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APPETITES AND AVERSIONS AS CONSTITUENTS OF INSTINCTS
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“Goal-directed behavior is thought to be divided into two general phases, appetitive and consummatory phases (Craig, 1918; Konorski, 1967), served by distinct neuronal mechanisms.”
From Dopamine reward circuitry: Two projection systems from the ventral midbrain to the nucleus accumbens–olfactory tubercle complex (2007) · cites this paper as Craig, 1918
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What is the role of dopamine in reward: hedonic impact, reward learning, or incentive salience?
Berridge, K. C., & Robinson, T. E. (1998) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0165-0173(98)00019-8 · Cited by 4,127
Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms
Andreasen, N. C. (1982) · PsycTESTS Dataset · doi:10.1037/t12696-000 · Cited by 1,888
Berridge, K. C., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2015) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2015.02.018 · Cited by 1,730
“''Liking'' facial expressions also belong to the consummatory class of motivated behaviors, which typically occurs after an initial appetitive phase of flexible seeking behavior (Craig, 1918; Sherrington, 1906).”
BackgroundIkemoto, S. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.05.004 · Cited by 1,477
The mysterious motivational functions of mesolimbic dopamine
Salamone, J. D., & Correa, M. (2012) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2012.10.021 · Cited by 1,418
“The word ''consummatory'' (Craig, 1918) does not refer to ''consumption,'' but instead to ''consummation,'' which means ''to complete'' or ''to finish.''”
Motivation concepts in behavioral neuroscience
Berridge, K. C. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.02.004 · Cited by 1,302
“Teitelbaum’s operant criterion drew conceptually on an earlier descriptive classification of motivated behavior, which was proposed a century ago by the early American ethologist, Wallace Craig (building on even earlier formulations by Sherrington and others; [34,147]).”
BackgroundDissociation of reward anticipation and outcome with event-related fMRI
Knutson, B., Fong, G. W., Adams, C. M., Varner, J. L., & Hommer, D. (2001) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/00001756-200112040-00016 · Cited by 1,300
The taste reactivity test. I. Mimetic responses to gustatory stimuli in neurologically normal rats
Grill, H. J., & Norgren, R. (1978) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/0006-8993(78)90568-1 · Cited by 1,220
A Critique of Konrad Lorenz's Theory of Instinctive Behavior
Lehrman, D. S. (1953) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/399858 · Cited by 1,056
Staddon, J. E. R., & Simmelhag, V. L. (1971) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0030305 · Cited by 1,068
From an animal's point of view: Motivation, fitness, and animal welfare
Dawkins, M. S. (1990) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00077104 · Cited by 1,017
Two mechanisms of vision in primates
Trevarthen, C. (1968) · Psychological Research · doi:10.1007/bf00422717 · Cited by 933
Approach and Avoidance Motivation
Elliot, A. J., & Covington, M. V. (2001) · Educational Psychology Review · doi:10.1023/a:1009009018235 · Cited by 897
Functional magnetic resonance imaging of reward prediction
Knutson, B., & Cooper, J. C. (2005) · Current Opinion in Neurology · doi:10.1097/01.wco.0000173463.24758.f6 · Cited by 736
Berridge, K. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00072-x · Cited by 721
“First, consummatory ingestive behavior in Craig’s original sense included the actuallicks and bites of voluntary eating [43].”
BackgroundInfluentialAnticipatory affect: neural correlates and consequences for choice
Knutson, B. D., & Greer, S. M. (2008) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2008.0155 · Cited by 720
“At about the same time in history, ethologists distinguished between appetitive (i.e. when an organism anticipates incentives ) and consummatory behaviour (i.e. when an organism responds to incentive outcomes) to describe the temporal dynamics of motivated behaviour (Craig 1918).”
