Behavior change techniques implemented in electronic lifestyle activity monitors: a systematic content analysis

Lyons, Elizabeth J; Lewis, Zakkoyya H; Mayrsohn, Brian G; Rowland, Jennifer L

doi:10.2196/jmir.3469

Cited by 547Mobile Health and mHealth ApplicationsPhysical Activity and HealthBehavioral Health and Interventions

Behavior change techniques implemented in electronic lifestyle activity monitors: a systematic content analysis

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Lyons, Elizabeth J, Lewis, Zakkoyya H, Mayrsohn, Brian G, Rowland, Jennifer L·2014·Journal of Medical Internet Research

DOI 10.2196/jmir.3469PMC PMC4147713

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Electronic activity monitors (such as those manufactured by Fitbit, Jawbone, and Nike) improve on standard pedometers by providing automated feedback and interactive behavior change tools via mobile device or personal computer. These monitors are commercially popular and show promise for use in public health interventions. However, little is known about the content of their feedback applications and how individual monitors may differ from one another. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this study was to describe the behavior change techniques implemented in commercially available electronic activity monitors. METHODS: Electronic activity monitors (N=13) were systematically identified and tested by 3 trained coders for at least 1 week each. All monitors measured lifestyle physical activity and provided feedback via an app (computer or mobile). Coding was based on a hierarchical list of 93 behavior change techniques. Further coding of potentially effective techniques and adherence to theory-based recommendations were based on findings from meta-analyses and meta-regressions in the research literature. RESULTS: All monitors provided tools for self-monitoring, feedback, and environmental change by definition. The next most prevalent techniques (13 out of 13 monitors) were goal-setting and emphasizing discrepancy between current and goal behavior. Review of behavioral goals, social support, social comparison, prompts/cues, rewards, and a focus on past success were found in more than half of the systems. The monitors included a range of 5-10 of 14 total techniques identified from the research literature as potentially effective. Most of the monitors included goal-setting, self-monitoring, and feedback content that closely matched recommendations from social cognitive theory. CONCLUSIONS: Electronic activity monitors contain a wide range of behavior change techniques typically used in clinical behavioral interventions. Thus, the monitors may represent a medium by which these interventions could be translated for widespread use. This technology has broad applications for use in clinical, public health, and rehabilitation settings.

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Wearable activity trackers promote behaviour-change techniques such as self-monitoring and goal setting.
“Wearable activity trackers promote behaviourchange techniques, such as self-monitoring and goal setting, 6”
From Effectiveness of wearable activity trackers to increase physical activity and improve health: a systematic review of systematic reviews and meta-analyses. (2022) · cites this paper as [6]
When combined with smartphone and computer apps, consumer-based wearable activity trackers may assist users through a range of motivational and tracking tools to better manage their personal health.
“In addition, when combined with the use of smartphone and computer apps, they may assist users through a range of motivational and tracking tools to better manage their personal health [19].”
From Consumer-based wearable activity trackers increase physical activity participation: systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [19]
Each device incorporates different behavioral change techniques that are linked to one or several features of the wearable.
“As shown by Lyons et al [118] and Mercer et al [119], each device incorporates different behavioral change techniques that are linked to one or several features of the wearable, so providing a description of the features of the device and the associated app (if used) is essential for future research.”
From Fitbit-based interventions for healthy lifestyle outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis (2020) · cites this paper as [118]
Consumer wearables usually include motivational techniques such as self-monitoring and real-time feedback, but rarely address skills such as action planning and problem solving, which are essential to changing physical activity behavior.
“In a review of 13 consumer wearables, Lyons et al [24] concludes that these devices usually include motivational techniques, such as self-monitoring and real-time feedback, but rarely address skills such as action planning and problem solving, which are essential to changing physical activity behavior.”
From A Community-Based Physical Activity Counselling Program for People With Knee Osteoarthritis: Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of the Track-OA Study (2017) · cites this paper as [24]

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Lobelo, F., Rohm Young, D., Sallis, R., Garber, M. D., Billinger, S. A., Duperly, J., Hutber, A., Pate, R. R., Thomas, R. J., Widlansky, M. E., et al. (2018) · Circulation · doi:10.1161/cir.0000000000000559 · Cited by 402 · see citing works
A review and content analysis of engagement, functionality, aesthetics, information quality, and change techniques in the most popular commercial apps for weight management
Bardus, M., van Beurden, S. B., Smith, J. R., & Abraham, C. (2016) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-016-0359-9 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
“The four reviews that explicitly assessed technique content in PA and fitness apps [8, 11, 13, 14] identified varying numbers of techniques, ranging from 1 [8] to 18 per app [11].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Smartphone Applications for Patients' Health and Fitness
Higgins, J. P. (2015) · The American Journal of Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.05.038 · Cited by 357 · see citing works
“Activity monitoring apps typically include goal-setting, self-monitoring, and feedback content that closely matches recommendations from social cognitive theory.(31) One review of 57 popular physical activity apps noted that on average they included 5 behavior change interventions (range, 2-8), and this did not differ…”
Background
Patient-centered activity monitoring in the self-management of chronic health conditions
Chiauzzi, E. J., Rodarte, C., & DasMahapatra, P. (2015) · BMC Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12916-015-0319-2 · Cited by 339 · see citing works
“techniques such as goal-setting, social support, social comparison, and rewards [4].”
