Nonverbal synchrony and rapport: analysis by the cross-lag panel technique

“…& Ogston, 1966), the imitation of facial expressions of adult models by infants (Meltzoff & Moore, 1977, 1983), and "behavior matching," in which people mimic behavior patterns by adopting similar postures or showing similar body configurations (LaFrance, 1979, 1982; LaFrance & Broadbent, 1976).”

“Rapport between two people increases behavioral mimicry (Bavelas, Black, Lemery, & Mullett, 1986; La France, 1979; La France & Broadbent, 1976; Scheflen, 1964), and mimicry also increases rapport.”

“These studies (e.g., Bernieri, 1988; LaFrance, 1979; LaFrance & Ickes, 1981) speak to the possible function of posture and gesture mirroring in that some experiments clearly show a strong correlation between posture imitation and rapport.”

“For example, students in a small class were found to exhibit the same postures as their instructor and other classmates (Bernieri, 1988; LaFrance, 1979, 1982; LaFrance & Broadbent, 1976), and counselors have been found to mimic the behaviors of their clients (Maurer & Tindall, 1983).”

“Mutual gaze (e.g., Ickes, Robertson, Tooke, & Teng, 1986) and postural mirroring (Charny, 1966; Kendon, 1970; LaFrance, 1979, 1985; Scheflen, 1964) are examples of this type of nonverbal variable.”

“…mimicry chiefly focused on interactions between people who knew one another, such as children and parents (Bernieri et al. 1988), clients and therapists (Charney 1966, Maurer & Tindall 1983, Scheflen 1964), and students and teachers (Bernieri 1988, La France 1979, La France & Broadbent 1976).”

“This proposition builds in part on an identified relationship between mimicry (i.e., making a similar movement to another individual) and positive social behavior, such as self-reported rapport between two individuals (e.g., LaFrance and Broadbent, 1976; LaFrance, 1979).”

“Early demonstrations of this relation showed impressive correlations between imitation and rapport (Bernieri, 1988; Charney, 1966; LaFrance, 1979; LaFrance & Broadbent, 1976).”

“…and comfort with the interaction partner (Bates, 1975; Bernieri, 1988; Bernieri, Gilles, Davis, & Grahe, 1996; Charney, 1966; Chartrand & Bargh, 1999; Hess et al., 1999; LaFrance, 1979; LaFrance & Broadbent, 1976; Manusov, 1993; Trout & Rosenfeld, 1980; for an exception see LaFrance & Ickes, 1981).”

“…parent-child bonding, intimate relationships, teacher-student interactions – see Isabella, Belsky & van Eye, 1989; Julien, Brault, Chartrand & Bégin, 2000; LaFrance, 1979), such that the temporal organization of action is acknowledged to be a critical determinant of successful social exchange.”

“This focus on purposeful, conscious effort stands in contrast to prior research on nonconscious mimicry (LaFrance, 1979; Sanchez-Burks, 2002; Scheflen, 1964), in 2007 623 Molinsky”

“For example, a number of researchers found that individuals tend to like others who more often mimicked or produced movements that were similar to their own behaviors (e.g., Bernieri, 1988; Charney, 1966; LaFrance, 1979).”

“…and other-race biases (Babel, 2009), along with evidence that mimicry increases rapport and facilitates communication (LaFrance and Broadbent, 1976; LaFrance, 1979; Chartrand and Bargh, 1999; Richardson and Dale, 2005) suggest these processes are non-obligatory and that they may serve critical…”

“Secondly, the studies that do exist on the consequences of mimicry for the mimicker have merely been either correlational (Bernieri, 1988; LaFrance, 1979; Lafrance & Broadbent, 1976) or, in experimental studies, have relied on video materials rather than live interaction (Stel, van Baaren, et al.”

“In a study using a cross-lag panel technique (LaFrance, 1979), posture sharing and rapport were each measured at two points in time.”

“For example, among romantic couples there is a robust association between the amount of rapport they feel with each other and the amount of mimicking that takes place during their interactions (Bernieri, 1988; see also LaFrance & Broadbent, 1976; LaFrance, 1979, 1982 for related work).”

