What are the differences between happiness and self-esteem?

Lyubomirsky, Sonja; Tkach, Chris; DiMatteo, M. Robin

doi:10.1007/s11205-005-0213-y

Cited by 431Psychological Well-being and Life SatisfactionAging and Gerontology ResearchPersonality Traits and Psychology

What are the differences between happiness and self-esteem?

Lyubomirsky, Sonja, Tkach, Chris, DiMatteo, M. Robin·2006·Social Indicators Research

DOI 10.1007/s11205-005-0213-y

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Prior work has linked gratitude to lower levels of depression, hopelessness and suicidal thoughts/attempts.
“prior work that has linked gratitude to lower levels of depression, hopelessness and suicidal thoughts/attempts [13,52 -56]”
From Feasibility and utility of positive psychology exercises for suicidal inpatients (2014) · cites this paper as [53]

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Self-citation
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Flagged first, then by citations

4 of the 199 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.

Sorted by citations

The benefits of frequent positive affect: Does happiness lead to success?
Lyubomirsky, S., King, L., & Diener, E. (2005) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.131.6.803 · Cited by 7,143 · see citing works
Self-citation
Beyond money: toward an economy of well-being
Diener, E., & Seligman, M. E. P. (2004) · Psychological Science in the Public Interest · doi:10.1111/j.0963-7214.2004.00501001.x · Cited by 2,555 · see citing works
“Not surprisingly, self-reported health is related to well-being, as revealed in an analysis of the literature conducted by Okun, Stock, Haring, and Witter (1984), as well as in more recent studies (e.g., Lyubomirsky & Lepper, 2003).”
Method
Self‐Compassion Versus Global Self‐Esteem: Two Different Ways of Relating to Oneself
Neff, K. D., & Vonk, R. (2008) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2008.00537.x · Cited by 1,258 · see citing works
“Part of self-esteem’s appeal is its link to positive states such as happiness and optimism (Lucas, Diener, & Suh, 1996; Lyubomirsky, Tkach, & DiMatteo, 2006 ), as well as its negative link to dysfunctional states such as depression and anxiety (Harter, 1990).”
Background
Authentic leadership promoting employees' psychological capital and creativity
Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C. S., & Cunha, M. P. E. (2011) · Journal of Business Research · doi:10.1016/j.jbusres.2011.10.003 · Cited by 750 · see citing works
Health benefits: Meta-analytically determining the impact of well-being on objective health outcomes
Howell, R. T., Kern, M. L., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2007) · Health Psychology Review · doi:10.1080/17437190701492486 · Cited by 627 · see citing works
Positive Affect and Psychobiological Processes Relevant to Health
Steptoe, A., Dockray, S., & Wardle, J. (2009) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/j.1467-6494.2009.00599.x · Cited by 520 · see citing works
“…between social support and positive affect in younger people or those who have less need for instrumental support is limited, but both familial and extrafamilial social connections are associated with positive affect in adolescence and early adulthood (Lyubomirsky, Tkach, & DiMatteo, 2006).”
Background
Kindness Counts: Prompting Prosocial Behavior in Preadolescents Boosts Peer Acceptance and Well-Being
Layous, K., Nelson, S. K., Oberle, E., Schonert-Reichl, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2012) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0051380 · Cited by 388 · see citing works
“Happy people are more likely to engage in prosocial behavior [3–4] and have satisfying friendships [5].”
Background
Become more optimistic by imagining a best possible self: Effects of a two week intervention
Meevissen, Y. M. C., Peters, M. L., & Alberts, H. J. E. M. (2011) · Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.jbtep.2011.02.012 · Cited by 335 · see citing works
“Optimism has been shown to correlate with higher levels of self-esteem (Lyubomirsky, Tkach, & Dimatteo, 2006), positive mood (Andersson, 1996; Ben-Zur, 2002; Räikkönen, Matthews, Flory, Owens, & Gump, 1999; Wenglert & Rosen, 1995), more resilience to stressful or negative events (Solberg,…”
Satisfaction with Life Scale in a Representative Sample of Spanish Adults: Validation and Normative Data
Vázquez, C., Duque, A., & Hervás, G. (2013) · The Spanish Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1017/sjp.2013.82 · Cited by 320 · see citing works
Measuring Psychological Capital: Construction and Validation of the Compound PsyCap Scale (CPC-12)
Lorenz, T., Beer, C., Pütz, J., & Heinitz, K. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0152892 · Cited by 288 · see citing works
“Additionally, they are found to be high in personal competence and self-esteem and report higher self-efficacy [27, 29, 30].”