Background
Behavior Change with Fitness Technology in Sedentary Adults: A Review of the Evidence for Increasing Physical Activity
Sullivan, A. N., & Lachman, M. E. (2017) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2016.00289 · Cited by 458 · see citing works
Lifestyle and the Prevention of Type 2 Diabetes: A Status Report
Galaviz, K. I., Narayan, K. M. V., Lobelo, F., & Weber, M. B. (2015) · American Journal of Lifestyle Medicine · doi:10.1177/1559827615619159 · Cited by 324 · see citing works
Behavior Change Techniques Present in Wearable Activity Trackers: A Critical Analysis
Mercer, K., Li, M., Giangregorio, L., Burns, C., & Grindrod, K. (2016) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.4461 · Cited by 304 · see citing works
“Lyons et al [25] also found that wearable activity monitors contain a wide range of techniques that are typically used in clinical behavioral interventions and that the trackers are a medium by which these interventions may be translated into widespread use.”
Influential
Using computer, mobile and wearable technology enhanced interventions to reduce sedentary behaviour: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Stephenson, A., McDonough, S. M., Murphy, M. H., Nugent, C. D., & Mair, J. L. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0561-4 · Cited by 290 · see citing works
Apps to improve diet, physical activity and sedentary behaviour in children and adolescents: a review of quality, features and behaviour change techniques
Schöeppe, S., Alley, S., Rebar, A. L., Hayman, M., Bray, N. A., Lippevelde, W. V., Gnam, J.-P., Bachert, P., Direito, A., & Vandelanotte, C. (2017) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-017-0538-3 · Cited by 280 · see citing works
“In fact, many previous reviews of apps targeting adults [11, 14, 15, 19] have mainly focused on apps to promote physical activity.”
BackgroundResult
Feasibility and Effectiveness of Using Wearable Activity Trackers in Youth: A Systematic Review
Ridgers, N. D., McNarry, M. A., & Mackintosh, K. A. (2016) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.6540 · Cited by 245 · see citing works
“A common feature of the identified intervention studies was that the wearable activity tracker was used to self-monitor physical activity in combination with different intervention approaches [17].”
Wearable technology: role in respiratory health and disease
Aliverti, A. (2017) · Breathe · doi:10.1183/20734735.008417 · Cited by 243 · see citing works
“Many consumer physical activity monitors use behavioural change techniques to motivate the user, typically through goal-setting, selfmonitoring and feedback [41].”
Background
How consumer physical activity monitors could transform human physiology research
Wright, S. P., Hall Brown, T. S., Collier, S. R., & Sandberg, K. (2017) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00349.2016 · Cited by 234 · see citing works
Digital behavior change interventions to promote physical activity and/or reduce sedentary behavior in older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Stockwell, S., Schofield, P., Fisher, A., Firth, J., Jackson, S. E., Stubbs, B., & Smith, L. (2019) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2019.02.020 · Cited by 212 · see citing works
“In addition, behavior change interventions require professional expertise in delivering behavior change techniques (BCTs) (Lyons et al., 2014).”
The Use of Wearable Activity Trackers Among Older Adults: Focus Group Study of Tracker Perceptions, Motivators, and Barriers in the Maintenance Stage of Behavior Change
Kononova, A. G., Li, L., Kamp, K., Bowen, M., Rikard, R. V., Cotten, S. R., & Peng, W. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.9832 · Cited by 224 · see citing works
“Activity trackers have the advantage of boosting physical activity through the integration of empirically tested behavioral change techniques such as goal setting, self-monitoring, social support, social comparison, feedback, and rewards [3,4], in contrast to antecedent technologies, such as pedometers.”
Fitbit-based interventions for healthy lifestyle outcomes: systematic review and meta-analysis
Ringeval, M., Wagner, G., Denford, J., Paré, G., & Kitsiou, S. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/23954 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Feasibility and acceptability of a wearable technology physical activity intervention with telephone counseling for mid-aged and older adults: a randomized controlled pilot trial
Lyons, E. J., Swartz, M. C., Lewis, Z. H., Martinez, E., & Jennings, K. (2017) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.6967 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“The BodyMedia monitor was substantially different from Fitbit and Jawbone in terms of behavior change techniques available in the app [15], which may partially explain this different result.”
Influential
The effectiveness of digital interventions for increasing physical activity in individuals of low socioeconomic status: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Western, M. J., Armstrong, M. E. G., Islam, I., Morgan, K., Jones, U., & Kelson, M. J. (2021) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-021-01218-4 · Cited by 218 · see citing works
“Digital technologies enable researchers and clinicians to develop remote interventions that are grounded in behavioural theory [24], can include a number of potentially useful behaviour change techniques [25] and can be tailored to meet the particular needs of a given individual or population [26].”
Background
Use of the Fitbit to Measure Adherence to a Physical Activity Intervention Among Overweight or Obese, Postmenopausal Women: Self-Monitoring Trajectory During 16 Weeks
Cadmus‐Bertram, L., Marcus, B. H., Patterson, R. E., Parker, B. A., & Morey, B. L. (2015) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.4229 · Cited by 207 · see citing works
“Analyses of theory-driven diet and physical activity interventions have shown that the component most strongly associated with successful behavior change is self-monitoring when used in combination with at least one additional self-regulatory technique (eg, goal setting, review of previously set goals, frequent behavi…”
Validity of Consumer-Based Physical Activity Monitors for Specific Activity Types
Nelson, M. B., Kaminsky, L. A., Dickin, D. C., & Montoye, A. H. K. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000933 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
“PA monitors to promote behavior change and PA maintenance (16,19).”
