A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: The CALO-RE taxonomy

Michie, Susan; Ashford, Stefanie; Sniehotta, Falko F.; Dombrowski, Stephan U.; Bishop, Alex; French, David P.

doi:10.1080/08870446.2010.540664

Cited by 1,756Behavioral Health and InterventionsHealth Policy Implementation ScienceMeta-analysis and systematic reviews

A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: The CALO-RE taxonomy

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Michie, Susan, Ashford, Stefanie, Sniehotta, Falko F., Dombrowski, Stephan U., Bishop, Alex, French, David P.·2011·Psychology & Health

DOI 10.1080/08870446.2010.540664

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Abstract

BACKGROUND: Current reporting of intervention content in published research articles and protocols is generally poor, with great diversity of terminology, resulting in low replicability. This study aimed to extend the scope and improve the reliability of a 26-item taxonomy of behaviour change techniques developed by Abraham and Michie [Abraham, C. and Michie, S. (2008). A taxonomy of behaviour change techniques used in interventions. Health Psychology, 27(3), 379-387.] in order to optimise the reporting and scientific study of behaviour change interventions. METHODS: Three UK study centres collaborated in applying this existing taxonomy to two systematic reviews of interventions to increase physical activity and healthy eating. The taxonomy was refined in iterative steps of (1) coding intervention descriptions, and assessing inter-rater reliability, (2) identifying gaps and problems across study centres and (3) refining the labels and definitions based on consensus discussions. RESULTS: Labels and definitions were improved for all techniques, conceptual overlap between categories was resolved, some categories were split and 14 techniques were added, resulting in a 40-item taxonomy. Inter-rater reliability, assessed on 50 published intervention descriptions, was good (kappa = 0.79). CONCLUSIONS: This taxonomy can be used to improve the specification of interventions in published reports, thus improving replication, implementation and evidence syntheses. This will strengthen the scientific study of behaviour change and intervention development.

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Evidence-based behavior change techniques such as goal setting, action planning, and problem-solving are associated with improved weight loss outcomes.
“This incorporation of evidence-based behavior change techniques, such as goal setting, action planning, and problem-solving, is associated with improved weight loss outcomes [47].”
From Impact of Digital Engagement on Weight Loss Outcomes in Obesity Management Among Individuals Using GLP-1 and Dual GLP-1/GIP Receptor Agonist Therapy: Retrospective Cohort Service Evaluation Study (2025) · cites this paper as [47]
The taxonomy defines goal setting (section 6), action planning (section 7), and barrier identification/problem solving (section 8) as behaviour change techniques; it even uses losing weight as an example of an outcome goal. It does not report that incorporating these techniques is associated with improved weight-loss outcomes. Searches for that association found definitions and references, not a finding about weight loss. (LLM, conf=0.88)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
All studies included some form of behavioral change techniques ranging from basic techniques such as provision of feedback and goal setting to interventions based on the Coventry, Aberdeen and London-Refined taxonomy, social cognitive theory, and social determination theory.
“All studies included some form of behavioral change techniques ranging from basic techniques such as the provision of feedback and goal setting to interventions based on the Coventry, Aberdeen and London-Refined taxonomy [55], social cognitive theory [56], and social determination theory [57].”
From Consumer-based wearable activity trackers increase physical activity participation: systematic review and meta-analysis (2019) · cites this paper as [55]
BCTTv1 incorporated a number of cross-behaviour BCT taxonomies and some behaviour-specific taxonomies for physical activity, alcohol use, smoking and condom use.
“BCTTv1 incorporated a number of cross-behaviour BCT taxonomies [25, 26] and some behaviour-specific taxonomies for physical activity [27], alcohol use [28], smoking [29] and condom use [30].”
From From Theory-Inspired to Theory-Based Interventions: A Protocol for Developing and Testing a Methodology for Linking Behaviour Change Techniques to Theoretical Mechanisms of Action (2018) · cites this paper as [27]
The design of MAX was driven by an interdisciplinary effort that resulted in a conceptual model with intervention components informed by human behavior and experiential learning theories, findings from technology acceptance research, and prior experiences of the authors with conversational agents.
“The design of MAX was driven by an interdisciplinary effort that resulted in a conceptual model with intervention components informed by human behavior and experiential learning theories [61,65,66], findings from technology acceptance research [49,51,58,102], and prior experiences of the authors with conversational agents that support health care professionals and young adolescent patients [67,68]”
From Conversational Agents as Mediating Social Actors in Chronic Disease Management Involving Health Care Professionals, Patients, and Family Members: Multisite Single-Arm Feasibility Study (2021) · cites this paper as [65]

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The refinement of a taxonomy of techniques to change behaviour
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Authors: Michie, S., Ashford, S., Sniehotta, F. F., Dombrowski, S. U., Bishop, A., & French, D. P.
Affiliations: University College London (GB)
Coventry University (GB)
Newcastle University (GB)
University of Aberdeen (GB)
Corresponding author: Michie, Susan
ORCID: Michie, Susan
Sniehotta, Falko F.
Dombrowski, Stephan U.
French, David P.
Venue: Psychology & Health
Publisher: Informa UK Limited
Published: 2011-11
Volume: 26
Issue: 11
Pages: 1479-1498
ISSN: 0887-0446 (ISSN-L)
1476-8321
DOI: 10.1080/08870446.2010.540664
OpenAlex: W2013620493
Cited by: 1,756
References: 43
Citations by year: 2026: 60 · 2025: 77 · 2024: 106 · 2023: 112 · 2022: 163 · 2021: 157 · 2020: 206 · 2019: 135 · 2018: 162 · 2017: 112 · 2016: 138 · 2015: 117 · 2014: 83 · 2013: 80 · 2012: 33
FWCI: 88.98
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
pureportal.coventry.ac.uk
Licence: other-oa
Locations: Psychology and Health (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
Pure (Coventry University) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
Coventry University Open Collections (Coventry university) (submittedVersion)
Research Explorer (The University of Manchester) (submittedVersion)
The Open Collections (Coventry University) (submittedVersion)
Newcastle University ePrints (Newcastle Univesity)
Funders: Medical Research Council (G0900686)
Economic and Social Research Council (ES/G007470/1)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Behavioral Health and Interventions
Health Sciences › Health Professions › General Health Professions › Health Policy Implementation Science
Social Sciences › Decision Sciences › Statistics, Probability and Uncertainty › Meta-analysis and systematic reviews
Keywords: behaviour change techniques, physical activity interventions, healthy eating interventions, inter-rater reliability, intervention replication
MeSH terms: Behavior Therapy, Feeding Behavior, United Kingdom, Humans, Exercise, Risk Reduction Behavior

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A refined taxonomy of behaviour change techniques to help people change their physical activity and healthy eating behaviours: The CALO-RE taxonomy

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