Background
Perceptions of Organizational Virtuousness and Happiness as Predictors of Organizational Citizenship Behaviors
Rego, A., Ribeiro, N., & Cunha, M. (2010) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-009-0197-7 · Cited by 294 · see citing works
Estimating the influence of life satisfaction and positive affect on later income using sibling fixed effects
Jan-emmanuel De Neve, A., & Oswald, A. J. (2012) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1211437109 · Cited by 271 · see citing works
“Self-esteem is a psychological construct distinct from happiness (12) and self-”
Background
Why Gratitude Enhances Well-Being
Emmons, R. A., & Mishra, A. (2011) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195373585.003.0016 · Cited by 253 · see citing works
The Contribution of Social Relationships to Children’s Happiness
Holder, M. D., & Coleman, B. (2007) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-007-9083-0 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“1.3 Summary Personal relationships have been recognized as one the strongest contributors to happiness (e.g., Kahana et al. 1995; Lyubomirsky et al. 2006; Myers and Diener 1995; Ryff 1989).”
BackgroundInfluential
I am so Happy ’Cause Today I Found My Friend: Friendship and Personality as Predictors of Happiness
Demır, M., & Weitekamp, L. A. (2006) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9012-7 · Cited by 238 · see citing works
Relations of Parenting Styles and Friendship Quality to Self-Esteem, Life Satisfaction and Happiness in Adolescents
Raboteg-Šarić, Z., & Šakić, M. (2013) · Applied Research in Quality of Life · doi:10.1007/s11482-013-9268-0 · Cited by 228 · see citing works
“Thus, a person may consider oneself happy despite having only a somewhat happy life (Lyubomirsky et al. 2006).”
Background
Close Relationships and Happiness Among Emerging Adults
Demır, M. (2009) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-009-9141-x · Cited by 217 · see citing works
“In support of theory, decades of empirical research documents that friendship quality is related to happiness among adults (Demir and Weitekamp 2007; Diener and Seligman 2002; Lyubomirsky et al. 2006 ).”
Background
Friendship, Need Satisfaction and Happiness
Demır, M., & Özdemir, M. (2009) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-009-9138-5 · Cited by 210 · see citing works
“To start with, consistent with the theoretical arguments (Argyle 2001; Baumeister and Leary 1995) research has shown that support received from a friend (Baldassare et al. 1984; Gladow and Ray 1986); satisfaction with the friend (Diener and Seligman 2002; Lyubomirsky et al. 2006 ) and friendship quality in general (De…”
Background
Feasibility and utility of positive psychology exercises for suicidal inpatients
Huffman, J. C., DuBois, C. M., Healy, B. C., Boehm, J. K., Kashdan, T. B., Celano, C. M., Denninger, J. W., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014) · General Hospital Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.genhosppsych.2013.10.006 · Cited by 209 · see citing works
“This finding is consistent with prior work that has linked gratitude to lower levels of depression, hopelessness and suicidal thoughts/attempts [13,52–56], though is in some contrast to a study that found a gratitude letter to reduce depressive symptoms in mildly, but not more severely, depressed participants [57].”