Using an electronic activity monitor system as an intervention modality: A systematic review
Lewis, Z. H., Lyons, E., Jarvis, J. M., & Baillargeon, J. (2015) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-015-1947-3 · Cited by 183 · see citing works
“EAMS have the potential to deliver multiple BCTs, potentially in ways that are as or more effective than traditional methods [25].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The effects of mHealth-based gamification interventions on participation in physical activity: systematic review
Xu, L., Shi, H., Shen, M., Ni, Y., Zhang, X., Pang, Y., Yu, T., Lian, X., Yu, T., Yang, X., et al. (2022) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/27794 · Cited by 161 · see citing works
“The real-time feedback relating to daily steps from the app may provide ongoing support and motivation for maintaining healthy PA behavior [14].”
Background
Digital Health Behavior Change Technology: Bibliometric and Scoping Review of Two Decades of Research
Taj, F., Klein, M. C. A., & van Halteren, A. (2019) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/13311 · Cited by 170 · see citing works
“[33] New directions in electronic health communication: opportunities and challenges 162 [34] Behavior change techniques implemented in electronic lifestyle activity monitors: a systematic content analysis 151 [35] Virtual self-modeling: the effects of vicarious reinforcement and identification on…”
Background
A randomized controlled trial of a wearable technology‐based intervention for increasing moderate to vigorous physical activity and reducing sedentary behavior in breast cancer survivors: The ACTIVATE Trial
Lynch, B. M., Nguyen, N. H., Moore, M. M., Reeves, M. M., Rosenberg, D. E., Boyle, T., Vallance, J. K., Milton, S., Friedenreich, C. M., & English, D. R. (2019) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.32143 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
“A review of 13 different wearables and associated apps found that they used many of the behavior change techniques typically used by traditional physical activity interventions (eg, self-monitoring, social support, and goal-setting).(24) Given their low cost and wide reach, wearables are ideal tools for scalable healt…”
Validity of the Fitbit activity tracker for measuring steps in community-dwelling older adults
Paul, S. S., Tiedemann, A., Hassett, L. M., Ramsay, E., Kirkham, C., Chagpar, S., & Sherrington, C. (2015) · BMJ Open Sport & Exercise Medicine · doi:10.1136/bmjsem-2015-000013 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
“The Fitbit tracker is relatively affordable, simple to use and allows self-monitoring and goal setting by providing feedback on the device itself or through the internet interface.(24) The Fitbit’s internet interface also stores long-term physical activity levels.”
Background
Activity tracking
Harrison, D., Marshall, P., Bianchi‐Berthouze, N., & Bird, J. (2015) · ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing (UbiComp) · doi:10.1145/2750858.2805832 · Cited by 162 · see citing works
“A review of 13 trackers found that they included “5-10 of 14 total [behaviour change] techniques identified from the research literature as potentially effective”, and were mostly implemented in accordance with academic recommendations [16].”
Barriers to and Facilitators for Using Nutrition Apps: Systematic Review and Conceptual Framework
König, L. M., Attig, C., Franke, T., & Renner, B. (2021) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/20037 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“It could thus be concluded that the inclusion of certain BCTs (DG3) might not only increase effectiveness of interventions [73, 74] but also engagement [75].”
Wearable technology for cardiology: An update and framework for the future
Pevnick, J. M., Birkeland, K. T., Zimmer, R. J., Elad, Y., & Kedan, I. (2017) · Trends in Cardiovascular Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.tcm.2017.08.003 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Commercially available devices have software that can engage patients in goal setting, reminders, and positive feedback mechanisms.(23) As daily activity continues to be more precisely defined, benchmarks for minimum, maximum, and mean”
Background
Comparison of Consumer and Research Monitors under Semistructured Settings
BAI, Y., WELK, G. J., NAM, Y. H., LEE, J. A., LEE, J.-M., KIM, Y., MEIER, N. F., & DIXON, P. M. (2016) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000000727 · Cited by 149 · see citing works
“A recent study (23) examined the behavior change strategies incorporated in 13 wearable monitors (including six of the monitors tested in the present study).”
Background
Wearable Technology and Physical Activity in Chronic Disease: Opportunities and Challenges
Phillips, S. M., Cadmus‐Bertram, L., Rosenberg, D. E., Buman, M. P., & Lynch, B. M. (2017) · American Journal of Preventive Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.amepre.2017.08.015 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
Older Adults’ Experiences Using a Commercially Available Monitor to Self-Track Their Physical Activity
McMahon, S., Lewis, B. A., Oakes, J. M., Guan, W., Wyman, J. F., & Rothman, A. J. (2016) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.5120 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
“Thus, examining the facilitative potential of PAMs will be most informative when using them as a medium for testing various engagement strategies [5] and behavioral change techniques [28].”
Wearable device adoption among older adults: A mixed-methods study
Farivar, S., Abouzahra, M., & Ghasemaghaei, M. (2020) · International Journal of Information Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2020.102209 · Cited by 152 · see citing works
“…motivational notifications, providing social support, and using other tested techniques (Cadmus-Bertram, Marcus, Patterson, Parker, & Morey, 2015; Lyons, Lewis, Mayrsohn, & Rowland, 2014; Mercer, Li, Giangregorio, Burns, & Grindrod, 2016; O’Brien, Troutman-Jordan, Hathaway, Armstrong, & Moore,…”
Reporting accelerometer methods in physical activity intervention studies: a systematic review and recommendations for authors
Montoye, A. H. K., Moore, R. W., Bowles, H. R., Korycinski, R. W., & Pfeiffer, K. A. (2016) · British Journal of Sports Medicine · doi:10.1136/bjsports-2015-095947 · Cited by 141 · see citing works
Wearable Devices and Smartphones for Activity Tracking Among People with Serious Mental Illness
Naslund, J., Aschbrenner, K., & Bartels, S. (2016) · Mental Health and Physical Activity · doi:10.1016/j.mhpa.2016.02.001 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
The landscape of research on smartphone medical apps: Coherent taxonomy, motivations, open challenges and recommendations
Hussain, M., Al-Haiqi, A., Zaidan, A. A., Zaidan, B. B., Kiah, M. L. M., Anuar, N. B., & Abdulnabi, M. S. H. (2015) · Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine · doi:10.1016/j.cmpb.2015.08.015 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Effectiveness of wearable trackers on physical activity in healthy adults: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Tang, M. S. S., Moore, K., McGavigan, A., Clark, R. A., & Ganesan, A. N. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/15576 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
“The data presented in this meta-analysis demonstrates that wearable tracker usage was associated with short-term gains in physical activity [36].”
