Learning Analytics and Knowledge (LAK) · doi:10.1145/3636555.3636927 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
On the Effectiveness of Curriculum Learning in Educational Text Scoring
Zeng, Z., Gašević, D., & Chen, G. (2023) · Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence · doi:10.1609/aaai.v37i12.26707 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Constructing Automated Revision Graphs: A Novel Visualization Technique to Study Student Writing
Shibani, A. (2020) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-52240-7_52 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationPapagAI: Automated Feedback for Reflective Essays
Solopova, V., Rostom, E., Cremer, F., Gruszczynski, A., Witte, S., Zhang, C., López, F. R., Plößl, L., Hofmann, F., Romeike, R., et al. (2023) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-42608-7_16 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Hysaj, A., & Hamam, D. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-05064-0_8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
STUDENTS’ DIGITAL VOCABULARY LEARNING: EXPERIENCES, BARRIERS, AND ADAPTIVE STRATEGIES EXPLORATION
Muryani, R. N., & Yunus, M. (2024) · English Review Journal of English Education · doi:10.25134/erjee.v12i1.9328 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Optimizing Formative Assessment with Learning Analytics
Banihashem, S. K., Gašević, D., Noroozi, O., Jarodzka, H., Brinke, D. J.-T., & Drachsler, H. (2025) · Review of Educational Research · doi:10.3102/00346543251370753 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
An In-Depth Glimpse into Research on Academic Writing
Raitskaya, L., & Тихонова, Е. В. (2022) · Journal of language and Education · doi:10.17323/jle.2022.14586 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Intertextuality in Pre-service Teachers’ Argumentative Essay in Raising AI: Practices and Beliefs
Martono, Drajatı, N. A., Rochsantiningsih, D., & Wijaya, S. A. (2023) · Register Journal · doi:10.18326/register.v16i2.186-205 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
USING GOOGLE SEARCH FOR ENGLISH GRAMMAR LEARNING
Tavakoli, M. (2021) · Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) · doi:10.24200/jonus.vol6iss2pp318-339 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Roscoe, R. D., Balyan, R., McNamara, D. S., Banawan, M., & Schillinger, D. (2023) · International Journal of Human-Computer Studies · doi:10.1016/j.ijhcs.2023.103059 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Zhang, L., Wu, M., & Ouyang, F. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11940-0 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Ajjawi, R., Tai, J., & Dawson, P. (2022) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818630-5.09013-8 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Empowering Authorship with AI: a Novel Academic Writing Technology for Authorial Voice
Singh, J. K., Daniel, B. K., & Koh, J. H. L. (2025) · International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1007/s40593-025-00503-8 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Student autonomy and Learning Analytics: Philosophical Considerations for Designing Feedback Tools
Weydner-Volkmann, S., & Bär, D. (2024) · Journal of Learning Analytics · doi:10.18608/jla.2024.8313 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Towards the Automated Evaluation of Legal Casenote Essays
Raković, M., Sha, L., Nagtzaam, G., Young, N., Stratmann, P., Gašević, D., & Chen, G. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-11644-5_14 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Enhancing the English writing skills of in-service students using marking mate automated feedback
Huynh-Cam, T.-T., Agrawal, S., Bui, T.-T., Nalluri, V., & Chen, L. (2023) · Asia Pacific Education Review · doi:10.1007/s12564-023-09904-7 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Alnashiri, H., Raković, M., Nawaz, S., Li, X., Lämsä, J., Lim, L., Bannert, M., Järvelä, S., & Gašević, D. (2025) · Journal of Computer Assisted Learning · doi:10.1111/jcal.70114 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
StorySage: Conversational Autobiography Writing Powered by a Multi-Agent Framework
Talaei, S., Li, M., Grover, K., Hippler, J. K., Yang, D., & Saberi, A. (2025) · ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology (UIST) · doi:10.1145/3746059.3747681 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Khuzairi, N. M. S., & Cob, Z. C. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-90235-3_3 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Embedding Learning Analytics in a University: Boardroom, Staff Room, Server Room, Classroom
Shum, S. B. (2023) · Advances in analytics for learning and teaching · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-27646-0_2 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Natural Language Processing: Writing Analytics
Gibson, A., & Shibani, A. (2022) · Solar eBooks · doi:10.18608/hla22.010 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Self-citationAI-Powered Instant Textual Feedback on Physiotherapist Student Practical Performance
Odesola, O., Alsmadi, H., Kafari, A. S. A., & Kandasamy, G. (2024) · Intelligent Methods, Systems, and Applications (IMSA) · doi:10.1109/imsa61967.2024.10652614 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Enhancing collaborative writing with AI-enhanced feedback in graduate-level action research courses
