Internet-based cognitive—behavior therapy for procrastination: A randomized controlled trial.
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Procrastination can be a persistent behavior pattern associated with personal distress. However, research investigating different treatment interventions is scarce, and no randomized controlled trial has examined the efficacy of cognitive-behavior therapy (CBT). Meanwhile, Internet-based CBT has been found promising for several conditions, but has not yet been used for procrastination. METHOD: Participants (N = 150) were randomized to guided self-help, unguided self-help, and wait-list control. Outcome measures were administered before and after treatment, or weekly throughout the treatment period. They included the Pure Procrastination Scale, the Irrational Procrastination Scale, the Susceptibility to Temptation Scale, the Montgomery Åsberg Depression Rating Scale-Self-report version, the Generalized Anxiety Disorder Assessment, and the Quality of Life Inventory. The intention-to-treat principle was used for all statistical analyses. RESULTS: Mixed-effects models revealed moderate between-groups effect sizes comparing guided and unguided self-help with wait-list control; the Pure Procrastination Scale, Cohen's d = 0.70, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.29, 1.10], and d = 0.50, 95% CI [0.10, 0.90], and the Irrational Procrastination Scale, d = 0.81 95% CI [0.40, 1.22], and d = 0.69 95% CI [0.29, 1.09]. Clinically significant change was achieved among 31.3-40.0% for guided self-help, compared with 24.0-36.0% for unguided self-help. Neither of the treatment conditions was found to be superior on any of the outcome measures, Fs(98, 65.17-72.55) < 1.70, p > .19. CONCLUSION: Internet-based CBT could be useful for managing self-reported difficulties due to procrastination, both with and without the guidance of a therapist.
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Rozental et al. (2015), and Rozental, Forsström et al. (2018) found smaller effects on well-being and quality of life.
“Rozental et al. (2015), and Rozental, Forsström et al. (2018) found smaller effects on well-being and quality of life”
From Group cognitive behavioral therapy for reducing procrastination in college students: a randomized controlled trial (2026) · cites this paper as Rozental et al. (2015)
The treatment primarily focuses on strategies that help bridge the gap between intention and action.
“These findings are reasonable as the treatment primarily focuses on strategies that help bridge the gap between intention and action (Rozental et al., 2015; Rozental, Forsström, et al., 2018).”
From Group cognitive behavioral therapy for reducing procrastination in college students: a randomized controlled trial (2026) · cites this paper as Rozental et al., 2015
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Pollack, S. R., & Herres, J. L. (2020) · Anxiety Stress & Coping · doi:10.1080/10615806.2020.1722573 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Rozental, A., Forsström, D., Lindner, P., Nilsson, S., Mårtensson, L., Rizzo, A., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2018) · Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.beth.2017.08.002 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Self-citationInternet-assisted cognitive behavioral therapy
Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2017) · Psychiatric Clinics of North America · doi:10.1016/j.psc.2017.08.004 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
“One such example is a treatment for procrastination that was found to be effective.(83) Over the years, new knowledge has emerged”
Self-citationStudy Habits and Procrastination: The Role of Academic Self-Efficacy
Svartdal, F., Sæle, R. G., Dahl, T. I., Nemtcan, E., & Gamst-Klaussen, T. (2022) · Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research · doi:10.1080/00313831.2021.1959393 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Second, the IPS has been used previously as an indicator of changed procrastination after interventions (e.g., Rozental et al., 2015), suggesting that this scale can reflect changes when controlling variables are changed.2 Cronbach’s alpha ranged from .90 – .94 across the three studies.”
MethodOnline self‐regulated learning and academic procrastination: A moderated mediation model
Ma, M., Li, M., Wang, Q., Qiu, A., & Wang, T. (2022) · Psychology in the Schools · doi:10.1002/pits.22730 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“I’ll Worry About It Tomorrow” – Fostering Emotion Regulation Skills to Overcome Procrastination
Schuenemann, L., Scherenberg, V., von Salisch, M., & Eckert, M. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.780675 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Similarly, a study by Rozental et al. (2015) showed that online-based self-help cognitive-behavior therapy resulted in moderate changes in procrastination scores, especially among the intervention group with the guidance of a therapist, but also among the unguided self-help group.”