ResultSelf-citation
Perceived Emotional Intelligence, Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction in Adolescents
Rey, L., Extremera, N., & Pena, M. (2011) · Psychosocial Intervention · doi:10.5093/in2011v20n2a10 · Cited by 197 · see citing works
The assessment of subjective well-being (issues raised by the Oxford Happiness Questionnaire)
Kashdan, T. (2004) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/s0191-8869(03)00213-7 · Cited by 200 · see citing works
An upward spiral: Bidirectional associations between positive affect and positive aspects of close relationships across the life span
Ramsey, M. A., & Gentzler, A. L. (2015) · Developmental Review · doi:10.1016/j.dr.2015.01.003 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
“…year Gladow and Ray (1986) O, C 63 20–54 (M = 34) Happiness Single-item report of happiness Support from friends Self-reported support from friends Lyubomirsky et al. (2006) O, C 621 51–95 (M = 70) Happiness Subjective Happiness Scale Satisfaction with friendships Self-reported satisfaction…”
Background
I am so Happy `cause Today I found my Friend: Friendship and Personality as Predictors of Happiness
Demır, M., & Weitekamp, L. A. (2006) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9034-1 · Cited by 185 · see citing works
The Subjective Happiness Scale: Translation and Preliminary Psychometric Evaluation of a Spanish Version
Extremera, N., & Fernández‐Berrocal, P. (2013) · Social Indicators Research · doi:10.1007/s11205-013-0497-2 · Cited by 171 · see citing works
How does a celebrity make fans happy? Interaction between celebrities and fans in the social media context
Kim, M., & Kim, J. (2020) · Computers in Human Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.chb.2020.106419 · Cited by 164 · see citing works
Looking to happy tomorrows with friends: Best and close friendships as they predict happiness
Demır, M., Özdemir, M., & Weitekamp, L. A. (2006) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-006-9025-2 · Cited by 163 · see citing works
The relationship between happiness and health: Evidence from Italy
Sabatini, F. (2014) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2014.05.024 · Cited by 154 · see citing works
Delivering Happiness: Translating Positive Psychology Intervention Research for Treating Major and Minor Depressive Disorders
Layous, K., Chancellor, J., Lyubomirsky, S., Wang, L., & Doraiswamy, P. M. (2011) · The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine · doi:10.1089/acm.2011.0139 · Cited by 148 · see citing works
“…although happiness and depression are theoretically distinct constructs, low levels of happiness are highly correlated with depression scores, 48–50 thus further supporting the prediction that PAIs shown to increase well-being will also serve to decrease depressive symptoms in clinically…”
Self-citation
Birth Cohort Differences in Self-Esteem, 1988–2008: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis
Gentile, B., Twenge, J. M., & Campbell, W. K. (2010) · Review of General Psychology · doi:10.1037/a0019919 · Cited by 145 · see citing works
“College students’ self-esteem continued to increase even after the large gains made between the 1960s and the 1990s. The small to moderate increase (d 0.30) from the late 1980s to the mid2000s was smaller than that found for the 1960s to the 1990s (d 0.62). College students’ RSE scores may have almost reached a ceilin…”
ResultInfluential
The How, Why, What, When, and Who of Happiness
Layous, K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014) · Positive Emotion · doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199926725.003.0025 · Cited by 147 · see citing works
Self-citation
The Promise of Sustainable Happiness
Boehm, J. K., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2009) · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780195187243.013.0063 · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Universal happiness? Cross-cultural measurement invariance of scales assessing positive mental health.
Bieda, A., Hirschfeld, G. H. F., Schönfeld, P., Brailovskaia, J., Zhang, X. C., & Margraf, J. (2016) · Psychological Assessment · doi:10.1037/pas0000353 · Cited by 137 · see citing works
Positive affect catalyzes academic engagement: Cross-sectional, longitudinal, and experimental evidence
King, R. B., McInerney, D. M., Ganotice, F. A., & Villarosa, J. B. (2015) · Learning and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.lindif.2015.03.005 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Optimism predicting employees' creativity: The mediating role of positive affect and the positivity ratio
Rego, A., Sousa, F., Marques, C. S., & Cunha, M. P. E. (2011) · European Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology · doi:10.1080/1359432x.2010.550679 · Cited by 129 · see citing works
“Taking credit for favourable events in their lives, they reinforce their self-esteem and morale, which in turn may lead to greater creativity (Goldsmith & Matherly, 2000 ; Lyubomirsky, Tkach, & DiMatteo, 2006 ).”