Vu, P., & Vu, L. (2025) · Artificial Intelligence in Education · doi:10.1108/aiie-03-2025-0042 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Scientific Research and Writing Skills in Engineering Students
Núñez-Pacheco, R., Vidal, E., Barreda-Parra, A., & Castro-Gutiérrez, E. (2023) · Lecture notes in networks and systems · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-33261-6_7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Torre, S., Severino, A. U., & Ligorio, M. B. (2024) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-024-09778-7 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Tong, Y., Chen, G., & Jong, M. S. (2024) · Computers & Education · doi:10.1016/j.compedu.2024.105215 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Link, S., Redmon, R., & Hagan, M. (2025) · Research Methods in Applied Linguistics · doi:10.1016/j.rmal.2025.100219 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Automatic Detection of the CaRS Framework in Scholarly Writing Using Natural Language Processing
Omotola, O., Nnamoko, N., Lam, C., Korkontzelos, I., Altham, C., & Barrowclough, J. (2025) · Electronics · doi:10.3390/electronics14142799 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
What Could Learning Analytics Learn from Human-Computer Interaction Theory?
Shum, S. B. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-60571-0_10 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
AI-Assisted Writing in Education: Ecosystem Risks and Mitigations
Shibani, A., & Shum, S. B. (2024) · Workshop on Intelligent and Interactive Writing Assistants (In2Writing) · doi:10.1145/3690712.3690714 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationHow to Automate Feedback on Diagrammatic Reasoning with a Relevant Degree of Freedom?
Brieven, G., Malcev, L., & Donnet, B. (2025) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon62633.2025.11016495 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
The ethical acceptability of personalization via intelligent systems in education
Richter, F. (2025) · AI & Society · doi:10.1007/s00146-025-02690-3 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Wang, X., Yang, Q., Hao, Y., Wang, Z., & Guo, S. (2026) · Assessing Writing · doi:10.1016/j.asw.2026.101051 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Li, M. (2021) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87710-1_7 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Weidlich, J. (2025) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/4e3bh_v2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Dilger, B., Erlemann, J., Müller, C., & Rapp, C. (2022) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-658-34698-0 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Chen, S. Y., & Tseng, C.-Y. (2024) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2024.2443241 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ross, T., Sondergaard, R. E., Ives, C. A., Han, A., & Sabine Graf, A. (2025) · Technology Knowledge and Learning · doi:10.1007/s10758-025-09868-0 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Bernsteiner, R. C., Ploder, C., Su, Y.-S., Gou, J., & Yu, X. (2025) · Procedia Computer Science · doi:10.1016/j.procs.2025.08.142 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Use of Natural Language Processing in Learning Analytics
Wongvorachan, T., & Bulut, O. (2025) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-95365-1_9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Explainable Artificial Intelligence as an Enabler for Engineering Education
Chituc, C.-M., Gómez, J. T., & Haase, J. (2026) · IEEE Global Engineering Education Conference (EDUCON) · doi:10.1109/educon67543.2026.11574416 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
- Authors
- Knight, S., Shibani, A., Abel, S., Gibson, A., & Ryan, P.
- Affiliations
- University of Technology Sydney (AU)
- Queensland University of Technology (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Knight, S.
- Venue
- Journal of Writing Research
- Published
- 2020-06
- Volume
- 12
- Issue
- vol. 12 issue 1
- Pages
- 141-186
- ISSN
- 2030-1006 (ISSN-L)
- 2294-3307
- OpenAlex
- W3024117512
- Cited by
- 151
- References
- 49
- Citations by year
- 2026: 18 · 2025: 30 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 30 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 18 · 2020: 10 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 30.66
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- diamond
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by-nc-nd
- Locations
- Journal of Writing Research (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- ANU Open Research (Australian National University) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- QUT ePrints (Queensland University of Technology) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
- UTS ePRESS (University of Technology Sydney) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Student Assessment and Feedback
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Literature and Literary Theory › Discourse Analysis in Language Studies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Computer Science Applications › Online Learning and Analytics
- Keywords
- learning analytics, formative feedback, academic writing, rhetorical moves, writing instruction, student writing, user perception
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
