The Concurrent Accumulation of Intra-Abdominal and Subcutaneous Fat Explains the Association Between Insulin Resistance and Plasma Leptin Concentrations
Open accessAbstract
Obesity is associated with insulin resistance, particularly when body fat has a central distribution. However, insulin resistance also frequently occurs in apparently lean individuals. It has been proposed that these lean insulin-resistant individuals have greater amounts of body fat than lean insulin-sensitive subjects. Alternatively, their body fat distribution may be different. Obesity is associated with elevated plasma leptin levels, but some studies have suggested that insulin sensitivity is an additional determinant of circulating leptin concentrations. To examine how body fat distribution contributes to insulin sensitivity and how these variables are related to leptin levels, we studied 174 individuals (73 men, 101 women), a priori classified as lean insulin-sensitive (LIS, n = 56), lean insulin-resistant (LIR, n = 61), and obese insulin-resistant (OIR, n = 57) based on their BMI and insulin sensitivity index (SI). Whereas the BMI of the two lean groups did not differ, the SI of the LIR subjects was less than half that of the LIS group. The subcutaneous and intra-abdominal fat areas, determined by computed tomography, were 45 and 70% greater in the LIR subjects (P < 0.001) and 2.5- and 3-fold greater in the OIR group, as compared with the LIS group. Fasting plasma leptin levels were moderately increased in LIR subjects (10.8 ± 7.1 vs. 8.1 ± 6.4 ng/ml in LIS subjects; P < 0.001) and doubled in OIR subjects (21.9 ± 15.5 ng/ml; P < 0.001). Because of the confounding effect of body fat, we examined the relationships between adiposity, insulin sensitivity, and leptin concentrations by multiple regression analysis. Intra-abdominal fat was the best variable predicting insulin sensitivity in both genders and explained 54% of the variance in SI. This inverse relationship was nonlinear (r = −0.688). On the other hand, in both genders, fasting leptin levels were strongly associated with subcutaneous fat area (r = 0.760) but not with intra-abdominal fat. In line with these analyses, when LIS and LIR subjects were matched for subcutaneous fat area, age, and gender, they had similar leptin levels, whereas their intra-abdominal fat and insulin sensitivity remained different. Thus, accumulation of intra-abdominal fat correlates with insulin resistance, whereas subcutaneous fat deposition correlates with circulating leptin levels. We conclude that the concurrent increase in these two metabolically distinct fat compartments is a major explanation for the association between insulin resistance and elevated circulating leptin concentrations in lean and obese subjects.
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The relationship between BMI and insulin sensitivity is non-linear, rather than linear as traditionally thought.
“it has become apparent that the relationship between BMI and insulin sensitivity is non-linear, rather than linear as had been traditionally thought.”
From The relative contributions of insulin resistance and beta-cell dysfunction to the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes (2003) · cites this paper as [38]
A proportion of these abnormalities are explained by adiposity, especially intra-abdominal.
“a proportion of these abnormalities are explained by adiposity, especially that located within the intra-abdominal cavity6.”
From Pathophysiology and treatment of type 2 diabetes: perspectives on the past, present, and future (2014) · cites this paper as [6]
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- Authors
- Cnop, M., Landchild, M. J., Vidal, J., Havel, P. J., Knowles, N. G., Carr, D. R., Wang, F., Hull, R. L., Boyko, E. J., Retzlaff, B. M., Walden, C. E., Knopp, R. H., & Kahn, S. E.
- Affiliations
- Harborview Medical Center (US)
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology, and Nutrition, Department of Medicine, VA Puget Sound Health Care System, and Harborview Medical Center, Seattle, Washington
- University of California, Davis (US)
- University of Washington (US)
- University of Arizona (US)
- Venue
- Diabetes
- Publisher
- American Diabetes Association
- Published
- 2002-04-01
- Volume
- 51
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 1005-1015
- ISSN
- 0012-1797 (ISSN-L)
- 1939-327X
- OpenAlex
- W2166933182
- Cited by
- 432
- References
- 70
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 17 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 7 · 2021: 4 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 14 · 2018: 13 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 15 · 2015: 24 · 2014: 19 · 2013: 23 · 2012: 16
- FWCI
- 21.86
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Diabetes (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Dépôt institutionnel de l'Université libre de Bruxelles (Université Libre de Bruxelles) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- American Diabetes Association
- U.S. Department of Agriculture
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs
- Belgian American Educational Foundation
- University of Washington (DK17047, DK-35816)
- Ministerio de Ciencia y Tecnología
- National Institutes of Health (DK-35747)
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (DK-35816, K24DK002654, DK 50129, DK -35747, DK 02654, DK-17047, R01DK050129, P30DK035816, P30DK017047, P30DK035747)
- National Center for Research Resources (RR 37)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Regulation of Appetite and Obesity
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- leptin, intra-abdominal fat, subcutaneous adipose tissue, body fat distribution, obesity, insulin sensitivity index, adiposity, visceral fat, leptin resistance, body mass index, sex differences, abdominal obesity, leptin secretion, insulin secretion, adipokines, adipose tissue hormones
- MeSH terms
- Abdomen, Adipose Tissue, Adult, Aged, Body Constitution, Diet, Eggs, Fasting, Female, Humans, Insulin Resistance, Lipids, Male, Middle Aged, Obesity, Sex Characteristics, Skin, Thinness, Tomography, X-Ray Computed, Leptin
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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