Alcaro, A., Huber, R., & Panksepp, J. (2007) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2007.07.014 · Cited by 661
“…share a common perspective based on the classic distinction between appetitive and consummatory phases of motivated behaviors (Sherrington, 1906; Craig, 1918), and with relatively minor differences, consider 1 An emotional behavior is a flexible and coherent adaptive response to biologically…”
BackgroundNeural Responses to Monetary Incentives in Major Depression
Knutson, B., Bhanji, J. P., Cooney, R. E., Atlas, L. Y., & Gotlib, I. H. (2008) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2007.07.023 · Cited by 496
Hindbrain Neurons as an Essential Hub in the Neuroanatomically Distributed Control of Energy Balance
Grill, H. J., & Hayes, M. R. (2012) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2012.06.015 · Cited by 501
“Feeding Behavior Craig (1918) distinguishes between a contact or consummatory phase for feeding behavior that is preceded by a search or appetitive phase.”
BackgroundMoruzzi, G. (1972) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/3-540-05462-6_1 · Cited by 516
The adaptive human parental brain: implications for children's social development
Feldman, R. (2015) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2015.04.004 · Cited by 419
�ber die Bildung des Instinktbegriffes
Lorenz, K. Z. (1937) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf01492648 · Cited by 413
Wise, R. A., & Robble, M. A. (2020) · Annual Review of Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103337 · Cited by 446
Reexamination of the role of the hypothalamus in motivation.
Valenstein, E. S., Cox, V. C., & Kakolewski, J. W. (1970) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0028581 · Cited by 390
Three Pillars for the Neural Control of Appetite
Sternson, S. M., & Eiselt, A.-K. (2016) · Annual Review of Physiology · doi:10.1146/annurev-physiol-021115-104948 · Cited by 345
Baldo, B. A., & Kelley, A. E. (2007) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-007-0741-z · Cited by 312
“As discussed previously, this framework applies to the classic distinction of 'appetitive' and 'consummatory' phases of behavioral sequences (Craig 1918) and, on a priori principles, would strongly suggest that the two phases are governed by at least partially nonoverlapping neural substrates.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialHarshaw, C. (2015) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/a0038101 · Cited by 302
“…that particular internal signals indicate needs for specific resources having particular exteroceptively perceptible sensory qualities and requiring particular behaviors to satisfy (Baldwin, 1896; Bruch, 1969, 1970; Buck, 1989a, 1989b; Craig, 1912, 1918; Hebb, 1949; Hall, Arnold, & Myers, 2000).”
BackgroundPanksepp, J., Knutson, B. D., & Burgdorf, J. S. (2002) · Addiction · doi:10.1046/j.1360-0443.2002.00025.x · Cited by 298
“In terms of general reward processes, as conceptualized traditionally (Sherrington 1906; Craig 1918), these fitness-tracking systems tend to operate in a symbiotic fashion, with dopamine-modulated systems regulating approach to rewards and opioid-modulated systems regulating reward consumption…”
BackgroundTeleological and Teleonomic, a New Analysis
Mayr, E. (1974) · Boston studies in the philosophy of science · doi:10.1007/978-94-010-2128-9_6 · Cited by 329
The Rôle of Dominance in the Social Life of Birds
Noble, G. K. (1939) · The Auk · doi:10.2307/4079047 · Cited by 294
“He shifts his position until he finds a corner which more or less fits his body while in the tilted attitude (Craig, 1918).”
BackgroundSome Aspects of the Schooling Behaviour of Fish
Keenleyside, M. H. A. (1955) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853955x00229 · Cited by 289
Neuropeptide Y in normal eating and in genetic and dietary-induced obesity
Beck, B. (2006) · Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1855 · Cited by 281
“Feeding behaviour can be separated into two phases: an appetitive one consisting of searching and acquiring food and a consummatory one consisting of ingestion itself (Craig 1918).”