“Given the preceding parameters, the empathy model decides which affective/cognitive empathic responses to express (e.g., reflective listening and nonverbal mimicry increases rapport [Lafrance 1979; Lafrance and Broadbent 1976]).”

“…and gesture (i.e., “interactional synchrony”), in which individuals who are interacting show a higher degree of synchrony than noninteracting individuals (Bernieri, 1988; Bernieri, Reznick, & Rosenthal, 1988; Condon & Ogston, 1967; Kendon, 1970; LaFrance, 1979, 1982; LaFrance & Ickes, 1981).”

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“In a study using a cross-leg panel technique LaFrance (1979) assessed rapport and posture sharing at two points in time.”

“Additionally, Lakin and Chartrand (2003), argued that, “the desire to affiliate may cause people to pay more attention to what occurs in their social environments (i.”

“Higher motion synchrony has been shown to be related to greater rapport between teachers and students (LaFrance, 1979) and more creativity (Won et al., 2014).”

“LaFrance and Broadbent (1976) have shown that the more often students mirrored their teacher, the higher was the student's rating of mutual rapport; on the other hand, LaFrance and Ickes (1981) found a reversal”

“…of Aberdeen, King’s College, Aberdeen AB24 3FX, Scotland, UK e-mail: lynden.miles@abdn.ac.uk M. J. Richardson University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH, USA 2010; LaFrance 1979; LaFrance and Broadbent 1976; Lakens 2010; Lakens and Stel 2011; Valdesolo et al. 2010; Wiltermuth and Heath 2009).”

“Vice versa, evidence shows that people tend to mimic an interaction partner more to the extent that they like the other person better or are more attracted to the other person (e.g., Bernieri, 1988; LaFrance, 1979; Van Straaten, Engels, Finkenauer, & Holland, in press).”

“Individuals motivated to establish rapport with others tend to nonconsciously mimic behaviors of these others (Lakin and Chartrand 2003), and those who already have rapport between them tend to nonconsciously mimic one another (LaFrance 1979).”

“For example, researchers using such coding methods have measured postural mirroring (LaFrance 1979) and mutual eye gaze (Feldman and Eidelman 2007) to evaluate the degree of interpersonal synchrony.”

“, Chartrand & Bargh, 1999; Lakin & Chartrand, 2003; van Baaren, Janssen, Chartrand, & Dijksterhuis, 2009) or synchronization (e.g., Bernieri, 1988; Hove & Risen, in press; LaFrance, 1979; Wiltermuth & Heath, 2009), positive social outcomes (e.”

“Prior research shows that people have a tendency to nonconsciously mirror others’ behavior in social interactions and to have a more positive subjective experience of rapport as a function of mimicry exhibited by interaction partners (Chartrand & Bargh, 1999; Cheng & Chartrand, 2003; LaFrance, 1979).”

“Early research suggested that among romantic couples, there is a correlation between the amount of rapport they feel with each other and the amount of imitation that takes place during their interactions (Bernieri 1988; Lafrance 1979, 1982; Lafrance and Broadbent 1976).”

“To test whether our model captures the subtleties of face-to-face communication, we synthesize the interactional motion responses of the listener, which are known to be essential to the flow of conversation [12,36,38].”

“Indeed, in the only two experiments designed to examine customer behavior, Van Baaren et al. (2003) found that waitresses who mimicked the verbal behavior of customers in a restaurant increased the size of the tips they received.”

“Early literature defined behavior matching as the similarity of body postures between interactants, and researchers focused on the interactant’s postural congruence, which was found to lead to rapport (LaFrance 1976, 1979).”

“…of Drama, Music and Screen, University of Hull, Kingston upon Hull, UK findings from mimicry research, which has shown that we are more likely to mimic people that we have a positive relationship with Chartrand et al. (2005), Chartrand and Bargh (1999), Lakin et al. (2003) and LaFrance (1979).”

“[6, 10, 25, 36].”

“For example, being mimicked by others and mimicking others promote affiliation and interpersonal rapport (e.g., LaFrance, 1979; Lakin & Chartrand, 2003; Stel & Vonk, 2010) as well as people's prosocial behavior such as donating money to charities (e.g., van Baaren, Holland, Kawakami, & van…”

“In terms of nonverbal behavior, initial work by LaFrance (1979) demonstrated evidence of a correlation between nonverbal synchrony of posture mimicry and interaction quality.”