Background
Linking social connectedness to loneliness: The mediating role of subjective happiness
Satıcı, S. A., Uysal, R., & Deniz, M. E. (2016) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2015.11.035 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
A mechanism model of the effect of hedonic product consumption on well‐being
Zhong, J. Y., & Mitchell, V. (2010) · Journal of Consumer Psychology · doi:10.1016/j.jcps.2010.01.001 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
“…B (i.e., changes in A precede changes in B) (Headey, Veenhoven, & Wearing, 1991)—the greatest difficulty for SWB research, especially that which uses survey data gathered at one-year intervals, because the effects tend to dissipate over time (see Headey et al., 1991; Lyubomirsky, et al., 2006).”
Health and Happiness among Older Adults: A Community-based Study
Angner, E., Ray, M. N., Saag, K. G., & Allison, J. J. (2009) · Journal of Health Psychology · doi:10.1177/1359105309103570 · Cited by 119 · see citing works
Self-esteem levels and cardiovascular and inflammatory responses to acute stress.
O’Donnell, K., Brydon, L., Wright, C. E., & Steptoe, A. (2008) · Brain, Behavior, and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2008.06.012 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
“high self-esteem tend to posses clearer self-concepts, are less vulnerable to depression and anxiety, and are more likely to value positive affect and persist in the face of failure (Lyubomirsky et al., 2006).”
Positive affect and psychosocial processes related to health
Steptoe, A., O’Donnell, K., Marmot, M. G., & Wardle, J. (2008) · British Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1111/j.2044-8295.2008.tb00474.x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
Personality and well-being in adolescents
Moreira, P. A. S., Cloninger, C., Dinis, L., Sa, L., Oliveira, J. T., Dias, A., & Oliveira, J. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.01494 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Comparing Facebook Users and Facebook Non-Users: Relationship between Personality Traits and Mental Health Variables – An Exploratory Study
Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2016) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0166999 · Cited by 108 · see citing works
Daily Functioning, Health Status, and Happiness in Older Adults
Angner, E., Ghandhi, J., Purvis, K. W., Amante, D. J., & Allison, J. J. (2012) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9395-6 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
“This well-validated scale has been widely used (Angner et al. 2009; Lyubomirsky 2001; Lyubomirsky et al. 2005; Lyubomirsky et al. 2006).”
Method
Beyond Self-Protection
Nelson, S. K., Fuller, J. A. K., Choi, I., & Lyubomirsky, S. (2014) · Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin · doi:10.1177/0146167214533389 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Whether highly curious students thrive academically depends on perceptions about the school learning environment: A study of Hong Kong adolescents
Kashdan, T. B., & Yuen, M. (2007) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-007-9074-9 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
“associated with the SHS compared to measures of selfesteem ( Lyubomirsky et al. 2006 ) and studies showing that happy people are less vulnerable to becoming distressed in response to negative feedback (Lyubomirsky et al. 2001).”
Background
Resting-state functional connectivity of the default mode network associated with happiness
Luo, Y., Kong, F., Qi, S., You, X., & Huang, X. (2015) · Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience · doi:10.1093/scan/nsv132 · Cited by 99 · see citing works
“overlap and be related, they are distinct constructs (Lyubomirsky et al., 2006; Ryff et al., 2006).”
Background
Does residents' perceived life satisfaction vary with tourist season? A two-step survey in a Mediterranean destination
Bimonte, S., & Faralla, V. (2016) · Tourism Management · doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2016.02.011 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Personality, Humor Styles and Happiness: Happy People Have Positive Humor Styles
Ford, T. E., Lappi, S. K., & Holden, C. J. (2016) · Europe's Journal of Psychology · doi:10.5964/ejop.v12i3.1160 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Work Related Flow, Psychological Capital, and Creativity Among Employees of Software Houses
Zubair, A., & Kamal, A. (2015) · Psychological Studies · doi:10.1007/s12646-015-0330-x · Cited by 94 · see citing works
How to measure self-esteem with one item? validation of the German single-item self-esteem scale (G-SISE)
Brailovskaia, J., & Margraf, J. (2018) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-018-9911-x · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Adolescents’ Loneliness and Depression Associated with Friendship Experiences and Well-Being: A Person-Centered Approach
Spithoven, A. W. M., Lodder, G. M. A., Goossens, L., Bijttebier, P., Bastin, M., Verhagen, M., & Scholte, R. H. J. (2017) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-016-0478-2 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
“Happiness, a form of positive affect, and self-esteem, the overall evaluation of self-worth, are important indicators of positive emotional well-being (Lyubomirsky et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
Happiness as a predictor of service quality and commitment for utilitarian and hedonic services
Hellén, K., & Sääksjärvi, M. (2011) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20420 · Cited by 90 · see citing works
THE ROLE OF SELF-ESTEEM, PSYCHOLOGICAL WELL - BEING, EMOTIONAL SELF - EFFICACY, AND AFFECT BALANCE ON HAPPINESS: A PATH MODEL
Doğan, T., Totan, T., & Sapmaz, F. (2013) · Cited by 89 · see citing works
I Matter to My Friend, Therefore I am Happy: Friendship, Mattering, and Happiness
Demır, M., Özen, A., Doğan, A., Bilyk, N., & Tyrell, F. A. (2010) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-010-9240-8 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
“Even though some investigators focus only on intimacy or support when assessing friendships (e.g., Baldassare et al. 1984; Gladow and Ray 1986; Lyubomirsky et al. 2006 ), advances in the measurement of friendship experiences highlight the need to assess the broader overall quality of the friendship that would cover th…”
Background
The cognitive and hedonic costs of dwelling on achievement-related negative experiences: Implications for enduring happiness and unhappiness.