Bhattacharjee, A., Zeng, Y.-C., Xu, S., Kulzhabayeva, D., Ma, M., Kornfield, R., Ahmed, S. I., Mariakakis, A., Czerwinski, M. P., Kuzminykh, A., et al. (2023) · International Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems · doi:10.1145/3613904.3642081 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“Researchers have developed a range of interventions for procrastination management, focusing on task completion [3, 49], time management [49, 59], and personalized motivation [94, 107].”
BackgroundRozental, A., Forsström, D., Tangen, J. A., & Carlbring, P. (2015) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2015.05.001 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Self-citationKüchler, A.-M., Albus, P., Ebert, D., & Baumeister, H. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.100245 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
History and current status of ICBT
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., & Lindefors, N. (2016) · Guided Internet-Based Treatments in Psychiatry · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-06083-5_1 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Self-citationGustavson, D. E., du Pont, A., Hatoum, A. S., Rhee, S. H., Kremen, W. S., Hewitt, J. K., & Friedman, N. P. (2017) · Clinical Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/2167702617706084 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Loeffler, S. N., Stumpp, J., Grund, S., Limberger, M. F., & Ebner‐Priemer, U. (2019) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2019.101760 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Procrastination Revisited: A Commentary
Mann, L. (2016) · Australian Psychologist · doi:10.1111/ap.12208 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Zetterberg, M., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., Berg, M., Shafran, R., & Rozental, A. (2019) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2019.02.001 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“, 2017), or with no support at all (Rozental et al., 2015).”
BackgroundSelf-citationEckert, M., Ebert, D. D., Lehr, D., Sieland, B., & Berking, M. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01103 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“In contrast to face-to-face interventions, internet-based interventions are cost-effective in the treatment of a wide range of problems (Rozental et al., 2015).”
BackgroundThe role of personality traits and need for cognition in active procrastination
Zhou, M. (2019) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2019.102883 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Struggling to Keep Tabs on Capstone Projects: A Chatbot to Tackle Student Procrastination
Pereira, J., & Díaz, Ó. (2021) · ACM Transactions on Computing Education · doi:10.1145/3469127 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Differentiating Procrastinators from Each Other: A Cluster Analysis
Rozental, A., Forsell, E., Svensson, A., Forsström, D., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2015) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2015.1059353 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Self-citationSteinert, C., Heim, N., & Leichsenring, F. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2021.736776 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
The ABC of academic procrastination: Functional analysis of a detrimental habit
Svartdal, F., & Løkke, J. (2022) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1019261 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Malouff, J. M., & Schutte, N. S. (2019) · Journal of Counseling & Development · doi:10.1002/jcad.12243 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Lowndes, T. A., Egan, S. J., & McEvoy, P. M. (2018) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2018.1490810 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Gagnon, J., Dionne, F., Raymond, G., & Grégoire, S. (2019) · Journal of American College Health · doi:10.1080/07448481.2018.1484361 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
“Other methods such as direct contact with a professional, guidance throughout the intervention, or videoconference could also be potential alternatives; although a past study has found no differences between a guided and an unguided intervention in terms of attrition.(8) Nevertheless, at the end of the intervention, s…”
MethodResultWang, M., Chen, H., Yang, F., Xu, X., & Li, J. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.06.057 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Hagberg, T., Manhem, P., Oscarsson, M., Michel, F., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2023) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100629 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationGreater Mindfulness is Linked to Less Procrastination
Schutte, N. S., & del Pozo de Bolger, A. (2020) · International Journal of Applied Positive Psychology · doi:10.1007/s41042-019-00025-4 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Internet-Based Cognitive Behavior Therapy
Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., & Hadjistavropoulos, H. (2017) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-803457-6.00021-0 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Self-citationMutter, A., Küchler, A., Idrees, A. R., Kählke, F., Terhorst, Y., & Baumeister, H. (2023) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-023-01312-1 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
“In general, students with procrastination could be a suitable target group for IMI with digital guidance [88, 93].”
