Cited by 6,289Health disparities and outcomesStress Responses and CortisolHealth and Well-being Studies

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The Stress Process

Pearlin, Leonard I., Menaghan, Elizabeth G., Lieberman, Morton A., Mullan, Joseph T.·1981·Journal of Health and Social Behavior

DOI 10.2307/2136676

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“Education, employment, and income increase the sense of personal control (Mirowsky and Ross 1989; Pearlin et al. 1981; Ross and Mirowsky 1992; Wheaton 1980).”
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Too much of a good thing
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“As elaborated in the stress process model [148,149] and as described by the participants in the studies summarized in this review, HIV-positive persons draw on adaptive coping and social support to minimize the harmful effects of life stressors.”
Method
Social Stress: Theory and Research
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Personality, coping, and coping effectiveness in an adult sample
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“Such perceptions may activate coping responses, the outcomes of which constitute the containing and keeping in check of factors that are detrimental (Pearlin et al., 1981).”
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Stress and the mental health of populations of color: advancing our understanding of race-related stressors.
Williams, D. R. (2018) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.1177/0022146518814251 · Cited by 1,014
“These stressors are viewed as interconnected and driven by exposures in social contexts, structures, and roles (Pearlin et al. 1981).”
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The cognitive activation theory of stress.
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Coping, stress, and social resources among adults with unipolar depression.
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Informal Caregiving and Its Impact on Health: A Reappraisal From Population-Based Studies
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“…framework underlying the assertion that caregiving is stressful and hazardous to one’s health is based on an integration of sociological (e.g., Pearlin et al., 1981), psychological (e.g., Lazarus & Folkman, 1984), and physiological (e.g., McEwen, 1998) models of the impact of stress on health.”
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Resilience in Midwestern Families: Selected Findings from the First Decade of a Prospective, Longitudinal Study
Conger, R. D., & Conger, K. J. (2002) · Journal of Marriage and the Family · doi:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2002.00361.x · Cited by 979
Coping with stress during childhood and adolescence.
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The Social Stratification of Aging and Health
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The Impact of the Family on Health: The Decade in Review
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“Economic well-being, in turn, has a large effect on health and mental health (Kessler, 1982; Kessler and Cleary, 1980; Pearlin et al., 1981: Ross and Huber, 1985).”
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Psychosocial functioning and depression: Distinguishing among antecedents, concomitants, and consequences.
Barnett, P. A., & Gotlib, I. H. (1988) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.104.1.97 · Cited by 936
Psychosocial factors related to adolescent smoking: a critical review of the literature
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Perceived Discrimination and Depression: Moderating Effects of Coping, Acculturation, and Ethnic Support
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Race, race-based discrimination, and health outcomes among African Americans
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“…disadvantage as well as other social stressors, such as inadequate levels of social support, neuroticism, the occurrence of life events, and chronic role strain (Adler et al. 1994, Brown & Harris 1989, Henderson et al. 1981, Kanner et al. 1991, Lazarus 1993, Pearlin et al. 1981, Thoits 1983).”
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Compassion fatigue and psychological distress among social workers: A validation study.
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“Both the Social Support Scale and the Sense of Mastery Scale have been validated in previous studies and showed good reliability (Boscarino, Galea, et al., 2004; Boscarino et al., 2002; Pearlin et al., 1981).”
The Social Psychology Of Self-Efficacy
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AN EMPIRICAL TEST OF GENERAL STRAIN THEORY*
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Age, Socioeconomic Status, and Health
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“smoking, drinking, eating, and exercise (Berkman and Breslow 1983); acute and chronic psychosocial stress (Theorell 1982; Thoits 1983; House 1987a; Pearlin et al. 1981); sense of self-efficacy and control (Rodin 1986); social relationships and supports (House, Landis, and Umberson 1988); and physical, chemical, and bi…”