Lyubomirsky, S., Boehm, J. K., Kasri, F., & Zehm, K. (2011) · Emotion · doi:10.1037/a0025479 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Personal Identity After an Autism Diagnosis: Relationships With Self-Esteem, Mental Wellbeing, and Diagnostic Timing
Corden, K., Brewer, R., & Cage, E. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.699335 · Cited by 97 · see citing works
Beyond self-report in the study of hedonic and eudaimonic well-being: Correlations with acquaintance reports, clinician judgments and directly observed social behavior
Nave, C. S., Sherman, R. A., & Funder, D. C. (2007) · Journal of Research in Personality · doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.09.001 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“For example, self-reported extraversion has been found to be highly correlated with positive affect (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Heady & Wearing, 1989; Lucas, Diener, Grob, Suh, & Shao, 2000), negative affect (Costa & McCrae, 1980; Heady & Wearing, 1989), Subjective Happiness ( Lyubomirsky, Tkach, & DiMatteo, 2006 ), satisf…”
Method
Optimism, self-esteem and personality: adaptation and validation of the Brazilian Version Of The Revised Life Orientation Test (LOT-R)
Bastianello, M. R., Pacico, J. C., & Hutz, C. S. (2014) · Psico-USF · doi:10.1590/1413-827120140190030 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
Exploring the Causes of Subjective Well-Being: A Content Analysis of Peoples’ Recipes for Long-Term Happiness
Caunt, B. S., Franklin, J. A., Brodaty, N. E., & Brodaty, H. (2012) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9339-1 · Cited by 81 · see citing works
“…Carver (1992) Self-Esteem ‘‘A global feeling of self-worth or adequacy as a person, or generalized feelings of selfacceptance, goodness, and self-respect’’ Lyubomrisky et al. (2006) Circumstancesa Marital statusa,b Married (vs. never married, separated or divorced) Myers (2000) Religionb…”
Background
Parenting of Divorced Fathers and the Association with Children’s Self-Esteem
Bastaits, K., Ponnet, K. S., & Mortelmans, D. (2012) · Journal of Youth and Adolescence · doi:10.1007/s10964-012-9783-6 · Cited by 80 · see citing works
“Madden-Derdich and Leonard (2002) found similar results for parenting behaviors.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Tourist types and happiness a comparative study in Maremma, Italy
Bimonte, S., & Faralla, V. (2012) · Annals of Tourism Research · doi:10.1016/j.annals.2012.05.026 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Don’t worry, be happy? Happiness and reemployment
Krause, A. (2013) · Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization · doi:10.1016/j.jebo.2013.09.002 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Relationship Between Optimism and Subjective Well-Being
Duy, B., & Yıldız, M. A. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9698-1 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
An Examination of Factors Affecting Perception of Workplace Discrimination
Banerjee, R. (2008) · Journal of Labor Research · doi:10.1007/s12122-008-9047-0 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
“Overall subjective well-being is used as a proxy for mood, since these are known to be highly correlated ( Lyubomirsky et al. 2006 ).”