BackgroundEthological Studies On Lebistes Reticulatus (Peters)
Baerends, G. P., Brouwer, R., & Waterbolk, H. T. (1955) · Behaviour · doi:10.1163/156853955x00238 · Cited by 278
Chemical Perception in Reptiles
Burghardt, G. M. (1970) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4684-7155-7_9 · Cited by 287
What makes biology unique?: considerations on the autonomy of a scientific discipline
Rudge, D. (2005) · Choice Reviews Online · doi:10.5860/choice.42-3407 · Cited by 273
Taxis und Instinkthandlung in der Eirollbewegung der Graugans. I1
Lorenz, K. Z., & Tinbergen, N. (1939) · Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1939.tb01558.x · Cited by 256
Hollis, K. L. (1982) · Advances in the study of behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60045-5 · Cited by 252
Coping and coping strategies: a behavioural view
Wechsler, B. (1995) · Applied Animal Behaviour Science · doi:10.1016/0168-1591(95)00557-9 · Cited by 250
Swanson, L. W., & Mogenson, G. J. (1981) · Brain Research Reviews · doi:10.1016/0165-0173(81)90010-2 · Cited by 243
Berridge, K. C., Venier, I. L., & Robinson, T. E. (1989) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.103.1.36 · Cited by 356
Adsorbed layers: the stimulus to settlement in barnacles
Crisp, D. J., & Meadows, P. S. (1963) · Proceedings of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences · doi:10.1098/rspb.1963.0053 · Cited by 238
The functional organization of behaviour
Baerends, G. P. (1976) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(76)80002-4 · Cited by 234
Thomsen, K. R., Whybrow, P. C., & Kringelbach, M. L. (2015) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2015.00049 · Cited by 256
“The cyclical processing of rewards has classically been proposed to be associated with appetitive, consummatory and satiety phases (Sherrington, 1906; Craig, 1918).”
BackgroundInfluentialBehavioral Development and Comparative Psychology
Schneirla, T. C. (1966) · The Quarterly Review of Biology · doi:10.1086/405056 · Cited by 226
Individual Recognition of Voice in the Social Behavior of Birds
Beer, C. (1971) · Advances in the study of behavior · doi:10.1016/s0065-3454(08)60154-0 · Cited by 226
Holland, P. C., & Gallagher, M. (2003) · European Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02585.x · Cited by 236
“…there is ample precedent for dissociations between the performance of consummatory behaviour and the appetitive behaviour leading up to it (e.g. Craig, 1918), it is notable that the procedures of our potentiated feeding studies and the PIT studies of Hall et al. (2001) differed in two ways…”
ResultTeleological and Teleonomic, a New Analysis
Mayr, E. W. (1974) · Boston studies in the philosophy of science · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5345-1_10 · Cited by 202
Tonic communication: Continual effects of discrete signs in animal communication systems
Schleidt, W. M. (1973) · Journal of Theoretical Biology · doi:10.1016/0022-5193(73)90095-7 · Cited by 198
Neurally reconstructing expected utility
Knutson, B. D., & Peterson, R. (2005) · Games and Economic Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.geb.2005.01.002 · Cited by 182
“In accordance with the traditional ethological distinction between appetitive and consummatory phases of incentive processing (Craig, 1918), we further predict that individuals are especially likely to experience PA states in anticipation of acquiring and consuming a reward (Knutson et al., 2001a).”
Berridge, K. C., Grill, H. J., & Norgren, R. (1981) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0077782 · Cited by 186
Homeostatic Motor Processes in Mammalian Interactions: A Choreography of Display
Golani, I. (1976) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-1-4615-7572-6_2 · Cited by 184
What Can Animal Models Tell Us about Human Sexual Response?
Pfaus, J. G., Kippin, T. E., & Coria‐Ávila, G. A. (2003) · Annual Review of Sex Research · doi:10.1080/10532528.2003.10559810 · Cited by 182
“Essentially, this scheme followed from the work of early ethologists , such as Craig (1918), and experimental psychologists, such as Woodworth (1918), who defined appetitive (or " preparatory " ) behaviors as those which bring an animal from distal to proximal and into contact with goal objects or…”
MethodAmphetamine modulates human incentive processing
Knutson, B., Bjork, J. M., Fong, G. W., Hommer, D., Mattay, V. S., & Weinberger, D. R. (2004) · Neuron · doi:10.1016/j.neuron.2004.06.030 · Cited by 174
“Previous research time, including both anticipatory and consummatory using this task suggests that while anticipation of gains phases (Craig, 1918).”