Background
Text Messaging for Exercise Promotion in Older Adults From an Upper-Middle-Income Country: Randomized Controlled Trial
Müller, A. M., Khoo, S., & Morris, T. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5235 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“A number of reasons why SMS text Additionally, the call for designing behavioral mHealth interventions around effective BCTs has recently increased [63,64].”
Evaluating the Impact of Physical Activity Apps and Wearables: Interdisciplinary Review
McCallum, C., Rooksby, J., & Gray, C. M. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.9054 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“do not incorporate behavior change techniques that improve effectiveness [199-202] and may focus more on enhancing user experience: therefore, industry professionals may be more likely to assess engagement, acceptability, and usability rather than effectiveness.”
Background
Do activity monitors increase physical activity in adults with overweight or obesity? A systematic review and meta‐analysis
de Vries, H. J., Kooiman, T. J. M., van Ittersum, M. W., van Brussel, M., & de Groot, M. (2016) · Obesity · doi:10.1002/oby.21619 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“These modern activity monitors also include BCTs such as social support, prompts/cues, and rewards (10), all of which are all associated with positive physical activity changes in obese adults (49).”
Background
Wearable Activity Tracker Use Among Australian Adolescents: Usability and Acceptability Study
Ridgers, N. D., Timperio, A., Brown, H., Ball, K., Macfarlane, S., Lai, S. K., Richards, K., Mackintosh, K. A., McNarry, M. A., Foster, M., et al. (2018) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.9199 · Cited by 125 · see citing works
“The popularity and appeal of these devices, combined with decreasing costs, have resulted in a significant uptake by individuals to self-monitor physical activity levels, such as how many steps they take [1,2].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
The Systematic Design of a Behavioural Mobile Health Application for the Self-Management of Type 2 Diabetes
Goyal, S., Morita, P. P., Lewis, G., Yu, C., Seto, E., & Cafazzo, J. A. (2015) · Canadian Journal of Diabetes · doi:10.1016/j.jcjd.2015.06.007 · Cited by 124 · see citing works
Social Media and Mobile Technology for Cancer Prevention and Treatment
Prochaska, J. J., Coughlin, S. S., & Lyons, E. (2017) · American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book · doi:10.1200/edbk_173841 · Cited by 121 · see citing works
“Social networks are incorporated into some health-related apps and websites to promote self-regulatory skill-building, 26 and many general social networks include large subcommunities related to these topics.”
Background
Activity Monitors as Support for Older Persons’ Physical Activity in Daily Life: Qualitative Study of the Users’ Experiences
Ehn, M., Eriksson, L. C., Åkerberg, N., & Johansson, A. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.8345 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Here, different types of technical support systems can be of value [9,10].”
Background
Use of a Fitness Tracker to Promote Physical Activity in Children With Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Hooke, M. C., Gilchrist, L. S., Tanner, L. R., Hart, N., & Withycombe, J. S. (2016) · Pediatric Blood & Cancer · doi:10.1002/pbc.25860 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“This allows for the implementation of behavioral change techniques, tailoring of goals, and tracking of progress with minimal use of resources.[19] For health care professionals coaching patients to become more active, the coach can now log on to the patient’s secure tracker website to monitor progress and provide fee…”
Background
Understanding Factors Influencing Elderly Diabetic Patients’ Continuance Intention to Use Digital Health Wearables: Extending the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM)
Ahmad, A., Rasul, T., Yousaf, A., & Zaman, U. (2020) · Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity · doi:10.3390/joitmc6030081 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
“According to Lyons, Lewis and Mayrsohn [10], digital health wearables incorporate efficient and evidence-based behaviour change techniques in targeting diabetes risk factors in a very cost-effective way, which is also easily accessible by the users or caregivers/physicians.”
Background
Accelerometer‐determined physical activity, muscle mass, and leg strength in community‐dwelling older adults
Foong, Y. C., Chherawala, N., Aitken, D. A., Scott, D. S., Winzenberg, T. M., & Jones, G. (2015) · Journal of Cachexia Sarcopenia and Muscle · doi:10.1002/jcsm.12065 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Patterns of Fitbit Use and Activity Levels Throughout a Physical Activity Intervention: Exploratory Analysis from a Randomized Controlled Trial
Hartman, S. J., Nelson, S. H., & Weiner, L. S. (2018) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.8503 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
“That is, simply recording activity without attending to the feedback and using additional self-regulatory techniques (ie, passive self-monitoring) may be insufficient to change behavior [12,15,19].”
BackgroundInfluential
Smartphone-Based Interventions for Physical Activity Promotion: Scoping Review of the Evidence Over the Last 10 Years
Domin, A., Spruijt‐Metz, D., Theisen, D., Ouzzahra, Y., & Vögele, C. (2021) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/24308 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“A data extraction form was developed specifically for this review and served as a basis for Tables S1-S10 presented in Multimedia Appendix 1 [2,22,24-30,35-37,46-181].”
