Cited by 116Mindfulness and Compassion InterventionsDigital Mental Health InterventionsReligion, Spirituality, and Psychology

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Group, One-on-One, or Internet? Preferences for Mindfulness Meditation Delivery Format and their Predictors

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Wahbeh, Helané, Svalina, Matthew N., Oken, Barry S.·2014·Open Medicine Journal

DOI 10.2174/1874220301401010066PMC PMC4820831

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Abstract

OBJECTIVES: Group mindfulness meditation interventions have improved symptoms in many health conditions. However, many people are unwilling to receive group treatment, so alternative delivery methods such as individual and internet may be a useful option. The study objective was to examine mindfulness meditation intervention delivery format preferences and their relationship to potential predictors. DESIGN: An online survey was conducted of adult English speakers. Data was collected on interest and preference for internet, individual, or group formats of a mindfulness meditation intervention. Age, gender, personality, and posttraumatic stress disorder score and status and depression status were also collected. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: 500 eligible participants completed the survey (mean age 39±15; range 18-70; 68% female). Participants were more interested in the Internet (n=356) and individual formats (n=384) than the group format (n=245). Fifty-five participants (11%) said they would refuse a group format. Internet was the first choice format for most participants (Internet 212 (43%), Individual 187 (38%), Group 97 (20%) and group was the last choice for most participants (Internet 140 (29%), Individual 70 (14%), Group 279 (57%)). Age, extraversion and emotional stability were significant in predicting first choice format. These results support the need for more research and implementation of alternative mindfulness meditation intervention delivery formats. Future research will incorporate additional predictors and include a broader range of participants.