BackgroundWright, J. S., & Panksepp, J. (2012) · Neuropsychoanalysis · doi:10.1080/15294145.2012.10773683 · Cited by 172
Kicking, rocking, and waving: Contextual analysis of rhythmical stereotypies in normal human infants
Thelen, E. (1981) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1016/s0003-3472(81)80146-7 · Cited by 166
Aarts, E., Roelofs, A., Franke, B., Rijpkema, M., Fernández, G., Helmich, R. C., & Cools, R. (2010) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2010.68 · Cited by 157
“…out in Introduction, one of the characteristic features of preparatory responding is its flexible nature and such flexible preparatory behavior contrasts with the relatively inflexible, stereotypical behaviors required for the adequate commerce of reward (Baldo and Kelley, 2007; Craig, 1918).”
Stolba, A., & Wood-Gush, D. G. M. (1984) · PubMed · Cited by 160
John T. Emlen (1952) · The Auk · doi:10.2307/4081266 · Cited by 159
“If we follow Craig in calling the craving for companionship an appetite, this second, negative factor is an "aversion," a state of agitation which continues so long as a certain stimulus is present but which ceases when that stimulus is withdrawn (Craig, 1918).”
BackgroundA Systems Approach toward the Functional Connections of Attachment and Fear
Bischof, N. (1975) · Child Development · doi:10.2307/1128384 · Cited by 158
“The appetence for security, that is, may tum negative and become equivalent to what Craig (1918) proposed to call an "aversion."”
BackgroundAlexander, G. M., Packard, M. G., & Hines, M. (1994) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.108.2.424 · Cited by 156
Preoptic aromatase modulates male sexual behavior: slow and fast mechanisms of action
Balthazart, J., Baillien, M., Cornil, C. A., & Ball, G. F. (2004) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2004.08.025 · Cited by 157
Alexander, G. M., Packard, M. G., & Hines, M. (1994) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.108.2.424 · Cited by 156
The defense motivation system: A theory of avoidance behavior
Masterson, F. A., & Crawford, M. (1982) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x00014114 · Cited by 155
“Craig (1918) calls this the appeted stimulus since animals often appear to search for it.”
Dopamine and preparatory behavior: I. Effects of pimozide.
Blackburn, J., Phillips, A. G., & Fibiger, H. C. (1987) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.101.3.352 · Cited by 150
Parabrachial gustatory lesions impair taste aversion learning in rats.
Spector, A. C., Norgren, R., & Grill, H. J. (1992) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.106.1.147 · Cited by 142
Spector, A. C., Breslin, P. A. S., & Grill, H. J. (1988) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.102.6.942 · Cited by 140
“Other behaviors related to the removal of the taste stimulus from the oral cavity are defined as aversive responses (Craig, 1918).”
BackgroundTinbergen, N. (1940) · Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1940.tb00616.x · Cited by 140
Leyhausen, P. (2010) · Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1965.tb01504.x · Cited by 138
Pain-relief learning in flies, rats, and man: basic research and applied perspectivesPreprint
Gerber, B., Yarali, A., Diegelmann, S., Wotjak, C. T., Pauli, P., & Fendt, M. (2014) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.032995.113 · Cited by 145
“ior organization featuring the steps of (1) need-related, spatially undirected search behavior and attention, (2) spatially directed orientation behavior and attention, and (3) eventual action and the embodiment of consequences (Craig 1918; Lorenz and Tinbergen 1938; Bullock and Horridge 1965; Lorenz 1973).”
BackgroundMethodDopamine, behavior, and addiction
Wise, R. A., & Jordan, C. J. (2021) · Journal of Biomedical Science · doi:10.1186/s12929-021-00779-7 · Cited by 153
“Such animals have only unconditioned reflexes— “consummatory” reflexes [5]—and, having not learned to feed,—an “appetitive” response [5]—also fail to learn to seek or avoid other rewards.”