BackgroundMethod
Physical Activity Assessment Between Consumer- and Research-Grade Accelerometers: A Comparative Study in Free-Living Conditions
Dominick, G. M., Winfree, K. N., Pohlig, R. T., & Papas, M. A. (2016) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.6281 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“Many of these devices include user interface features through a mobile phone app that also provide behavior change strategies such as self-monitoring, goal setting, feedback provision, and social support communicated via push notifications, email, and social media platforms (eg, Facebook) [7].”
Background
Applications and applicability of Social Cognitive Theory in information science research
Middleton, L., Hall, H., & Raeside, R. (2018) · Journal of Librarianship and Information Science · doi:10.1177/0961000618769985 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“…a large number of studies that are concerned with health education: the promotion and encouragement of healthy lifestyles in general (for example, Lyons et al., 2014), and in respect of certain medical conditions such as cancer (Krebs et al., 2017), diabetes (Rosal et al., 2014), heart disease…”
Background
Effectiveness of Combined Smartwatch and Social Media Intervention on Breast Cancer Survivor Health Outcomes: A 10-Week Pilot Randomized Trial
Pope, Z., Zeng, N., Zhang, R., Lee, H. Y., & Gao, Z. (2018) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm7060140 · Cited by 93 · see citing works
“, tracking and modification) of health behaviors [14,15].”
Technology-Based Innovations to Foster Personalized Healthy Lifestyles and Well-Being: A Targeted Review
Spanakis, E. G., Santana, S., Tsiknakis, M., Kostas Marias, A., Sakkalis, V., Teixeira, A. J. S., Janssen, J. H., de Jong, H., & Tziraki, C. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.4863 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
“Examples include personalized mobile information delivery, context aware social networking, device and environment customization, serious games and entertainment, education, safety, and mobile business [33].”
Smartphone Self-Monitoring to Support Self-Management Among People Living With HIV
Swendeman, D. T., Ramanathan, N., Baetscher, L., Medich, M., Scheffler, A., Comulada, W. S., & Estrin, D. L. (2015) · JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes · doi:10.1097/qai.0000000000000570 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
The effectiveness of a wearable activity tracker (WAT)-based intervention to improve physical activity levels in sedentary older adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Liu, J. Y. W., Kor, P. P. K., Chan, C. P.-Y., Kwan, R. Y. C., & Cheung, D. S. K. (2020) · Archives of Gerontology and Geriatrics · doi:10.1016/j.archger.2020.104211 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Estimating Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in a Free-Living Context: A Pragmatic Comparison of Consumer-Based Activity Trackers and ActiGraph Accelerometry
Gomersall, S. R., Ng, N., Burton, N. W., Pavey, T., Gilson, N. D., & Brown, W. J. (2016) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5531 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
“” The devices also have additional functions that can be used to support behavior change, such as goal setting (eg, 10,000 steps per day), prompts/cues, and social networking and accountability [7].”
Background
The challenger app for social anxiety disorder: New advances in mobile psychological treatment
Miloff, A., Marklund, A., & Carlbring, P. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.08.001 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Gamifying Accelerometer Use Increases Physical Activity Levels of Sedentary Office Workers
Gremaud, A. L., Carr, L. J., Simmering, J. E., Evans, N. J., Cremer, J. F., Segre, A. M., Polgreen, L. A., & Polgreen, P. M. (2018) · Journal of the American Heart Association · doi:10.1161/jaha.117.007735 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
“monitoring, goal setting, feedback) that are limited in their ability to engage users and promote sustained increases in physical activity.(10) The development of mobile-based programs designed to encourage more walking is a worthwhile pursuit given the demonstrated cardioprotective benefits of regular walking.”
Background
The impact of wearable motion sensing technology on physical activity in older adults
Cooper, C., Gross, A., Brinkman, C., Pope, R., Allen, K., Hastings, S., Bogen, B. E., & Goode, A. P. (2018) · Experimental Gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.exger.2018.08.002 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
The use of social features in mobile health interventions to promote physical activity: a systematic review
Tong, H. L., & Laranjo, L. (2018) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-018-0051-3 · Cited by 82 · see citing works
“Thirdly, for our review, we classified BCTs according to the intervention description provided in the papers and did not infer the presence of BCTs, potentially leading to a lower overall number of BCTs found compared to other reviews.(12,13) Fourthly, the short study duration and the incentives provided by some inclu…”
Result
A review of pregnancy iPhone apps assessing their quality, inclusion of behaviour change techniques, and nutrition information
Brown, H., Bucher, T., Collins, C. E., & Rollo, M. E. (2018) · Maternal and Child Nutrition · doi:10.1111/mcn.12768 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
The impact of interventions that integrate accelerometers on physical activity and weight loss: a systematic review
Goode, A. P., Hall, K. S., Batch, B. C., Huffman, K. M., Hastings, S. N., Allen, K. D., Shaw, R. J., Kanach, F. A., McDuffie, J. R., Kosinski, A. S., et al. (2017) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s12160-016-9829-1 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Behavior Change Techniques Used in Digital Behavior Change Interventions to Reduce Excessive Alcohol Consumption: A Meta-regression
Garnett, C. V., Crane, D., Brown, J., Kaner, E., Beyer, F. R., Muirhead, C. R., Hickman, M., Beard, E., Redmore, J., de Vocht, F., et al. (2018) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1093/abm/kax029 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
“Taxonomies have been used to identify the BCTs in physical activity and dietary smartphone applications (apps) [31, 32], alcohol reduction apps [33], wearable activity monitors [34] and internet-based health interventions [26], and have helped systematic reviews progress from treating complex interventions as a homoge…”
Method
Utility of Consumer Physical Activity Trackers as an Intervention Tool in Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Treatment
Hickey, A. M., & Freedson, P. S. (2016) · Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases · doi:10.1016/j.pcad.2016.02.006 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Virtual Reality Smartphone-Based Intervention for Smoking Cessation: Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial on Initial Clinical Efficacy and Adherence
Goldenhersch, E., Thrul, J., Ungaretti, J., Rosencovich, N., Waitman, C., & Ceberio, M. R. (2020) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/17571 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Interventions on web-based platforms and mobile apps, among them smoking cessation apps, can deliver effective interventions for various diseases and behavioral disorders [2-16].”
