Cited by 6,289Health disparities and outcomesStress Responses and CortisolHealth and Well-being Studies

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The Stress Process

Pearlin, Leonard I., Menaghan, Elizabeth G., Lieberman, Morton A., Mullan, Joseph T.·1981·Journal of Health and Social Behavior

DOI 10.2307/2136676

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“P A A uthor M anuscript psychological resources, leaving one more vulnerable to adverse health outcomes (e.g., Pearlin et al., 1981; Wilcox, 1981).”
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Adult Sequelae of Adolescent Depressive Symptoms
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“1982a), while others allow for an additive version of stress-buffering as well (Dean and Lin, 1977; Lin et al., 1979; Billings and Moos, 1981; Pearlin et al., 1981).”
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Sociological Perspectives on Life Transitions
George, L. K. (1993) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.19.080193.002033 · Cited by 642
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Psychological sequelae of hate-crime victimization among lesbian, gay, and bisexual adults.
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Resilience-recovery factors in post-traumatic stress disorder among female and male Vietnam veterans: Hardiness, postwar social support, and additional stressful life events.
King, L. A., King, D. W., Fairbank, J. A., Keane, T. M., & Adams, G. A. (1998) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.74.2.420 · Cited by 653
“…from several sources, including Veroff, Kulka, and Douvan (1981) and Gottlieb and Green (1984; both for structural social support items); Pearlin, Lieberman, Menaghan, and Mullan (1981) and Cleary and Mechanic (1983; both for functional–emotional sustenance items); and S. Cohen,…”
Background
Financial Strain over the Life Course and Health among Older Adults
Kahn, J. R., & Pearlin, L. I. (2006) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/002214650604700102 · Cited by 630
“Among the array of chronic stressors that people may confront in their daily lives, there is probably none more pivotal than economic hardships and strains (Lynch et al. 1997; Krause 1987; Pearlin et al. 1981).”
BackgroundSelf-citation
Current Issues and Future Directions in Research into the Stress Process
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Self-citation
Neighborhood problems as sources of chronic stress: Development of a measure of neighborhood problems, and associations with socioeconomic status and health
Steptoe, A., & Feldman, P. J. (2001) · Annals of Behavioral Medicine · doi:10.1207/s15324796abm2303_5 · Cited by 623
Does Employment Affect Health?
Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (1995) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137340 · Cited by 600
“In particular, those who were laid off or fired, or who can't find work, have a low sense of control, low levels of social support, and suffer distress as a consequence (Pearlin et al. 1981).”
Background
Coping with chronic illness: A study of illness controllability and the influence of coping strategies on psychological adjustment.
Felton, B. J., & Revenson, T. A. (1984) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.52.3.343 · Cited by 713
The stress process and the social distribution of depression.
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Coping as a personality process: A prospective study.
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Beliefs in conspiracies
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“This scale was the short version created by Sadowski (1993). It contains 15 items ( α = .”
Going beyond social support: The role of social relationships in adaptation.
Coyne, J. C., & DeLongis, A. (1986) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-006x.54.4.454 · Cited by 668
Stress, social support and depression in single and married mothers
Cairney, J., Boyle, M., Offord, D. R., & Racine, Y. A. (2003) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-003-0661-0 · Cited by 568
Gender differences in schizophrenia
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Education and the Subjective Quality of Life
Ross, C. E., & Willigen, M. V. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955371 · Cited by 580
Hard times and hurtful partners: How financial strain affects depression and relationship satisfaction of unemployed persons and their spouses.
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A test of the social support deterioration model in the context of natural disaster.
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Refining the association between education and health: The effects of quantity, credential, and selectivity
Ross, C. E., & Mirowsky, J. (1999) · Demography · doi:10.2307/2648083 · Cited by 562
“Therefore, high levels of education are associated with a sense of personal control (Pearlin et al. 1981; Ross and Mirowsky 1989; Wheaton 1980).”
Background
The Effects of Stigma on the Psychological Well-Being and Life Satisfaction of Persons with Mental Illness
Markowitz, F. E. (1998) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676342 · Cited by 556
Childhood Adversities, Interpersonal Difficulties, and Risk for Suicide Attempts During Late Adolescence and Early Adulthood
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Linking Family Hardship to Children's Lives
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A pilot study of Interpersonal Psychotherapy by telephone with cancer patients and their partners
Donnelly, J. M., Kornblith, A. B., Fleishman, S., Zuckerman, E., Raptis, G., Hudis, C. A., Hamilton, N., Payne, D., Massie, M. J., Norton, L., et al. (2000) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/(sici)1099-1611(200001/02)9:1 · Cited by 65
Personality and social resources in stress resistance.