BackgroundResultGörges, F., Oehler, C., von Hirschhausen, E., Hegerl, U., & Rummel‐Kluge, C. (2018) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2018.03.001 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“Numbers of negative effects and adverse events observed in previous studies range from 0 to 21% (Alfonsson et al. 2015; Andersson, Nordgren, Buhrman, and Carlbring, 2014b; Blom et al. 2015; Boss et al. 2016; Bruggeman Everts et al. 2015; Carlbring et al. 2013; Kivi et al. 2014; Klein, Berger, Schroder, Spath, Meyer, C…”
BackgroundWriting group program reduces academic procrastination: a quasi-experimental study
Patria, B., & Laili, L. (2021) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-021-00665-9 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“Apart from these negative consequences, studies designed to study how to decrease procrastination are still scarce [3, 17, 18].”
BackgroundVernmark, K., Buhrman, M., Carlbring, P., Hedman‐Lagerlöf, E., Kaldo, V., & Andersson, G. (2024) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076241287059 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“…topics such as psychological distress associated with climate change 58 and COVID-19, 59 refugee mental health problems 60 and subclinical conditions such as loneliness, 61 low self-esteem, 62 procrastination, 63 and assertiveness training, 64 and the inclusion of signi fi cant others in treat-ment.”
BackgroundSelf-citationAmarnath, A., Ozmen, S., Struijs, S. Y., de Wit, L. M., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2023) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2023.100612 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Rozental, A., Forsell, E., Svensson, A., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2016) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2016.1236287 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
“This has already been discussed in great length in relation to the post-treatment assessment (Rozental et al., 2015), where 29.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSelf-citationInternet Interventions in Clinical Psychology
Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P. (2021) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-818697-8.00211-9 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
Self-citationAftab, S., Klibert, J., Holtzman, N., Qadeer, K., & Aftab, S. (2017) · Journal of Rational-Emotive & Cognitive-Behavior Therapy · doi:10.1007/s10942-017-0263-5 · Cited by 15 · see citing works
“The purpose of this study was to clarify the relationship between procrastination and depression (Rozental et al. 2015) as mediated by two cognitive schemas; we explored this in two very different samples of college students.”
BackgroundResultInfluentialÅsberg, K., Löf, M., & Bendtsen, M. (2024) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2024.100741 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“Rozental et al. (Rozental et al., 2015a) evaluated guided and unguided self-help using iCBT in the general population, showing moderate effects on procrastination.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialInnovating CBT and Answering New Questions: the Role of Internet-Delivered CBT
Andersson, G. (2023) · International Journal of Cognitive Therapy · doi:10.1007/s41811-023-00199-5 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“The first target problem is procrastination which was originally a module in tailored ICBT but later expanded into a full treatment program and tested in controlled trials (Rozental et al., 2015).”
Self-citationExploring research trends of procrastination: a bibliometric analysis during 2010 to 2020
Sharma, G., & Kulshreshtha, K. (2023) · Benchmarking An International Journal · doi:10.1108/bij-10-2021-0578 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Zieve, G. G., Woodworth, C., & Harvey, A. G. (2020) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2020.101579 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Qiao, Z., Wu, Y., Xie, Y., Qiu, X., Chen, L., Yang, J., Pan, H., Gu, S., Yang, X., Hu, X., et al. (2023) · BMC Public Health · doi:10.1186/s12889-023-16605-8 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
“This association may be partly explained by the symptomatology of depression, including diminished enjoyment in daily life events and difficulty concentrating, thereby impairing the capacity to initiate and complete tasks [21].”
BackgroundÅsberg, K., & Bendtsen, M. (2023) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2023-072506 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Another study from Rozental et al compared iCBT with group therapy among university students with severe procrastination symptoms, and showed no statistically significant differences between groups after treatment.”
InfluentialClarifying some confusion: indecisiveness and procrastination are distinct constructs
Lauderdale, S. A., Lahman, K. R., & Desai, H. (2024) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-024-06790-z · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“This internet-based, cognitive-behavioral intervention has shown moderate to large effect sizes at post-treatment (Rozental et al., 2015 ) and one year follow-up (Rozental et al., 2017 ) for both the therapist-guided and unguided intervention groups com - pared to a wait-list control.”
Ozmen, S., Amarnath, A., Struijs, S. Y., de Wit, L. M., & Cuijpers, P. J. (2023) · JMIR Research Protocols · doi:10.2196/44907 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“For procrastination specifically, the problem of nonadherence could be exacerbated, as individuals with procrastination tendencies can struggle to adhere to the treatment [28].”
