Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy for Procrastination: Study Protocol for a Randomized Controlled Trial
Open accessAbstract
BACKGROUND: Procrastination, to voluntarily delay an intended course of action despite expecting to be worse-off for the delay, is a persistent behavior pattern that can cause major psychological suffering. Approximately half of the student population and 15%-20% of the adult population are presumed having substantial difficulties due to chronic and recurrent procrastination in their everyday life. However, preconceptions and a lack of knowledge restrict the availability of adequate care. Cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) is often considered treatment of choice, although no clinical trials have previously been carried out. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study will be to test the effects of CBT for procrastination, and to investigate whether it can be delivered via the Internet. METHODS: Participants will be recruited through advertisements in newspapers, other media, and the Internet. Only people residing in Sweden with access to the Internet and suffering from procrastination will be included in the study. A randomized controlled trial with a sample size of 150 participants divided into three groups will be utilized. The treatment group will consist of 50 participants receiving a 10-week CBT intervention with weekly therapist contact. A second treatment group with 50 participants receiving the same treatment, but without therapist contact, will also be employed. The intervention being used for the current study is derived from a self-help book for procrastination written by one of the authors (AR). It includes several CBT techniques commonly used for the treatment of procrastination (eg, behavioral activation, behavioral experiments, stimulus control, and psychoeducation on motivation and different work methods). A control group consisting of 50 participants on a wait-list control will be used to evaluate the effects of the CBT intervention. For ethical reasons, the participants in the control group will gain access to the same intervention following the 10-week treatment period, albeit without therapist contact. RESULTS: The current study is believed to result in three important findings. First, a CBT intervention is assumed to be beneficial for people suffering from problems caused by procrastination. Second, the degree of therapist contact will have a positive effect on treatment outcome as procrastination can be partially explained as a self-regulatory failure. Third, an Internet based CBT intervention is presumed to be an effective way to administer treatment for procrastination, which is considered highly important, as the availability of adequate care is limited. The current study is therefore believed to render significant knowledge on the treatment of procrastination, as well as providing support for the use of Internet based CBT for difficulties due to delayed tasks and commitments. CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge, the current study is the first clinical trial to examine the effects of CBT for procrastination, and is assumed to render significant knowledge on the treatment of procrastination, as well as investigating whether it can be delivered via the Internet. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01842945; http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01842945 (Archived by WebCite at http://www.webcitation.org/6KSmaXewC).
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Research on procrastination lacks validated outcome measures, randomization, and long-term follow-ups, complicating the results.
“The research also lacks validated outcome measures, randomization, and long-term follow-ups, complicating the results.”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Rozental & Carlbring, 2013
The Discussion (Study Limitations; page not provided) says the primary outcome measures lack clinically established cut-offs, which may affect the validity and reliability of results. The Results (The Current Study; page not provided) says no clinical trials of CBT for procrastination had yet been conducted. The paper does not establish the broader claim that procrastination research lacks validated measures, randomization, and long-term follow-ups; its own protocol specifies measures, randomization, and a 12-month follow-up. (LLM, conf=0.84)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredProcrastination is not considered a psychiatric condition, and determining its occurrence is complicated, precluding the use of diagnostic criteria or a structured clinical interview.
“However, because procras-tination is not considered a psychiatric condition, determining its occurrence is complicated, precluding the use of diagnostic criteria or a structured clinical interview (Rozental & Carlbring, 2013).”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Rozental & Carlbring, 2013
The Methods > Inclusion Criteria passage says procrastination is not considered a psychiatric condition and that the study therefore has no need to use DSM-IV diagnostic criteria or a structured clinical interview. It does not say those methods are precluded. The Discussion > Study Limitations passage identifies difficulties evaluating clinically significant change, rather than determining whether procrastination occurs. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere currently exists only one randomized controlled trial investigating treatment interventions for procrastination.
“In fact, there currently exists only one randomized controlled trial investigating treatment interventions for procrastination (Rozental & Carlbring, 2013), making it difficult to determine the efficacy of CBT for procrastination.”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Rozental & Carlbring, 2013
The Current Study section describes this study as a randomized controlled trial of Internet-based CBT for procrastination and says no clinical trials had yet been carried out. The Abstract Methods describes the trial in future tense. The source therefore supports one planned trial and no prior trials, but not the claim that one trial had already been conducted. (LLM, conf=0.87)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredThere is insufficient knowledge regarding the usefulness of clinical trials investigating different treatment interventions for procrastination.
“In terms of clinical trials investigating different treatment interventions, there is insufficient knowledge regarding their usefulness (Rozental & Carlbring, 2013).”
From Understanding and Treating Procrastination: A Review of a Common Self-Regulatory Failure (2014) · cites this paper as Rozental & Carlbring, 2013
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Cocytus: Have you begun your descent?
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The Development of Digital Comic Media to Overcome Students’ Academic Procrastination
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The Amoebic Self Scale and GPA are related to the academic procrastination sensu latoPreprint
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- Authors
- Rozental, A., & Carlbring, P.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Carlbring, Per
- Venue
- JMIR Research Protocols
- Publisher
- JMIR Publications Inc.
- Published
- 2013-11-12
- Volume
- 2
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- e46
- ISSN
- 1929-0748 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3841370
- OpenAlex
- W1995189113
- Cited by
- 47
- References
- 57
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 4 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 3 · 2022: 2 · 2021: 2 · 2020: 8 · 2019: 2 · 2018: 3 · 2017: 4 · 2016: 1 · 2015: 9 · 2014: 3
- FWCI
- 4.82
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- JMIR Research Protocols (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet (2011-38394-87877-7)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- procrastination, cognitive behavioral therapy, online therapy, self-help intervention, therapist contact, behavioral activation, behavioral experiments, stimulus control, motivation, self-regulation, waitlist control, treatment availability, student procrastination, work procrastination, self-help books, treatment outcome assessment
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