BackgroundHaldane, J. B. S., & Spurway, H. (1954) · Insectes Sociaux · doi:10.1007/bf02222949 · Cited by 131
Linking gustatory neurobiology to behavior in vertebrates
Spector, A. C. (2000) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00013-0 · Cited by 133
Pfaus, J. G. (1996) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.1996.0024 · Cited by 130
Knutson, B. D., & Wimmer, G. E. (2007) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1390.020 · Cited by 132
Hoyle, G. (1984) · Behavioral and Brain Sciences · doi:10.1017/s0140525x0001863x · Cited by 130
“But still this was not nearly enough to provide a satisfactory basis for the understanding of behavior, although in many circles, especially Russian and British ones, it was considered more than adequate.”
BackgroundInnate constituents of complex responses in primates.
Schiller, P. H. (1952) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/h0062854 · Cited by 127
The effects of amygdala lesions on conditioned stimulus- potentiated eating in rats.
Holland, P. C., Petrovich, G. D., & Gallagher, M. (2002) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/s0031-9384(02)00688-1 · Cited by 117
“Many researchers, from Craig [7] to the present day [40,41], have argued that control of appetitive and consummatory aspects of motivated behavior can be quite independent, and involve different brain systems.”
Sport consumer motivation: Autonomy and control orientations that regulate fan behaviours
Funk, D. C., Beaton, A. A., & Alexandris, K. (2011) · Sport Management Review · doi:10.1016/j.smr.2011.11.001 · Cited by 129
Searching for behavioral indicators of welfare in zoos: Uncovering anticipatory behavior
Watters, J. V. (2014) · Zoo Biology · doi:10.1002/zoo.21144 · Cited by 120
“Anticipatory activity is goal directed and occurs during the appetitive phase [Craig, 1918; van der Harst and Spruijt, 2007] prior to acquiring many types of reward such as food, sex, and drugs [Webb et al., 2009].”
BackgroundHopper, J. W., Pitman, R. K., Su, Z., Heyman, G. M., Lasko, N. B., Macklin, M. L., Orr, S. P., Lukas, S. E., & Elman, I. (2008) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2007.10.008 · Cited by 119
“This traditional distinction by ethologists (Sherrington, 1906; Craig, 1918) was introduced to psychiatry two decades ago by Klein (1987).”
BackgroundTHE NEST‐BUILDING BEHAVIOUR OF DOMESTICATED CANARIES
Hinde, R. A., & Matthews, L. H. (1958) · Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London · doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.1958.tb00631.x · Cited by 117
Psychological and neural mechanisms of experimental extinction: A selective review
Delamater, A. R., & Westbrook, R. F. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.09.016 · Cited by 120
“As his starting point he accepted the earlier, more ethologically derived, distinction between preparatory and consummatory classes of behavior (Craig, 1918).”
Keen‐Rhinehart, E., & Bartness, T. J. (2004) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.00705.2004 · Cited by 120
“Ingestive behavior occurs in two phases: 1) the actual eating of the food or the “consummatory” phase and 2) the acquisition and storage of food or the “appetitive” phase (14).”
BackgroundSamson, H. H., Slawecki, C. J., Sharpe, A. L., & Chappell, A. M. (1998) · Alcoholism Clinical and Experimental Research · doi:10.1111/j.1530-0277.1998.tb03980.x · Cited by 116
Phylogenetische Anpassung und adaptive Modifikation des Verhaltens
Lorenz, K. Z. (1961) · Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0310.1961.tb00226.x · Cited by 115
NPY-leptin: opposing effects on appetitive and consummatory ingestive behavior and sexual behavior
Ammar, A. A., Sederholm, F., Saito, T. R., Scheurink, A. J. W., Johnson, A. E., & Södersten, P. (2000) · American Journal of Physiology-Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpregu.2000.278.6.r1627 · Cited by 114
“Hoarding is an example of appetitive ingestive behavior, which can be expressed in many different ways (7).”