“We feel more connected with those whose postures and vocal cadence (LaFrance, 1979), facial expressions (Dimberg, 1982), and even eyeblinks (Nakano, Yamamoto, Kitajo, Takahashi, & Kitazawa, 2009) match our own.”

“However, people are not equally motivated to affiliate and have positive rapport with all individuals (LaFrance, 1979, 1985).”

“But does liking an interaction partner make an individual mimic more? In other words, does liking influence mimicry just as mimicry can influence liking? Though there is literature showing greater mimicry of liked targets (Bernieri, 1988; Charney, 1966; LaFrance, 1979; LaFrance & Broadbent, 1976; Scheflen, 1964), thes…”

“…conscious intent (Noy, Dekel, & Alon, 2011; Richardson, Marsh, & Baron, 2007; Richardson, Marsh, Isenhower, Goodman, & Schmidt, 2007; Tognoli, Lagarde, DeGuzman, & Kelso, 2007; Sebanz, Bekkering, & Knoblich, 2006; Chartrand & Bargh, 1999; Bernieri & Rosenthal, 1991; Bernieri, 1988; LaFrance, 1979).”

“Behavioral matching or behavioral mimicry have been examined in studies using various situations (e.g., Scheflen, 1964; LaFrance, 1976, 1979; Chartrand and Bargh, 1999; Lakin and Chartrand, 2003).”

“…researchers observed that mimicry during clinical therapy sessions (Cappella & Planalp, 1981; Scheflen, 1964, 1972) and classroom interactions (Bernieri, 1988; Bernieri & Rosenthal, 1991; LaFrance, 1979; LaFrance & Broadbent, 1976) was correlated with reported affiliation, empathy and rapport.”

“” There is research evidence of a relationship between mirroring and rapport (Charney, 1966; LaFrance, 1979; LaFrance & Broadbent, 1976; Tickle-Degnen & Rosenthal, 1987).”

“Such social imitation is ubiquitous: it occurs among friends, strangers, and parents engaging with their infants (Chartrand & Lakin, 2013; Kokkinaki & Kugiumutzakis, 2000; LaFrance, 1979).”

“This pattern of results is consistent with the mixed findings in research on the relationship between postural similarity and rapport (Bernieri, 1988; LaFrance, 1979).”

“This is thought to strengthen their social bond by means of increased rapport (LaFrance, 1979; TickleDegnen and Rosenthal, 1990; Lakin and Chartrand, 2003; Vacharkulksemsuk and Fredrickson, 2012), mutual affiliation (Hove and Risen, 2009), enhanced mentalizing (Baimel et al., 2018), successful…”

“It is difficult to tie mimicry directly to STM-desire, but research has shown it to be a subtle means through which people communicate liking (Bernieri & Rosenthal, 1991; LaFrance, 1979; Lakin & Chartrand, 2003).”

“Previous literature has established a correlation between synchrony and rapport [16].”

“Behavior entrainment is an underlying mechanism characterizing rapport and affect between interlocutors [12], [13] and is connected with clinical outcomes in psycho-therapy [14].”

“This is consistent with the suggestion that mimicry facilitates the creation and maintenance of social bonds (e.g., Dijksterhuis, 2005; LaFrance, 1979; Lakin et al., 2003), with this “social glue” function served by the mimicry of negative as well as positive facial displays.”

“…has demonstrated that people tend to mimic others and thereby demonstrate or develop rapport without intention, control, or conscious awareness (e.g., Bavelas, Black, Lemery, & Mullett, 1986; Bernieri, 1988; Bernieri, Reznick, & Rosenthal, 1988; La France, 1979, 1982; La France & Broadbent, 1976).”

“…with this, studies based on naturalistic observation of interacting individuals have demonstrated that the amount of rapport individuals feel with each other is correlated with the assessment of the amount of posture sharing during their interactions (Lafrance, 1979; Lafrance & Broadbent, 1976).”

“Observers judge people as being more positive and showing greater rapport when they exhibit more rather than less mirroring [2, 26, 44].”