Kobasa, S. C. O., & Puccetti, M. C. (1983) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037//0022-3514.45.4.839 · Cited by 631
Multiple Identities: Examining Gender and Marital Status Differences in Distress
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“Don’t put my name on it”: Social Capital Activation and Job‐Finding Assistance among the Black Urban Poor
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“Chronic economic hardship and a history of exploitation diminishes both individual (Pearlin et al. 1981) and collective efficacy (Sampson et al. 1999; Morenoff, Sampson, and Raudenbush 2001), leading to high rates of crime, substance abuse, violence, and neglect.”
Background
Caregiving process and caregiver burden: Conceptual models to guide research and practice
Raina, P. S., O’Donnell, M., Schwellnus, H., Rosenbaum, P., King, G. A., Brehaut, J., Russell, D. J., Swinton, M. E., King, S., Wong, M., et al. (2004) · BMC Pediatrics · doi:10.1186/1471-2431-4-1 · Cited by 598
“Similarly, low self-esteem and 'loss of self' have been shown to be associated with maternal depression[35,37].”
BackgroundMethodInfluential
Religious Involvement, Stress, and Mental Health: Findings from the 1995 Detroit Area Study
Ellison, C. G., Boardman, J. D., Williams, D. R., & Jackson, J. S. (2001) · Social Forces · doi:10.1353/sof.2001.0063 · Cited by 527
URBAN HEALTH: Evidence, Challenges, and Directions
Galea, S., & Vlahov, D. (2004) · Annual Review of Public Health · doi:10.1146/annurev.publhealth.26.021304.144708 · Cited by 555
The Effectiveness of Stigma Coping Orientations: Can Negative Consequences of Mental Illness Labeling be Avoided?
Link, B. G., Mirotznik, J., & Cullen, F. T. (1991) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136810 · Cited by 525
“(1989) point out, such factors as unemployment (Kessler, House, and Turner 1987; Pearlin et al. 1981), diminished self-esteem (Brown et al.”
Background
Physical Disability and Depression: A Longitudinal Analysis
Turner, R. J., & Noh, S. (1988) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137178 · Cited by 530
The Life Stress Paradigm and Psychological Distress
Ensel, W. M., & Lin, N. (1991) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137101 · Cited by 531
Ethnic Minorities And Mental Health
Vega, W. A., & Rumbaut, R. G. (1991) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev.so.17.080191.002031 · Cited by 534
Life Stress, Anger and Anxiety, and Delinquency: An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory
Aseltine, R. H., Gore, S., & Gordon, J. (2000) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676320 · Cited by 525
Labeling Mental Illness: The Effects of Received Services and Perceived Stigma on Life Satisfaction
Rosenfield, S. (1997) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657432 · Cited by 511
Education, Personal Control, Lifestyle and Health
Mirowsky, J., & Ross, C. E. (1998) · Research on Aging · doi:10.1177/0164027598204003 · Cited by 519
The Forms and Mechanisms of Stress Proliferation: The Case of AIDS Caregivers
Pearlin, L. I., Aneshensel, C. S., & LeBlanc, A. J. (1997) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2955368 · Cited by 506
Self-citation
Emotional distress in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence of risk and resilience from a longitudinal cohort study
Shanahan, L., Steinhoff, A., Bechtiger, L., Murray, A. L., Nivette, A. E., Hepp, U., Ribeaud, D., & Eisner, M. (2020) · Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) · doi:10.17863/cam.57251 · Cited by 499
Family economic stress and adjustment of early adolescent girls.
Conger, R. D., Conger, K. J., Elder, G. H., Lorenz, F. O., Simons, R. L., & Whitbeck, L. B. (1993) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/0012-1649.29.2.206 · Cited by 506
Life Stress and Health: Stressors and Resources
Lin, N., & Ensel, W. M. (1989) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2095612 · Cited by 499
Family Structure and Children's Behavioral and Cognitive Outcomes
Carlson, M. J., & Corcoran, M. E. (2001) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2001.00779.x · Cited by 496
Cancer‐related health worries and psychological distress among older adult, long‐term cancer survivors
Deimling, G. T., Bowman, K. F., Sterns, S., Wagner, L. J., & Kahana, B. (2006) · Psycho-Oncology · doi:10.1002/pon.955 · Cited by 496
“Our analysis is guided by the conceptual model portrayed in Figure 1 which is derived from the general stress paradigm as developed by Pearlin and colleagues (see Pearlin et al., 1981; Pearlin, 1989).”