Buhrman, M., Gelberg, O., Jovicic, F., Molin, K., Forsström, D., Andersson, G., Carlbring, P., Shafran, R., & Rozental, A. (2020) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2020.100338 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Using a statistical criterion like the one that has been proposed is not uncommon in the absence of clear cutoffs, e.g., procrastination (Rozental et al., 2015).”
Self-citationLee, B., & Shin, N. (2021) · Family and environment research · doi:10.6115/fer.2021.034 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Academic procrastination can often crystallize into a chronic habit (Rozental et al., 2015) that negatively affects school adjustment for academic achievement and peer relationships and continually reduces learners’ overall life satisfaction through learned helplessness and lowered selfefficacy and self-esteem (Flett…”
BackgroundMethodAcademic Procrastination as a Predictor of Depression, Anxiety and Stress Among College Students
Umar, R., Nazir, M., Mazhar, A., Hayat, U., Khan, Z. K., & Iqbal, A. (2023) · Bulletin of Business and Economics (BBE) · doi:10.61506/01.00130 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…targeting symptoms of stress and anxiety seem important in order to overcome many difficulties experienced by students, which can involve goal-setting, problem-solving, time management, and exposure to negative emotions, as have been tested in clinical trials (e.g., Rozental et al., 2015).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialKrath, J., Schmidt-Kraepelin, M., Schmähl, K., Schütz, C., Morschheuser, B., & Sunyaev, A. (2025) · Journal of Medical Internet Research · doi:10.2196/65214 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“However, cognitive approaches appear to be underrepresented and are predominantly used as an extension of cognitive behavioral therapy with professional guidance [17], also referred to as internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy [39,93,94].”
Husain, W., Trabelsi, K., Ammar, A., Saif, Z., & Jahrami, H. A. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03072-6 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Amarnath, A., Ozmen, S., van Klaveren, C., van Straten, A., Pei, J., de Wit, L., Raabe, R. E., Cuijpers, P., & Struijs, S. Y. (2025) · Internet Interventions · doi:10.1016/j.invent.2025.100878 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Yielding a moderate between-group effect size at post treatment, our findings are in line with previous RCTs that have tested the effectiveness of internet-based interventions for procrastination (Jeoung et al., 2023; Mutter et al., 2023; Rozental et al., 2015b, 2018b).”
InfluentialChronic Procrastination Among Iranians: Prevalence Estimation, Latent Profile and Network Analyses
Akbari, M., Seydavi, M., Zahrakar, K., Ferrari, J. R., & Griffiths, M. D. (2024) · Psychiatric Quarterly · doi:10.1007/s11126-024-10076-9 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“…has demonstrated that individuals who seek treatment for procrastination can be distinguished into five separate subgroups, or clusters, of procrastinators: ‘mild procrastinators,’ ‘average procrastinators,’ ‘well-adjusted procras-tinators,’ ‘severe procrastinators,’ and ‘primarily depressed’ [23].”
InfluentialSteel, P., & Klingsieck, K. B. (2013) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/obo/9780199828340-0140 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Investigating behavioral patterns of procrastinators in a Wiki-based activity
Garg, A., & Rajendran, R. (2023) · Education and Information Technologies · doi:10.1007/s10639-023-11893-4 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“, 2012), lowers life satisfaction (Deniz, 2006), causes depression and anxiety (Rozental et al., 2015), as well as affects subjective well-being (Klingsieck et al.”
BackgroundÖzer, Ö., & Köksal, B. (2023) · OSMANGAZİ JOURNAL OF MEDICINE · doi:10.20515/otd.1309551 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Cognitive Behavioral Based Treatment for Procrastination
Talask, G. (2017) · Psychology and Behavioral Science International Journal · doi:10.19080/pbsij.2017.08.555727 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Recent experimental researches [33-35] suggest that interventions based in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy (CBT) show promise in the treatment of procrastination.”
BackgroundRodríguez, M. G., Rovella, A. T., Barrera, A., & González, M. (2023) · Interacciones Revista de Avances en Psicología · doi:10.24016/2023.v9.278 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Oscarsson, M., Hammarbäck, S., Wiberg, K. B., Rozental, A., Ginsberg, Y., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Jönsson, F. U. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/66388 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Also included were information and exercises from CBT for procrastination, inspired by interventions developed by Rozental et al [48].”