Method
Does Consumer Well‐Being Affect Hedonic Consumption?
Zhong, J. Y., & Mitchell, V. (2012) · Psychology and Marketing · doi:10.1002/mar.20545 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
Psychological distress and project success: The moderating role of employees’ resilience and mindfulness
Mubarak, N., Khan, J., & Khan, A. K. (2022) · International Journal of Project Management · doi:10.1016/j.ijproman.2022.05.004 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Daily life activities as mediators of the relationship between personality variables and subjective well-being among older adults
Herero, V. G., & Extremera, N. (2010) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2010.03.019 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Emotional Stability and Self-Esteem as Mediators Between Mindfulness and Happiness
Bajaj, B., Gupta, R., & Sengupta, S. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-0046-4 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
Relationships between Mindfulness, Purpose in Life, Happiness, Anxiety, and Depression: Testing a Mediation Model in a Sample of Women
Crego, A., Bernabé, J. R. Y., Martínez, M. Á. G., Riesco-Matías, P., & Petisco, C. (2021) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph18030925 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
“[76] and García-Alandete [26], as well as being consistent with correlations between meaning in life and happiness reported by Steger et al.”
Background
A Study of Experiential Quality, Equity, Happiness, Rural Image, Experiential Satisfaction, and Behavioral Intentions for the Rural Tourism Industry in China
Wu, H., Cheng, C., & Ai, C.-H. (2017) · International Journal of Hospitality & Tourism Administration · doi:10.1080/15256480.2017.1289138 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
“Due to limited time and manpower, data were collected using convenience sampling of rural tourists, over 18 years old, who were required to stay in Sansheng Flower Town overnight between March 25 and May 25, 2015. Cooper and Emory (1995) indicated that the obvious advantages of adopting convenience sampling are low co…”
Background
I Am so Happy ‘Cause My Best Friend Makes Me Feel Unique: Friendship, Personal Sense of Uniqueness and Happiness
Demır, M., Şimşek, Ö. F., & Procsal, A. D. (2012) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-012-9376-9 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“It is plausible, then, to argue that SoU contributes to one’s happiness given that empirical research found selfworth to be one of the strongest predictors of happiness (e.g., Lyubomirsky et al. 2006).”
Background
Happiness Recognition from Mobile Phone Data
Bogomolov, A., Lepri, B., & Pianesi, F. (2013) · 2013 International Conference on Social Computing · doi:10.1109/socialcom.2013.118 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
The metaverse experience in luxury brands
Jiang, Q., Kim, M., Ko, E., & Kim, K. H. (2023) · Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing and Logistics · doi:10.1108/apjml-09-2022-0752 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Emotional Intelligence as a Basis for Self-Esteem in Young Adults
Cheung, C., Cheung, H. Y., & Hue, M. T. (2014) · The Journal of Psychology · doi:10.1080/00223980.2013.838540 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Happiness and Cognitive Impairment Among Older Adults: Investigating the Mediational Roles of Disability, Depression, Social Contact Frequency, and Loneliness
Tan, J. H., Abdin, E., Shahwan, S., Zhang, Y., Sambasivam, R., Vaingankar, J. A., Mahendran, R., Chua, H. C., Chong, S. A., & Subramaniam, M. (2019) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph16244954 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Social relationships and participation, in turn, have consistently emerged as key predictors of happiness [8,16] social isolation might consequently play a crucial role in the relationship between cognitive impairment and happiness.”
Background
Mediating Role of Self-Esteem in the Association between Loneliness and Psychological and Subjective Well-Being in University Students
ÇİÇEK, İ. (2022) · International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research · doi:10.33200/ijcer.817660 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
The co-evolution of emotional well-being with weak and strong friendship ties
Elmer, T., Boda, Z., & Stadtfeld, C. (2017) · Network Science · doi:10.1017/nws.2017.20 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“This is reasonable considering that being friends with someone of high well-being is generally more rewarding (Lyubomirsky et al., 2006; Nezlek et al., 1994).”