Method
Gender and Mental Health
Rosenfield, S., & Mouzon, D. M. (2012) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-4276-5_14 · Cited by 592
Research on work-related stress
Cox, T. (2000) · Cited by 529
Situational Determinants of Coping and Coping Effectiveness
Mattlin, J. A., Wethington, E., & Kessler, R. C. (1990) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137048 · Cited by 488
Understanding Social Factors and Inequalities in Health: 20th Century Progress and 21st Century Prospects
House, J. S. (2002) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/3090192 · Cited by 487
The health equity promotion model: Reconceptualization of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) health disparities.
Fredriksen‐Goldsen, K. I., Simoni, J. M., Kim, H., Lehavot, K., Walters, K. L., Yang, J. P., Hoy‐Ellis, C. P., & Muraco, A. (2014) · American Journal of Orthopsychiatry · doi:10.1037/ort0000030 · Cited by 538
The Contingent Meaning of Neighborhood Stability for Residents' Psychological Well-Being
Ross, C. E., Reynolds, J. R., & Geis, K. J. (2000) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2657384 · Cited by 505
Social Support and Cancer: Findings Based on Patient Interviews and Their Implications
Dunkel‐Schetter, C. (1984) · Journal of Social Issues · doi:10.1111/j.1540-4560.1984.tb01108.x · Cited by 482
Midwest Evaluation of the Adult Functioning of Former Foster Youth: Outcomes at Ages 23 and 24
Courtney, M. E., Dworsky, A., Lee, J. A., & Raap, M. (2007) · Cited by 485
Stress and Hardship after Prison
Western, B., Braga, A. A., Davis, J., & Sirois, C. (2015) · American Journal of Sociology · doi:10.1086/681301 · Cited by 523
“The effects of incarceration would resemble the effects of stress observed in other domains ðe.g., Pearlin et al. 1981; McEwen 1998Þ.”
Background
Social Support and Psychological Well-Being: Theoretical Possibilities
Thoits, P. A. (1985) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-009-5115-0_4 · Cited by 501
Self-esteem development from age 14 to 30 years: A longitudinal study.
Erol, R. Y., & Orth, U. (2011) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0024299 · Cited by 474
“The results of the present study suggest that sense of mastery (i.e., the perceived control over one's life; cf. Pearlin et al., 1981) is an important moderator of the self-esteem trajectory.”
MethodResult
Psychosocial Resources and the SES‐Health Relationship
Taylor, S. E., & Seeman, T. E. (1999) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb08117.x · Cited by 484
The Relationship Between Marriage and Psychological Well-being
Kim, H. K., & McKenry, P. C. (2002) · Journal of Family Issues · doi:10.1177/019251302237296 · Cited by 467
Social Support and the Cancer Patient
Wortman, C. B. (1984) · Cancer · doi:10.1002/cncr.1984.53.s10.2339 · Cited by 457
Leaving An Abusive Partner: An Empirical Review of Predictors, the Process of Leaving, and Psychological Well-Being
Anderson, D. K., & Saunders, D. G. (2003) · Trauma, Violence, & Abuse · doi:10.1177/1524838002250769 · Cited by 462
Social Structure, Adversity, Toxic Stress, and Intergenerational Poverty: An Early Childhood Model
McEwen, C. A., & McEwen, B. S. (2017) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-060116-053252 · Cited by 472
Family Structure, Father Involvement, and Adolescent Behavioral Outcomes
Carlson, M. J. (2006) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00239.x · Cited by 458
The Protective Effect of Marriage for Survival: A Review and Update
Rendall, M. S., Weden, M. M., Favreault, M. M., & Waldron, H. (2011) · Demography · doi:10.1007/s13524-011-0032-5 · Cited by 470
“1990), which in turn may enhance resilience to stress and even physiological disregulation (Pearlin et al. 1981; Robles and Kiecolt-Glaser 2003).”
Background
New Kid in Town: Social Capital and the Life Course Effects of Family Migration on Children
Hagan, J. L., Macmillan, R., & Wheaton, B. (1996) · American Sociological Review · doi:10.2307/2096354 · Cited by 456
“Note that this nonadditive model elaborates the attention to the main effects of parental attachment in Hirschi's social bonding or control theory, and parallels the attention sometimes given to parental support as a resource that can buffer stressful life events (Wheaton 1985) in what has been called the stress proce…”
Background
The life course and the stress process: some conceptual comparisons.