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Stress and alcohol use: Moderating effects of gender, coping, and alcohol expectancies.
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Linking Economic Hardship to Marital Quality and Instability
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“More recently, increasing attention has been given to the health effects of chronic role-related strains (e.g. occupations, marital, parental, financial) and of daily irritations and hassles (Kanner et al. 1981; Pearlin et al. 1981).”
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A Theory of Self-Esteem
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“Thus, self-esteem has been found to protect the self from “stressors” such as experiences and information that might otherwise prove “harmful” to the self (Longmore & DeMaris 1997;Spencer, Josephs & Steele 1993), distress (Cohen 1959; Coopersmith 1967; Rosenberg 1979), and especially depression (Burke 1991, 1996; Miro…”
BackgroundMethod
Gender differences in health: a Canadian study of the psychosocial, structural and behavioural determinants of health
Denton, M. A., Prus, S. G., & Walters, V. (2003) · Social Science & Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2003.09.008 · Cited by 760
“Occupational status is based on the Pineo socio-economic classification of occupations for main job (respondents who did not work in the year prior to the interview are categorized as not applicable) (see Pineo (1984) for more information).”
Method
Biological and psychosocial predictors of postpartum depression: systematic review and call for integration
Yim, I. S., Tanner Stapleton, L. R., Guardino, C. M., Hahn-Holbrook, J., & Dunkel Schetter, C. (2015) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-101414-020426 · Cited by 749
“In contrast, psychological models such as the stress process model (Pearlin et al. 1981) and the cognitive behavioral model of PPD (O’Hara et al. 1982) emphasize the deleterious role of psychological stressors (e.g., father abandonment, financial strain) and underlying cognitive vulnerabilities…”
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The Nature and Course of Depression Following Myocardial Infarction
Schleifer, S. J. (1989) · Archives of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1001/archinte.1989.00390080059014 · Cited by 742
Conservation of Social Resources: Social Support Resource Theory
Hobfoll, S. E., Freedy, J. R., Lane, C., & Geller, P. A. (1990) · Journal of Social and Personal Relationships · doi:10.1177/0265407590074004 · Cited by 732
Perceived Racial Discrimination, Depression, and Coping: A Study of Southeast Asian Refugees in Canada
Noh, S., Beiser, M., Kaspar, V., Hou, F., & Rummens, J. A. (1999) · Journal of Health and Social Behavior · doi:10.2307/2676348 · Cited by 723
“, individual differences in emotional reactions evoked by the social stressors) and the availability of coping resources, including personal coping ability, social support, and mastery (Aneshensel 1992; Avison and Gotlib 1994; Pearlin et al. 1981; Pearlin and Schooler 1978; Thoits 1995; Turner and Noh 1983; Turner and…”
Background
Gender differences in depression in 23 European countries. Cross-national variation in the gender gap in depression.
de Velde, S. V. V., Bracke, P., & Levecque, K. (2010) · Social Science & Medicine (1967) · doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.035 · Cited by 765
The Far-Reaching Impact of Job Loss and Unemployment
Brand, J. E. (2015) · Annual Review of Sociology · doi:10.1146/annurev-soc-071913-043237 · Cited by 728
“The loss of a job presents a source of acute stress associated with the immediate disruption to a major social role, as well as chronic stress resulting from continuing economic and social and psychological strain (House 1987; Pearlin et al. 1981).”
Influential

Authors: Pearlin, L. I., Menaghan, E. G., Lieberman, M. A., & Mullan, J. T.
Venue: Journal of Health and Social Behavior
Publisher: SAGE Publications
Published: 1981-12
Volume: 22
Issue: 4
Pages: 337
ISSN: 0022-1465 (ISSN-L)
DOI: 10.2307/2136676
OpenAlex: W4292480755
Cited by: 6,289
References: 0
Citations by year: 2026: 309 · 2025: 260 · 2024: 207 · 2023: 197 · 2022: 266 · 2021: 231 · 2020: 198 · 2019: 172 · 2018: 167 · 2017: 221 · 2016: 190 · 2015: 196 · 2014: 214 · 2013: 196 · 2012: 189
FWCI: 104.51
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: closed
Locations: Journal of Health and Social Behavior (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
PubMed
Topics: Social Sciences › Health › Health disparities and outcomes
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Behavioral Neuroscience › Stress Responses and Cortisol
Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Health and Well-being Studies
Keywords: stress process, stress, stress response, coping
MeSH terms: Adaptation, Psychological, Humans, Life Change Events, Self Concept, Social Environment, Stress, Psychological

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