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Accountability and the Perseverance of First Impressions
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“A second way to foster deep processing of contradictory information is to tell reasoners that they will have to justify their reasoning to other people (Chaiken, 1980;Kruglanski & Freund, 1983;Tetlock, 1983).”
From The role of anomalous data in knowledge acquisition: A theoretical framework and implications for science instruction. (1993) · cites this paper as Tetlock, 1983
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The case for motivated reasoning.
Kunda, Z. (1990) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/0033-2909.108.3.480 · Cited by 9,022
“Tetlock and Kim (1987) showed that subjects motivated to be accurate (because they expected to justify their beliefs to others) wrote more cognitively complex descriptions of persons whose responses to a personality test they had seen: They considered more alternatives and evaluated the persons from more perspectives,…”
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Accounting for the effects of accountability.
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“They prepare themselves by engaging in an effortful and self-critical search for reasons to justify their actions (Lerner & Tetlock, 1994; Tetlock, 1983a; Tetlock & Lerner, in press; Tetlock et al., 1989).”
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“Here the motivator is not accuracy but the need for approval, and the desire to present oneself in as favorable a light as possible (Tetlock, 1983b; Tetlock, Skitka, & Boettger, 1989).”
BackgroundCarpini, M. X. D., Cook, F. L., & Jacobs, L. R. (2004) · Annual Review of Political Science · doi:10.1146/annurev.polisci.7.121003.091630 · Cited by 1,502
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“A second way to foster deep processing of contradictory information is to tell reasoners that they will have to justify their reasoning to other people (Chaiken, 1980; Kruglanski & Freund, 1983; Tetlock, 1983).”
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“In contrast, satisfying accuracy motivation may require monitoring the direction and quality of the information as well as attending to and correcting for any systematic biases in exposure (e.g., Harkness, DeBono, & Borgida, 1985; McAllister, Mitchell, & Beach, 1979; Tetlock, 1983; Tetlock & Kim, 1987).”
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“That is, unless other motives are activated, such as a goal of accurate perception (Darley, Fleming, Hilton, & Swann, 1988; Neuberg & Fiske, 1987), accountability (Tetlock, 1983), or social desirability or egalitarian motives (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1991; Monteith, 1993), people may find stereotyping and prejudice to be…”
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“This is also in accordance with considerable work in social psychology indicating that bias is more likely when decision makers feel that their judgment is unlikely to be closely scrutinized (Tetlock, 1983a, 1983b; Lerner and Tetlock, 1999).”
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“According to experimental research on accountability, when decision makers know they will be held accountable for their decisions, bias is less likely to occur (Tetlock 1983, 1985; Tetlock and Kim 1987).”
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“Unless other internal motivations are activated, such as a goal of accountability (Tetlock, 1983), social desirability and/or egalitarian motives (Dovidio & Gaertner, 1991), or self-image bolstered with a self-affirmation procedure (Fein & Spencer, 1997; Study 1), people may find the denigration of out-groups to be an…”
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“Experimental work has shown that individuals who are told that they will have to discuss their judgments publicly are more likely to process more information more objectively (Tetlock 1983, 1985).”
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“The authors also suggest using the theory of accountability (Tetlock 1983; Lerner and Tetlock 1999) to evaluate whether IAs will perform this task differently contingent upon whom they are primarily accountable to.”
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“For example, Lerner and Tetlock (1999); Tetlock (1983a, 1983b, 1985); Tetlock and Boettger (1989); Tetlock & Kim (1987); and Tetlock et al. (1989).”
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“There is a substantial literature on the importance of first impressions as a catalyst for forming attitudes toward other individuals through a process of confirmatory bias (e.g., Dougherty, Turban, & Callender , 1994; Tetlock, 1983).”
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“Increasing accountability can successfully mitigate decision-making biases such as primacy effects (Tetlock, 1983), the”
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“She reviewed the evidence for effortful processing in case of accuracy motivation (e.g., Kruglanski & Freund, 1983; Tetlock, 1983, 1985) and concluded that it is “impressive in its diversity”: “The work on accuracy-driven reasoning suggests that when people are motivated to be accurate, they expend…”
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“For example, although accountability can reduce the effect of first impressions and expectations (Tetlock, 1983), it may not eliminate the bias produced by experience sampling.”
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“…as compared to non-accountable participants use more complex rules in choosing among response options (McAllister, Mitchell & Beach, 1979; Tetlock, 1983); show increased self-awareness of the determinants of their judgments (Cvetkovich, 1978; Hagafors & Brehmer, 1983); process persuasive…”
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“…that a key outcome is a “high stakes” outcome would presumably have the same influence on judgment as would an enhanced accuracy motivation spurred by other sources, such as pressures for accountability to others (e.g., Tetlock, 1983) or a general “fear of invalidity” (Kruglanski & Freund, 1983).”
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“Low levels of accountability are associated with stronger primacy effects in impression formation (Tetlock 1983), an increased tendency to make the fundamental attribution error (Tetlock 1985), A nn u.”
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“In addition, heightened accuracy concerns induced, for example, by outcome dependency (Fiske & Neuberg, 1987), accountability (Tetlock, 1983), or anticipated interaction (e.”
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“A notable exception is the work of tetlock and colleagues, who developed a theory of accountability to explain individual behavior in organizations [115, 116, 117, 118, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123]. consequently, we leverage tetlock’s research as the basis of our research model .”
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“This flexibility of thought reduces a number of different robust biases including primacy effects (Tetlock, 1983), the correspondence bias (Tetlock , 1985), and stereotyping (Neuberg & Fiske, 1987).”
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“In a series of experiments, Tetlock found accountability reduced primacy in an impression-formation task (Tetlock 1983), reduced over-attribution in an essay-attribution task (Tetlock 1985b), and reduced overconfidence in a personality-prediction task (Tetlock and Kim 1987).”
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“Thus, accountability not only inhibits the use of expectations in evaluations, but it also induces the use of more complex and systematic decision-making strategies (Lerner & Tetlock, 1999; Tetlock, 1983).”
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“In a series of articles published in the 1980s, Teltock and his colleagues found that being told one must provide a justification for a decision had a significant influence on the individual’s approach to each decision (Tetlock, 1983a, 1983b, 1985; Tetlock & Kim, 1987).”
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Metadata
- Authors
- Tetlock, P. E.
- Affiliations
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- Corresponding author
- Tetlock, Philip E.
- ORCID
- Tetlock, Philip E.
- Venue
- Social Psychology Quarterly
- Publisher
- SAGE Publications
- Published
- 1983-12
- Volume
- 46
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 285
- ISSN
- 0190-2725 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2323541277
- Cited by
- 513
- References
- 0
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 9 · 2022: 17 · 2021: 15 · 2020: 19 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 11 · 2016: 19 · 2015: 11 · 2014: 21 · 2013: 21 · 2012: 15
- FWCI
- 15.21
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Social Psychology Quarterly (publishedVersion)
- Aarhus University Press eBooks (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social and Intergroup Psychology
- Social Sciences › Sociology and Political Science › Social Power and Status Dynamics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Personality Traits and Psychology
- Keywords
- accountability, first impressions, impression formation
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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