Pearlin, L. (2010) · The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbp106 · Cited by 449
Self-citation
Divorce and Psychological Stress
BOOTH, A. R., & Amato, P. R. (1991) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2137106 · Cited by 451
Stress and the Life Course: A Paradigmatic Alliance
Pearlin, L. I., & Skaff, M. M. (1996) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/36.2.239 · Cited by 458
Self-citation
Assessing coping flexibility in real-life and laboratory settings: A multimethod approach
Cheng, C. (2001) · Journal of Personality and Social Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-3514.80.5.814 · Cited by 463
Types and Timing of Social Support
Jacobson, D. E. (1986) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136745 · Cited by 460
“Such demands may occur as discrete life events and/or as continuing low-keyed hardships; namely, daily hassles or persistent life strains (Lazarus 1981; Pearlin et al. 1981; Pearlin 1983).”
Background
Reconceptualizing Marital Status as a Continuum of Social Attachment
Ross, C. E. (1995) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353822 · Cited by 436
Fixed effects, random effects and GEE: What are the differences?
Gardiner, J. C., Luo, Z., & Roman, L. A. (2008) · Statistics in Medicine · doi:10.1002/sim.3478 · Cited by 434
“Perceived stress was measured with Cohen’s Perceived Stress 14-item scale and mastery with the Pearlin 7-item Sense of Mastery scale [33, 34].”
Method
Do Organizational Practices Matter in Role Stress Processes? A Study of Direct and Moderating Effects for Marketing-Oriented Boundary Spanners
Singh, J., Verbeke, W., & Rhoads, G. K. (1996) · Journal of Marketing · doi:10.2307/1251842 · Cited by 500
“, path-goal, Job Characteristic Model) and (2) proximal to boundary spanners' immediate task environment. Their disadvantages include an inability to tap the environment that pervades their group or division. To the extent that distal and proximal environments differ, an overemphasis on proximal variables may obscure…”
Background
The Stress Process Revisited
Pearlin, L. I. (1999) · Handbooks of sociology and social research · doi:10.1007/0-387-36223-1_19 · Cited by 467
Self-citation
What are the differences between happiness and self-esteem?
Lyubomirsky, S., Tkach, C., & DiMatteo, M. R. (2006) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-005-0213-y · Cited by 431
Inner-City Parents Under Economic Pressure: Perspectives on the Strategies of Parenting
Elder, G. H., Eccles, J. S., Ardelt, M., & Lord, S. (1995) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.2307/353931 · Cited by 423
Life Stress, Social Support, and Emotional Disequilibrium in Complications of Pregnancy: A Prospective, Multivariate Study
Norbeck, J. S., & Tilden, V. P. (1983) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2136301 · Cited by 423
Adolescent Environmental Behaviors
Meinhold, J. L., & Malkus, A. J. (2005) · Environment and Behavior · doi:10.1177/0013916504269665 · Cited by 428
“The efficacy measure used in the current project had seven general perceived self-efficacy questions (Pearlin et al., 1981) with only three case-specific environmental efficacy questions.”
Method
Trauma, PTSD, and the course of severe mental illness: an interactive model
Mueser, K. T., Rosenberg, S. D., Goodman, L. A., & Trumbetta, S. L. (2002) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/s0920-9964(01)00173-6 · Cited by 419
Hearing Loss and Depression in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Lawrence, B. J., Jayakody, D. M. P., Bennett, R. J., Eikelboom, R. H., Gasson, N., & Friedland, P. L. (2019) · The Gerontologist · doi:10.1093/geront/gnz009 · Cited by 440
Gender differences in depression and anxiety across the adult lifespan: the role of psychosocial mediators
Leach, L. S., Christensen, H., Mackinnon, A. J., Windsor, T. D., & Butterworth, P. (2008) · Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology · doi:10.1007/s00127-008-0388-z · Cited by 413
“Perceived control over one’s future, or mastery, was measured using a 7-item scale, where higher scores reflected a higher level of mastery [63].”
Stress processes and depressive symptomatology.
Folkman, S., & Lazarus, R. S. (1986) · Journal of Abnormal Psychology · doi:10.1037//0021-843x.95.2.107 · Cited by 591

Authors: Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T.
Venue: Journal of Health and Social Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1981-12
Volume: 22
Issue: 4
Pages: 337
ISSN: 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/2136676
OpenAlex: W4292480755
Cited by: 6,289
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 309 · 2025: 260 · 2024: 207 · 2023: 197 · 2022: 266 · 2021: 231 · 2020: 198 · 2019: 172 · 2018: 167 · 2017: 221 · 2016: 190 · 2015: 196 · 2014: 214 · 2013: 196 · 2012: 189
FWCI: 104.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Health and Well-being Studies
Keywords: stress process, stress, stress response, coping
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Humans, Life Change Events, Self Concept, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological

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