Self-citationIndícios de eficácia dos tratamentos psicoterápicos pela internet: revisão sistemática1
Feijó, L. P., Fermann, I. L., Andretta, I., & Serralta, F. B. (2021) · Gerais : Revista Interinstitucional de Psicologia · doi:10.36298/gerais202114e16767 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“…sete apenas comunicam que os mesmos estavam disponíveis para contato pelos participantes (Mahoney et al., 2014) ou possuíam treinamento e/ou realizavam supervisão (Cernvall et al., 2017; Ciuca et al., 2018; Fogliati et al., 2016; Richards et al., 2015; Rozental et al., 2015; Wagner et al., 2016).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialNordby, K., Wang, C. E., Dahl, T., & Svartdal, F. (2016) · Scandinavian Psychologist · doi:10.15714/scandpsychol.3.e10 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
“Ideally, interventions should address such groups specifically (Rozental et al., 2015), but a more practical approach is to present intervention or prevention efforts for larger groups of students as part of their normal curriculum (e.g., Tuckman & Kennedy, 2011).”
BackgroundInfluentialRozental, A. (2016) · DiVA (Stockholm University) · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationde Haas, S. M. H., Blaesing, L., Oosterhoff, R., Rozental, A., & Scheres, A. P. J. (2026) · Cognitive Behaviour Therapy · doi:10.1080/16506073.2025.2543893 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Rozental et al. (2015) were the first to assess the efficacy of a CBT intervention based on TMT, specifically addressing expectancy, value, and impulsiveness.”
InfluentialSelf-citationProcrastination Within the Nursing Context: A Concept Analysis
Zhang, H., Mai, X., Zhang, J., Zhu, M., & Liu, Y. (2025) · Nursing Open · doi:10.1002/nop2.70308 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“The third attribute is postponing planned tasks (Laybourn et al. 2019; Rozental et al. 2015).”
Sugesti, M., & Djuwita, E. (2022) · PSIKODIMENSIA · doi:10.24167/psidim.v21i2.4857 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Gerenciamento de tempo em adultos
Marques, B. G., & Pires, E. U. (2021) · Psico · doi:10.15448/1980-8623.2021.1.35857 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
MacDonald, E. M. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14656167.v1 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Beaird, E., Karaoğlu, S., Hafızoğlu, F. M., & Sen, S. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-44-340553-2.00018-6 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Garg, A., Shelat, S., & Schooler, J. W. (2025) · BMC Psychology · doi:10.1186/s40359-025-03388-3 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Practical implications to combating procrastination in educational, workplace, and clinical settings could utilize internet-and mobile-based interventions (see [10, 12, 23, 37, 38]).”
StudyTracker Self-Tracking App and its Relationship to University Student Procrastination
Murad, M., & Collins, K. (2025) · Canadian Journal of Learning and Technology · doi:10.21432/cjlt28644 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Zetterberg, M., Rozental, A., Carlbring, P., & Andersson, G. (2017)
Self-citationKäll, A. (2021) · Linköping studies in behavioural science · doi:10.3384/9789179290580
MacDonald, E. M. (2021) · doi:10.32920/ryerson.14656167 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Jehan, T., Qureshi, Z., & Kayani, S. S. (2023) · Journal of Policy Research · doi:10.61506/02.00020
“Rozental et al. (2015), procrastination can be related to different mental problems leading to personal distress and anxiety affecting and overall mental wellbeing of an individual.”