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“…can change the efficacy of the intervention, and how participant preferences may factor into this picture given that digital interventions are endorsed as a desired method of intervention delivery (Wahbeh et al., 2014) and most studies in the current review utilized self-directed interventions.”
Effects of internet-based mindfulness interventions on anxiety and depression symptoms in cancer patients: A meta-analysis
Wang, S., Xia, W., Zhang, J., Wu, M., & Tian, L. (2025) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2025.02.022 · Cited by 8
Online Meditation Program Builds Resilience and Competencies Among Social Work Students Working With Older Adults
Pandya, S. P. (2020) · Journal of Social Work Education · doi:10.1080/10437797.2020.1817817 · Cited by 11
“Moreover, a cross-sectional survey among 500 adults in the United States showed that many people prefer individual and online formats for mindfulness meditation interventions over group formats (Wahbeh et al., 2014).”
Background
Cognitive Effect Following a Blended (Face to Face and Videoconference-Delivered) Format Mindfulness Training
Wang, G., Taylor, T., Sumich, A. L., Krägeloh, C., Lee, C. Q., & Siegert, R. J. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.701459 · Cited by 5
“Over the last decades, communication technology has increasingly been applied to deliver mindfulness interventions or support mindfulness practice, ranging from phone-delivered sessions and mobile applications, to online websites or a combination of a virtual online classroom and website (Wahbeh et al., 2014; Gu et al…”
Background
Brief mindfulness training for Canadian public safety personnel well-being
Stevenson, R. M. (2022) · Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being · doi:10.35502/jcswb.263 · Cited by 9
“Internet was the preferred delivery mode (43%), followed by individual (38%), and group intervention at 20% (Wahbeh et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluential
Online mindfulness-based cognitive therapy for treatment-resistant depression: a parallel-arm randomized controlled feasibility trial
Rodrigues, M. F., Quagliato, L. A., Appolinário, J. C., & Nardi, A. E. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1412483 · Cited by 5
Investigating the role of health information technology in the control and management of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE): a systematic review
Moulaei, K., Rajaei, E., Ahmadian, L., & Khajouei, R. (2022) · BMC Medical Informatics and Decision Making · doi:10.1186/s12911-022-02009-y · Cited by 5
“In the study by Wahbeh et al. [49], 71.2% of participants (365 out of 500) preferred to use web-based technologies for their treatment rather than in-person visits.”
BackgroundInfluential
Effectiveness of an Internet-Based, Self-Guided, Short-Term Mindfulness Training (ISSMT) Program for Relieving Depressive Symptoms in the Adult Population in China: Single-Blind, Randomized Controlled Trial
Zhu, T., Zhang, L., Weng, W., Gan, R., Sun, L., Wei, Y., Zhu, Y., Yu, H., Xue, J., & Chen, S. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/55583 · Cited by 5
“[7].”
A qualitative analysis of free text comments of participants from a massive open online mindfulness course
Neate, S. L., Reece, J. C., Hassed, C. S., Chambers, R., Connaughton, S., & Nag, N. (2022) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2022.947898 · Cited by 5
“For many people online MBIs are simply the preferred mode of delivery (18).”
Background
Are Digital Interventions the Next Frontier in Sex Therapy? A Mixed Methods Study Examining Attitudes toward Digital Sex Therapy
Vowels, L. M., & Sever, Z. (2023) · Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy · doi:10.1080/0092623x.2023.2243266 · Cited by 5
“…and intention to use, potentially constituting a barrier to reaching the full potential of these services (Apolinário-Hagen et al., 2018; Klein & Cook, 2010; Mohr, Riper, & Schueller, 2018; Musiat, Goldstone, & Tarrier, 2014; Wahbeh, Svalina, & Oken, 2014; Wallin, Mattsson, & Olsson, 2016).”
Internet-Based Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy for the Adjunctive Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Apolinário-Hagen, J., & Salewski, C. (2018) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-10-6577-4_22 · Cited by 5
Estudio comparativo entre un programa de reducción del estrés basado en mindfulness presencial y online en población general española
Sard-Peck, T. E., Martín-Asuero, A., Oller, M. T., Calvo, A., & Santesteban‐Echarri, O. (2019) · Psiquiatría Biológica · doi:10.1016/j.psiq.2019.03.001 · Cited by 5
Navigating relationships with GenAI chatbots: User attitudes, acceptability, and potential
Vowels, L. M., Francois‐Walcott, R. R. R., Grandjean, M., Darwiche, J., & Vowels, M. J. (2025) · Computers in Human Behavior Artificial Humans · doi:10.1016/j.chbah.2025.100183 · Cited by 4
Mindfulness Training for Depressed Older Adults Using Smartphone Technology: Protocol for a Fully Remote Precision Clinical Trial
Schweiger, A., Rodebaugh, T. L., Lenze, E. J., Keenoy, K., Hassenstab, J. J., Kloeckner, J., Gettinger, T. R., & Nicol, G. E. (2022) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/39233 · Cited by 4
“Even prior to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic, many people expressed a preference for individual and online mindfulness training over in-person group formats [12].”
A pilot study on the efficacy of an online mindfulness intervention for Canadian police officers
Fleischmann, M. H., Boudreau, A., Vincent, M., Charman, M., Collie, E., Johnston, R., & Khoury, B. (2024) · Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being · doi:10.35502/jcswb.364 · Cited by 3
Conventional versus Mindfulness-based Interventions for Anxiety and Worry: A Review and Recommendations
Abbott, D., & Lack, C. W. (2020) · Current Psychiatry Research and Reviews · doi:10.2174/2666082216666200220121648 · Cited by 3
Mindfulness as an intervention after multisystem trauma
Clement, E., Murphy, P., Lee, A. S. Y., Ericson, A. D., Gratton, C., Clements, T. W., Ryan, J. F., Kim, M. J., Ball, C. G., & Widder, S. L. (2020) · Trauma · doi:10.1177/1460408620961014 · Cited by 3
“Cumulative DASS-21 score, mean (sd) 15 (11) 17 (11) 16 (11) 0.”
Characterizing Interprofessional Collaboration and Referral to Mindfulness-Based Stress Reduction Programs
Binda, D. D., Weinberg, J., Nguyen, T., & Morone, N. E. (2022) · Global Advances in Health and Medicine · doi:10.1177/2164957x221126484 · Cited by 5