BackgroundNeuroendocrine Mechanisms Regulating Reproductive Cycles and Reproductive Behavior in Birds
Ball, G. F., & Balthazart, J. (2002) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-012532104-4/50034-2 · Cited by 117
New theoretical and experimental approaches on maternal motivation in mammals
Olazábal, D. E., Pereira, M., Agrati, D., Ferreira, A., Fleming, A. S., González‐Mariscal, G., Lévy, F., Lucion, A. B., Morrell, J. I., Numan, M., et al. (2013) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.003 · Cited by 107
When do we eat? Ingestive behavior, survival, and reproductive success
Schneider, J. E., Wise, J. D., Benton, N. A., Brozek, J. M., & Keen‐Rhinehart, E. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.07.005 · Cited by 109
Über die Bildung des Instinktbegriffes
Lorenz, K. Z. (1937) · Die Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf01774269 · Cited by 105
Breslin, P. A. S., Spector, A. C., & Grill, H. J. (1992) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037//0735-7044.106.5.820 · Cited by 113
“The other category of responses, including gapes, chin rubs, and forelimb flails, have been termed aversive responses because they are associated with the rejection of the stimulus from the mouth (Craig, 1918).”
BackgroundAccess to enriched housing is rewarding to rats as reflected by their anticipatory behaviour
van der Harst, J. E., Fermont, P. C. J., Bilstra, A. E., & Spruijt, B. M. (2003) · Animal Behaviour · doi:10.1006/anbe.2003.2201 · Cited by 107
Organization of Invertebrate Motor Systems
Kennedy, D., & Davis, W. J. (1977) · Comprehensive physiology · doi:10.1002/cphy.cp010127 · Cited by 111
Kurtz, R. G., & Adler, N. T. (1973) · Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology · doi:10.1037/h0035265 · Cited by 100
Ball, G. F., & Balthazart, J. (2007) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.09.023 · Cited by 99
“Craig (1917, 1918)) later made a similar distinction but substituted the word “appetitive” for “precurrent”.”
BackgroundJones, G. H., & Robbins, T. W. (1992) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/0091-3057(92)90422-c · Cited by 100
THE “WHERE IS IT?” REFLEX: AUTOSHAPING THE ORIENTING RESPONSE
Buzsáki, G. (1982) · Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior · doi:10.1901/jeab.1982.37-461 · Cited by 95
“These classes of behavior are representative of but one category of CRs, usually referred to as consummatory responses (Craig, 1918; Konorski, 1967), as opposed to a second category of responses, preparatory CRs, which are conditionable to CSs of longer duration (such as contextual and apparatus…”
BackgroundWatts, A. G. (2000) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1006/hbeh.2000.1581 · Cited by 98
Behavioral measures of alcohol self-administration and intake control: Rodent models
Samson, H. H., & Czachowski, C. L. (2003) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/s0074-7742(03)54004-1 · Cited by 97
CONTROL AND TIMING OF FISH MIGRATION
Hoar, W. S. (1953) · Biological reviews/Biological reviews of the Cambridge Philosophical Society · doi:10.1111/j.1469-185x.1953.tb01387.x · Cited by 93
Metadata
- Authors
- CRAIG, W.
- Affiliations
- University of Maine (US)
- Corresponding author
- CRAIG, WALLACE
- Venue
- The Biological Bulletin
- Publisher
- University of Chicago Press
- Published
- 1918-02
- Volume
- 34
- Issue
- 2
- Pages
- 91-107
- ISSN
- 0006-3185 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-8697
- OpenAlex
- W2526681586
- Cited by
- 702
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 11 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 8 · 2022: 13 · 2021: 9 · 2020: 12 · 2019: 12 · 2018: 15 · 2017: 10 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 18 · 2014: 11 · 2013: 11 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 3.26
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Biological Bulletin (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Sensory Systems › Olfactory and Sensory Function Studies
- Keywords
- appetite, aversion, instinct, innate behavior, animal behavior
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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