Background
Identity, Self-Awareness, and Self-Deception: Ethical Implications for Leaders and Organizations
Caldwell, C. (2009) · Journal of Business Ethics · doi:10.1007/s10551-010-0424-2 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Happiness and Outdoor Vacations Appreciative versus Consumptive Tourists
Bimonte, S., & Faralla, V. (2013) · Journal of Travel Research · doi:10.1177/0047287513513171 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
“…factors (e.g., health, marital status) have also been found to have a large influence on happiness (Diener and Fujita 1995; Diener and Lucas 1999; Frey and Stutzer 2002a; Lyubomirsky, Tkach, and Dimatteo 2006; Murrell, Salsman, and Meeks 2003; Oishi et al. 1999; Taylor, Funk, and Craighill 2006).”
Background
A bifactor approach to modelling the Rosenberg Self Esteem Scale
Hyland, P., Boduszek, D., Dhingra, K., Shevlin, M., & Egan, A. (2014) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.03.034 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“Based on the empirical work of Marsh et al. (2010) and the methodological indications of the inappropriateness of including correlated errors in a factorial model (see Bollen, 1989), we investigated the three most relevant model conceptualisations within a large sample of the US adult population.”
Method
Linking inferiority feelings to subjective happiness: Self-concealment and loneliness as serial mediators
Akdoğan, R., & Çimşir, E. (2019) · Personality and Individual Differences · doi:10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.028 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
Emerging Adults Versus Middle-Aged Adults: Do they Differ in Psychological Needs, Self-Esteem and Life Satisfaction
Butković, A., Tomas, J., Španić, A. M., Hlupić, T. V., & Bratko, D. (2019) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-019-00106-w · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Do Orientations to Happiness Mediate the Associations Between Personality Traits and Subjective Well-Being?
Pollock, N. C., Noser, A. E., Holden, C. J., & Zeigler‐Hill, V. (2015) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-015-9617-9 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
“The Satisfaction with Life Scale has been shown to correlate with the Subjective Happiness Scale (Lyubomirsky et al. 2005), the Orientations to Happiness Questionnaire (Vella-Brodrick et al. 2009), and several other indicators of subjective well-being (e.g., Diener et al. 1985).”
Homophily, Close Friendship, and Life Satisfaction among Gay, Lesbian, Heterosexual, and Bisexual Men and Women
Gillespie, B. J., Frederick, D. A., Harari, L., & Grov, C. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128900 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Perceived Sources of Happiness: A Network Analysis
Crossley, A., & Langdridge, D. (2005) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-005-1755-z · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Assessment of Character Strengths in Children and Adolescents
Rashid, T., Anjum, A., Lennox, C., Quinlan, D. M., Niemiec, R. M., Mayerson, D., & Kazemi, F. (2013) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-94-007-6398-2_6 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Some research has found that externally validated self-esteem tends to be more detrimental than benefi cial (Crocker et al. 2003 ; Lyubomirsky et al. 2006 ).”
Background
External and Internal Factors Influencing Happiness in Elite Collegiate Athletes
Denny, K. G., & Steiner, H. (2008) · Child Psychiatry & Human Development · doi:10.1007/s10578-008-0111-z · Cited by 55 · see citing works
The Role of Self-Esteem and Social Support in the Relationship between Extraversion and Happiness: a Serial Mediation Model
Tan, C., Krishnan, S., & Lee, Q.-W. (2016) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-016-9444-0 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“Some researchers indicate that happiness consists of both emotional and cognitive elements and it is characterized by the extent to which an individual is satisfied with his/her life and the balance of experiencing positive and negative affect (Lyubomirsky et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
Comparing adolescent positive affect and self-esteem as precursors to adult self-esteem and life satisfaction
Coffey, J. K., & Warren, M. T. (2020) · Motivation and Emotion · doi:10.1007/s11031-020-09825-7 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
“This lack of self-focused thought may help to explain why positive affect and self-esteem are related to different outcomes over time (Lyubomirsky and Lepper 1999; Lyubomirsky et al. 2006).”