Background
Habit Formation in Wearable Activity Tracker Use Among Older Adults: Qualitative Study
Peng, W., Li, L., Kononova, A. G., Cotten, S. R., Kamp, K., & Bowen, M. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/22488 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“Wearable activity trackers have the potential to facilitate and sustain behavior change to help individuals be more physically active [5-9].”
Background
Rotating Online Behavior Change Interventions Increases Effectiveness But Also Increases Attrition
Kovacs, G., Wu, Z., & Bernstein, M. S. (2018) · Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1145/3274364 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
“Gamification has been shown to have positive effects on engagement and outcomes in behavior-change contexts such as promoting healthy habits [26, 64] and improving educational engagement [8, 9], though effectiveness varies depending on the context and design [43].”
Background
Mobile Phone and Web 2.0 Technologies for Weight Management: A Systematic Scoping Review
Bardus, M., Smith, J. R., Samaha, L., & Abraham, C. (2015) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.5129 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“In general, most of these reviews focused on mobile phone apps for PA/fitness [108,109], and also analyzed the content of online social networks for PA promotion [110] and dietary and fitness apps [111-114].”
Can existing mobile apps support healthier food purchasing behaviour? Content analysis of nutrition content, behaviour change theory and user quality integration
Flaherty, S. J., McCarthy, M. B., Collins, A., & McAuliffe, F. M. (2017) · Public Health Nutrition · doi:10.1017/s1368980017002889 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
“intervention designed to alter or redirect causal processes that regulate behaviour’((58)) and provide a more informational and rigorous coding tool than previously used theory-based instruments((59)).”
Use of Fitbit Devices in Physical Activity Intervention Studies Across the Life Course: Narrative Review
St Fleur, R. G., St George, S. M., Leite, R., Kobayashi, M., Agosto, Y., & Jake-Schoffman, D. E. (2021) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/23411 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Across all stages, based on the taxonomy developed by Lyons et al [95], the most common behavior change techniques used were self-monitoring and goal setting, regardless of the intended device use.”
Method
Long term effects of self-determination theory and motivational interviewing in a web-based physical activity intervention: randomized controlled trial
Friederichs, S. A. H., Oenema, A., Bolman, C. A. W., & Lechner, L. (2015) · International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity · doi:10.1186/s12966-015-0262-9 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“Still, future studies on web-based PA interventions should include a more objective measure of PA behavior [80, 81].”
Background
Wearables for Promoting Physical Activity
Strath, S. J., & Rowley, T. W. (2017) · Clinical Chemistry · doi:10.1373/clinchem.2017.272369 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Tracked and fit: FitBits, brain games, and the quantified aging body
Katz, S., & Marshall, B. (2018) · Journal of Aging Studies · doi:10.1016/j.jaging.2018.01.009 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
A Community-Based Physical Activity Counselling Program for People With Knee Osteoarthritis: Feasibility and Preliminary Efficacy of the Track-OA Study
Li, L. C., Sayre, E. C., Xie, H., Clayton, C., & Feehan, L. M. (2017) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.7863 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
“In a review of 13 consumer wearables, Lyons et al [24] concludes that these devices usually include motivational techniques, such as self-monitoring and real-time feedback, but rarely address skills such as action planning and problem solving, which are essential to changing physical activity behavior.”
Background
Efficacy of a Physical Activity Counseling Program With Use of a Wearable Tracker in People With Inflammatory Arthritis: A Randomized Controlled Trial
LI, L. C., Feehan, L. M., Xie, H. W., Lu, N., Shaw, C., Gromala, D., Aviña-Zubieta, J. A., Koehn, C. L., Hoens, A. M., English, K., et al. (2020) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.24199 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
“Consumer-grade accelerometers promote physical activity through the use of behavior change techniques (14), like goal setting, self-monitoring, feedback, and rewards (15).”
Background
Effects of a 12-Week Multifaceted Wearable-Based Program for People With Knee Osteoarthritis: Randomized Controlled Trial
LI, L. C., Feehan, L. M., Xie, H., Lu, N., Shaw, C., Gromala, D., Zhu, S., Aviña-Zubieta, J. A., Hoens, A. M., Koehn, C. L., et al. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/19116 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Notably, consumer-grade accelerometers promote physical activity behaviors through the use of behavioral change techniques [14], such as goal setting, self-monitoring, feedback, and rewards [15].”