BackgroundStanciu, D., Ciascai, L., & Ph.D. (2023) · IADIS International Conference on e-Learning and Digital Learning and International Conference on Sustainability, Technology and Education (ELDL/STE) · doi:10.33965/el_ste2023_202303l018
Andersson, G., & Berger, T. (2015) · Wiley eBooks · doi:10.1002/9781394259229.ch20
Self-citationSevero, M., Calvio, A., & Guillén, V. (2024) · Rivista di Psicologia Clinica · doi:10.3280/rpc2-2023oa15915
Ozmen, S., Amarnath, A., de Wit, L. M., van Klaveren, C., Cuijpers, P. J., van Straten, A., & Struijs, S. Y. (2025) · doi:10.2196/preprints.72896
Using Agent Interventions to Reduce User Procrastination Tendencies
Beaird, E., Hafızoğlu, F. M., & Sen, S. (2025) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-93930-3_12
Code Today, Deadline Tomorrow: Procrastination Among Software Developers
Saghi, Z., Zimmermann, T., & Chattopadhyay, S. (2025) · ACM/IEEE International Conference on Software Engineering: Companion Proceedings (ICSE-Companion) · doi:10.1109/icse55347.2025.00198
Feasibility of a Guided Web-Based Procrastination Intervention for College Students: Open Trial
Ozmen, S., Amarnath, A., de Wit, L. M., van Klaveren, C., Cuijpers, P. J., van Straten, A., & Struijs, S. Y. (2025) · JMIR Formative Research · doi:10.2196/72896
“In line with this, some studies have shown that eHealth interventions effectively reduce procrastination among college students [30-32].”
Mutter, A., Küchler, A., Idrees, A. R., Kählke, F., Terhorst, Y., & Baumeister, H. (2024) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.26616967
Online self-help intervention for procrastination: a randomized controlled trial
Zhou, Y. F., An, Z., Cao, Y., Liu, X., & Peng, H. (2026) · Psychology Health & Medicine · doi:10.1080/13548506.2026.2632842
Chen, M., Zhan, K., & Song, Y. (2026) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2026.1813953 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“Specifically, the theory suggests that individuals may delay task completion along the chain of “dysfunctional beliefs → desire-driven → sensitivity to delay → voluntarily delay”, especially when their self-management abilities are inadequate (Rozental et al., 2015).”
AVŞAR, F., Baltacı, Ö., & Özer, Ö. (2026) · Ayna Klinik Psikoloji Dergisi · doi:10.31682/ayna.1735720
Pietruch, M., Kowalski, J., Browarczyk, W. M., Michałowski, J. M., & Wypych, M. (2026) · Behaviour Research and Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.brat.2026.105106
Fard, S. H., Golestaneh, S. M., KamalAbadi, M. J., & Dehghani, Y. (2026) · PsyCh Journal · doi:10.1002/pchj.70114
“CBT-oriented approaches can yield meaningful improvements in procrastination-related outcomes (Rozental et al. 2015).”
Hennemann, S., Fähnrich, J. M., Tietze, C., Witthöft, M., & Jungmann, S. M. (2026) · Digital Health · doi:10.1177/20552076261450336
“23 However, most digital interventions are typically highly standardized self-help approaches and thus rely heavily on users’ self-regulatory capacities and adherence – both of which are core deficits in procrastination.”
Smartphone addiction and procrastination behavior: Mediating role of stress and anxiety
Çorak, T., & Pehlivan, N. N. (2026) · Addicta The Turkish Journal on Addictions · doi:10.15805/addicta.2026.524
“Furthermore, experimental or quasi-experimental designs are recommended to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions, such as cognitive behavioral therapy, in reducing psychological symptoms and procrastination (Rozental et al., 2015).”
- Authors
- Rozental, A., Forsell, E., Svensson, A., Andersson, G., & Carlbring, P.
- Affiliations
- Stockholm University (SE)
- Linköping University (SE)
- Venue
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology
- Published
- 2015-08
- Volume
- 83
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 808-824
- ISSN
- 0022-006X (ISSN-L)
- 1939-2117
- OpenAlex
- W1855516277
- Cited by
- 103
- References
- 93
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 13 · 2024: 7 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 11 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 8 · 2018: 7 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 7 · 2015: 4 · 2013: 1
- FWCI
- 12.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Swedish Research Council (2011-38394-87877-7)
- Linköping University
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Perfectionism, Procrastination, Anxiety Studies
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Applied Psychology › Digital Mental Health Interventions
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Anxiety, Depression, Psychometrics, Treatment, Cognitive Processes
- Keywords
- procrastination, internet-based cognitive behavioral therapy, guided self-help, Pure Procrastination Scale, depression, generalized anxiety disorder, quality of life, treatment efficacy
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Motivation, Cognitive Behavioral Therapy, Time Management, Self Efficacy, Internet, Young Adult, Self Report
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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