BackgroundInfluential
Sense of Coherence, Sociodemographic, Lifestyle, and Health-related Factors in Older Adults' Subjective Well-being
von Humboldt, S., Leal, I. M. P., & Pimenta, F. (2015) · International journal of gerontology · doi:10.1016/j.ijge.2014.01.007 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Factors Affecting Impulsive Buying Behavior with Mediating role of Positive Mood: An Empirical Study
Ahmad, M. B., Ali, H. F., Malik, M. S., Humayoun, A. A., & Ahmad, S. (2019) · European Online Journal of Natural and Social Sciences · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Authentic Leadership and Creativity: Mediating Role of Work-Related Flow and Psychological Capital
Zubair, A., & Kamal, A. (2015) · Journal of behavioural sciences · Cited by 53 · see citing works
Think Positive? Examining the Impact of Optimism on Academic Achievement in Early Adolescents
Tetzner, J., & Becker, M. (2017) · Journal of Personality · doi:10.1111/jopy.12312 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
What Does Migration Mean to Us? USA and Russia: Relationship Between Migration, Resilience, Social Support, Happiness, Life Satisfaction, Depression, Anxiety and Stress
Brailovskaia, J., Schönfeld, P., Kochetkov, Y., & Margraf, J. (2017) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-017-9627-3 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
The Relationship between Life Satisfaction and Happiness: The Mediating Role of Resiliency
Nemati, S., & Maralani, F. M. (2016) · International Journal of Psychological Studies · doi:10.5539/ijps.v8n3p194 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
“On the other hand, disposition and temperamental features (being extroverted or neurosis), social relations (not being lonely, satisfaction with friends, and having a goal in life), and general satisfaction with life are the best predictors of happiness (Lyubomirsky et al., 2006).”
Background
Consumer Economic Wellbeing
Xiao, J. J. (2015) · International series on consumer science · doi:10.1007/978-1-4939-2821-7 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Does Positivity Mediate the Relation of Extraversion and Neuroticism with Subjective Happiness?
Lauriola, M., & Iani, L. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0121991 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
“However, the predictors of happiness are mood, extraversion, neuroticism, global life satisfaction, and social relationships, whereas self-esteem is predicted by optimism and mastery [40].”
Background
Lucky to be happy: A study of happiness in Australian primary students
O’Rourke, J., & Cooper, M. G. (2010) · Australian journal of educational and developmental psychology · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Testing Direct and Indirect Ties of Self-Compassion with Subjective Well-Being
Booker, J. A., & Dunsmore, J. C. (2018) · Journal of Happiness Studies · doi:10.1007/s10902-018-0011-2 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Further Support for Multidimensionality Within the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale
Richardson, C. G., Ratner, P. A., & Zumbo, B. D. (2009) · Current Psychology · doi:10.1007/s12144-009-9052-3 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
The development and evaluation of a measure of graduate employability in the context of the new world of work
Bezuidenhout, M. (2011) · UpSpace Institutional Repository (University of Pretoria) · Cited by 47 · see citing works

Authors: Lyubomirsky, S., Tkach, C., & DiMatteo, M. R.
Affiliations: University of California, Riverside (US)
Corresponding author: Lyubomirsky, Sonja
ORCID: Lyubomirsky, Sonja
Venue: Social Indicators Research
Publisher: Springer Science and Business Media LLC
Published: 2005-10-04
Volume: 78
Issue: 3
Pages: 363-404
ISSN: 0303-8300 (ISSN-L)
1573-0921
DOI: 10.1007/s11205-005-0213-y
OpenAlex: W2089361835
Cited by: 431
References: 199
Citations by year: 2026: 3 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 32 · 2022: 24 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 20 · 2019: 29 · 2018: 26 · 2017: 32 · 2016: 28 · 2015: 31 · 2014: 23 · 2013: 30 · 2012: 18
FWCI: 9.38
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Licence: www.springer.com/tdm (tdm)
Locations: Social Indicators Research (publishedVersion)
RePEc: Research Papers in Economics (submittedVersion)
eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Psychological Well-being and Life Satisfaction
Social Sciences › Psychology › Neuropsychology and Physiological Psychology › Aging and Gerontology Research
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
Keywords: happiness, self-esteem, life satisfaction, meaning of life, loneliness, friendship satisfaction, interpersonal relationships, optimism, hopelessness, extraversion, neuroticism, personality traits, older adults, retired employees

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