“With the onset of the COVID19 Pandemic making online communication platforms more accessible, there has been an increased comfort level in using web-based video platforms for meetings.28 We are currently testing this online platform in a pragmatic clinical trial of MBSR delivered via Telehealth.29 Although Wahbeh et a…”
BackgroundMethod
The impact of Emotion-focused training for emotion couching delivered as mobile app on self-compassion and self-criticism
Halamová, J., Mihalo, J., & Bakoš, L. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1047022 · Cited by 3
“Some people prefer online interventions as there are barriers to traditional therapy sessions (cost, negative stigma, unavailability, lack of anonymity; Wahbeh et al., 2014).”
Background
CBT + Exercise vs Treatment as Usual in Treating Anxiety and Depression in University Students: A Pilot Study
Newcombe, B. C., Olthuis, J. V., MacLean, M., Hamilton, R. A., & McAulay, T. (2023) · Journal of College Student Mental Health · doi:10.1080/87568225.2023.2181255 · Cited by 3
“For those seeking counseling services, one potential reason for low recruitment rates is a general preference for individual therapy versus group therapy (Muntingh et al., 2019; Wahbeh, Svalina, & Oken, 2014).”
Background
Self-Help Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy
Jones, F. W., Strauss, C., & Cavanagh, K. (2016) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-29866-5_10 · Cited by 3
The effectiveness of mindfulness-based group therapy on anxiety, depression and stress in looked after children: a preliminary exploration
Sunthararajah, S. (2019) · Adoption & Fostering : The Quarterly Journal of British Agencies for Adoption & Fostering · doi:10.1177/0308575919826878 · Cited by 4
Effects of online mindful stretching exercises for loneliness, mindfulness, and hair cortisol: A mixed method study
Jong, F. J. X., Lee, C. C. W., Ting, R. S., Lin, M., Ong, L. K., Quek, X. F., Lee, S. W. H., Ng, A. L. O., & Teoh, S. L. (2025) · EXPLORE · doi:10.1016/j.explore.2025.103204 · Cited by 3
Effect of digital mindfulness on perceived stress and anxious emotion among college students
Xiong, W., Xia, Y., Yu, L., & Yang, F. (2025) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2025.1644370 · Cited by 4
“A cross-sectional survey of 500 adults in the United States suggested that many individuals prefer individual and online forms of mindfulness meditation interventions to group formats (40).”
Both online and face-to-face mindfulness meditation can change cortical structure in internet gaming disorder
Dong, H., Wang, H., Ma, X., Ma, X., Ni, H., Liu, C., Song, X., Dong, G., & Zhou, R. (2025) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.08.005 · Cited by 3
eLIFEwithIBD: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial of an online acceptance and commitment therapy and compassion-based intervention in inflammatory bowel disease
Ferreira, C., Pereira, J. L., Matos‐Pina, I., Skvarc, D., Galhardo, A. B., Ferreira, N. B., Carvalho, S. A., Lucena‐Santos, P., Rocha, B. S., Oliveira, S. M., et al. (2024) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1369577 · Cited by 2
Digital Therapies for Insomnia
Jackson, M. L., Meaklim, H., & Mason, E. C. (2023) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-10698-9_6 · Cited by 2
Internet Mindfulness Meditation Intervention (IMMI) Program with iMINDr Application Support for Older Adults with Depression Symptoms: A Feasibility Study
Hrnjic, L., Fry, N., & Wahbeh, H. (2021) · OBM Integrative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.21926/obm.icm.2104034 · Cited by 1
“An online survey investigated the preferred delivery method for MBIs and found that older adults (60-90 years old) favor the internet (43%) over individual (39%) or group (10%) format, and 10% stated they would not engage in a group format [24].”
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Mindfulness-Based Interventions
Shamblaw, A. L., & Segal, Z. V. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00212-0 · Cited by 1
Online mindfulness-based interventions and their use in mental health practice
Parkinson, B., Lawrence, M., McElhinney, E., & Booth, J. (2022) · Mental Health Practice · doi:10.7748/mhp.2022.e1619 · Cited by 1
Internet-basierte Interventionen zur Förderung von Achtsamkeit und Selbstmitgefühl
Krieger, T. (2020) · Psychotherapie: Praxis · doi:10.1007/978-3-662-60318-5_10
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Pandya, S. P. (2022) · Educational Gerontology · doi:10.1080/03601277.2022.2125986
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Self-administered mindfulness interventions reduce stress in a large, randomized controlled multi-site studyPreprint
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Authors: Wahbeh, H., Svalina, M. N., & Oken, B. S.
Affiliations: National University of Natural Medicine (US)
Oregon Health & Science University (US)
ORCID: Wahbeh, Helané
Svalina, Matthew N.
Oken, Barry S.
Venue: Open Medicine Journal
Publisher: Bentham Science Publishers Ltd.
Published: 2014-11-28
Volume: 1
Issue: 1
Pages: 66-74
ISSN: 1874-2203 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2174/1874220301401010066
PMC: PMC4820831
OpenAlex: W2033588586
Cited by: 116
References: 52
Citations by year: 2026: 6 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 14 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 16 · 2020: 14 · 2019: 9 · 2018: 12 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 7
FWCI: 4.72
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: hybrid
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/ (unspecified)
Locations: Open Medicine Journal (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
Funders: National Institutes of Health
National Center for Complementary and Alternative Medicine
National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (K24AT005121, K01AT004951)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Mindfulness and Compassion Interventions
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
Social Sciences › Health › Religion, Spirituality, and Psychology
Keywords: mindfulness meditation, intervention delivery format, group intervention, individual interventions, online intervention, treatment preferences, extraversion, emotional stability, personality traits, post-traumatic stress disorder, depression, age differences

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Group, One-on-One, or Internet? Preferences for Mindfulness Meditation Delivery Format and their Predictors

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