Promoting physical activity using a wearable activity tracker in college students: A cluster randomized controlled trial
Kim, Y., Lumpkin, A., Lochbaum, M. R., Stegemeier, S., & Kitten, K. (2018) · Journal of Sports Sciences · doi:10.1080/02640414.2018.1423886 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“…calories burned, distance ran and/or walked, and activity points calculated from those three measures), personalized goal setting, standardized behavioral feedback, and social community support, which are the essential components facilitating self-directed behavioral change (Lyons et al., 2014).”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Activity trackers implement different behavior change techniques for activity, sleep, and sedentary behaviors
Duncan, M., Murawski, B., Short, C. E., Rebar, A. L., Schoeppe, S., Alley, S., Vandelanotte, C., & Kirwan, M. (2017) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/ijmr.6685 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“These critiques have been guided by the availability of behavior change techniques (BCTs) that are potentially effective in changing health behaviors such as goal-setting and self-monitoring [18-21].”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Technology and physical activity motivation
Bice, M. R., Ball, J. W., & McClaran, S. R. (2015) · International Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology · doi:10.1080/1612197x.2015.1025811 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Parental Perspectives of a Wearable Activity Tracker for Children Younger Than 13 Years: Acceptability and Usability Study
Mackintosh, K. A., Chappel, S. E., Salmon, J., Timperio, A. F., Ball, K., Brown, H. L., Macfarlane, S., & Ridgers, N. D. (2019) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/13858 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
“Wearable activity trackers have been increasingly used in physical activity and sedentary behavior interventions, using self-monitoring systems that utilize theory-driven behavior change techniques [16,32].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Stress Management Apps With Regard to Emotion-Focused Coping and Behavior Change Techniques: A Content Analysis
Christmann, C. A., Hoffmann, A., & Bleser, G. (2017) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.6471 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
“These studies detected an average of 5 [51], 6 [50,62], or even 8 [47,63] behavior change techniques.”
Background
A Bit of Fit: Minimalist Intervention in Adolescents Based on a Physical Activity Tracker
Gaudet, J., Gallant, F., & Bélanger, M. F. (2017) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.7647 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Given that the newest accelerometer-based physical activity tracking devices are equipped with user-friendly features that relate to behavior change theory such as goal setting, review of past goals, and frequent feedback, it is possible that their effects on adhering to healthy physical activity levels is stronger [1…”
Background
Use of Mobile Health Technology in the Prevention and Management of Diabetes Mellitus
Hartz, J., Yingling, L., & Powell-Wiley, T. M. (2016) · Current Cardiology Reports · doi:10.1007/s11886-016-0796-8 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Activity trackers, prior motivation, and perceived informational and motivational affordances
Jarrahi, M. H., Gafinowitz, N., & Shin, G. D. (2017) · Personal and Ubiquitous Computing · doi:10.1007/s00779-017-1099-9 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“tracking activities and by offering real-time data, these devices allow users to manage their overall health more effectively [44, 48].”
Background
Feasibility and Preliminary Outcomes of a Physical Therapist–Administered Physical Activity Intervention After Total Knee Replacement
Christiansen, M. B., Thoma, L. M., Master, H., Voinier, D., Schmitt, L., Ziegler, M. L., LaValley, M. P., & White, D. K. (2019) · Arthritis Care & Research · doi:10.1002/acr.23882 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
“This type of intervention increases PA through a behavioral change technique that includes feedback from the activity tracker and selfmonitoring of the goal (20,21).”
Background
Efficacy of a Community-Based Technology-Enabled Physical Activity Counseling Program for People With Knee Osteoarthritis: Proof-of-Concept Study
LI, L. C., Sayre, E. C., Xie, H., Falck, R. S., Best, J. R., Liu-Ambrose, T. Y. L., Grewal, N., Hoens, A. M., Noonan, G., & Feehan, L. M. (2018) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/jmir.8514 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“In a review of 13 consumer wearables, Lyons et al [42] found that Fitbit used behavior change techniques such as goal setting, feedback, self-monitoring, social support, social comparison, as well as providing instructions and rewards.”
BackgroundMethod
A randomized controlled trial of WATAAP to promote physical activity in colorectal and endometrial cancer survivors
Maxwell‐Smith, C., Hince, D., Cohen, P. A., Bulsara, M. K., Boyle, T., Platell, C. F. E., Tan, P., Levitt, M., Salama, P. R., Tan, J., et al. (2019) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.5090 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“However, several evidence‐based BCTs are not integrated into Apps including action planning, coping planning, and instruction on performance of the behaviour.(17) Because of these omissions and other patient barriers including dwindling motivation, wearables alone might be insufficient to produce long‐term PA engageme…”
Background
General Practitioners’ Perspective on eHealth and Lifestyle Change: Qualitative Interview Study
Brandt, C. J., Søgaard, G. I., Clemensen, J., Sndergaard, J., & Nielsen, J. B. (2018) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.8988 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“GPs found that eHealth monitoring through measurable outcomes helped them to set realistic goals and reminded them of how even small steps could help them live healthier in accordance with studies looking into a number of behavioral change techniques used in eHealth [24].”
Background
Co-Design in the Development of a Mobile Health App for the Management of Knee Osteoarthritis by Patients and Physicians: Qualitative Study
Mrklas, K., Barber, T., Campbell-Scherer, D. L., Green, L. A., LI, L. C., Marlett, N. J., Miller, J., Shewchuk, B., Teare, S., Wasylak, T., et al. (2020) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/17893 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“…shared medical decision making [8]. mHealth can enable patient self-management through the use of wearable aides for activity monitoring and behavioral change using personalized, real-time feedback [9], through acquisition of new knowledge, and by enhancing patient-provider communication [10,11].”
Background
Personal Activity Trackers and the Quantified Self
Hoy, M. B. (2016) · Medical Reference Services Quarterly · doi:10.1080/02763869.2016.1117300 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
A Review of Persuasive Principles in Mobile Apps for Chronic Arthritis Patients: Opportunities for Improvement
Geuens, J., Swinnen, T. W., Westhovens, R., de Vlam, K., Geurts, L., & Abeele, V. V. (2016) · JMIR mhealth and uhealth · doi:10.2196/mhealth.6286 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“This may result in technology that has a low impact on health care practices [35-37].”
Consumer physical activity tracking device ownership and use among a population-based sample of adults
Macridis, S., Johnston, N., Johnson, S. T., & Vallance, J. K. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0189298 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Why Users Comply with Wearables: The Role of Contextual Self-Efficacy in Behavioral Change
Rieder, A., Eseryel, U. Y., Lehrer, C., & Jung, R. (2020) · International Journal of Human-Computer Interaction · doi:10.1080/10447318.2020.1819669 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“Wearables, which are usually advertised as facilitators of change in health-related behavior, incorporate various behavior change techniques (Lyons et al., 2014; Mercer et al., 2016) to target a variety of health-related behaviors and outcomes (Oinas-Kukkonen, 2013).”
Background
Changing the physical activity behavior of adults with fitness trackers: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Lynch, C., Bird, S., Lythgo, N., & Selva-Raj, I. (2020) · American Journal of Health Promotion · doi:10.1177/0890117119895204 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Both the tracker and the app contain behavior change techniques, such as selfmonitoring, social support and comparison, prompts, cues, and rewards.(23-25) Self-monitoring is considered a particularly important technique in changing PA behavior.”
A Mobile Phone-Based Program to Promote Healthy Behaviors Among Adults With Prediabetes Who Declined Participation in Free Diabetes Prevention Programs: Mixed-Methods Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Griauzde, D., Kullgren, J. T., Liestenfeltz, B., Ansari, T., Johnson, E. H., Fedewa, A., Saslow, L. R., Richardson, C., & Heisler, M. (2019) · JMIR mHealth and uHealth · doi:10.2196/11267 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Fitbit devices incorporate established behavioral change techniques (eg, self-monitoring, feedback, and goal-setting) [30], and our qualitative data suggest that participants’ enjoyment of these features may have motivated study retention.”
Choosing between responsive-design websites versus mobile apps for your mobile behavioral intervention: presenting four case studies
Turner-McGrievy, G. M., Hales, S. B., Schoffman, D. E., Valafar, H., Brazendale, K., Weaver, R. G., Beets, M. W., Wirth, M. D., Shivappa, N., Mandes, T., et al. (2017) · Translational Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1007/s13142-016-0448-y · Cited by 58 · see citing works
“Previous reviews that have examined the use ofmobile technology for health behavior change have focused primarily on mobile apps [10, 36–38] or wearable devices [39].”
Background

Analysis of the Behavioral Change and Utility Features of Electronic Activity Monitors
Lewis, Z. H., Cannon, M., Rubio, G., Swartz, M. C., & Lyons, E. (2020) · Technologies · doi:10.3390/technologies8040075 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Use of Self-Monitoring and Technology to Increase Physical Activity: A Review of the Literature
Page, E. J., Massey, A. S., Prado-Romero, P. N., & Albadawi, S. (2020) · Perspectives on Behavior Science · doi:10.1007/s40614-020-00260-0 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Discretionary self-monitoring of physical activity: A mixed-methods study of behavior change technique use and historical physical activity
Ramirez, E. R. (2016) · eScholarship (California Digital Library) · Cited by 2 · see citing works
MOTIVATIONAL DYNAMICS OF WEARABLE ACTIVITY MONITORS
Lyons, E., & Swartz, M. C. (2017) · ACSMʼs Health & Fitness Journal · doi:10.1249/fit.0000000000000324 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Activity trackers implement different behavior change techniques for activity, sleep, and sedentary behaviors
Duncan, M., Murawski, B., Short, C. E., Rebar, A. L., Schoeppe, S., Alley, S., Vandelanotte, C., & Kirwan, M. (2017) · Interactive Journal of Medical Research · doi:10.2196/ijmr.6685 · Cited by 68 · see citing works

Authors: Lyons, E. J., Lewis, Z. H., Mayrsohn, B. G., & Rowland, J. L.
Affiliations: The University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston (US)
University of Central Florida (US)
Corresponding author: Lyons, Elizabeth J
ORCID: Lyons, Elizabeth J
Lewis, Zakkoyya H
Rowland, Jennifer L
Venue: Journal of Medical Internet Research
Publisher: JMIR Publications Inc.
Published: 2014-08-15
Volume: 16
Issue: 8
Pages: e192
ISSN: 1438-8871 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2196/jmir.3469
PMC: PMC4147713
OpenAlex: W2077422864
Cited by: 547
References: 66
Citations by year: 2026: 18 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 29 · 2023: 38 · 2022: 47 · 2021: 54 · 2020: 59 · 2019: 56 · 2018: 76 · 2017: 57 · 2016: 48 · 2015: 32 · 2014: 1
FWCI: 7.83
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: gold
doi.org
Licence: cc-by
Locations: Journal of Medical Internet Research (publishedVersion, cc-by)
Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Journal of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research (submittedVersion)
DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders: American Heart Association (K12HD052023)
National Institutes of Health (UL1TR000071)
Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (R24 HS22134, UL1TR000071, R24HS022134)
National Institute on Disability and Rehabilitation Research
National Institute on Aging (P30AG024832)
NIH Office of the Director (K12HD052023)
National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases
National Institute of Child Health and Human Development
Office of Research on Women's Health (K12HD052023)
National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences
Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (K12HD052023)
Topics: Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Mobile Health and mHealth Applications
Health Sciences › Medicine › Physiology › Physical Activity and Health
Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Keywords: behaviour change techniques, physical activity, pedometers, mobile health apps, self-monitoring, goal setting, social support, social comparison, prompts and cues, reward, social cognitive theory, Fitbit, jaw bone, Nike, public health interventions
MeSH terms: Behavior Therapy, Humans, Life Style, Social Support, Health Behavior, Exercise, Telemedicine, Monitoring, Ambulatory, Actigraphy

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Behavior change techniques implemented in electronic lifestyle activity monitors: a systematic content analysis

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