Can impaired working memory functioning be improved by training? A meta-analysis with a special focus on brain injured patients.

Weicker, Juliane; Villringer, Arno; Thöne-Otto, Angelika

doi:10.1037/neu0000227

Cited by 151Cognitive Abilities and TestingCognitive Functions and MemoryNeural and Behavioral Psychology Studies

Can impaired working memory functioning be improved by training? A meta-analysis with a special focus on brain injured patients.

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Weicker, Juliane, Villringer, Arno, Thöne-Otto, Angelika·2016·Neuropsychology

DOI 10.1037/neu0000227

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Abstract

OBJECTIVE: Deficits in working memory (WM) are commonly observed after brain injuries and cause severe impairments in patients' everyday life. It is still under debate if training can enhance or rehabilitate WM in case of malfunction. The current meta-analysis investigates this issue from a clinical point of view. It addresses under which conditions and for which target group WM training may be justifiable. METHOD: Relevant WM training studies were identified by searching electronic literature databases with a comprehensive search term. In total, 103 studies, which added up to 112 independent group comparisons (N = 6,113 participants), were included in the analysis. RESULTS: Overall, WM training caused a moderate and long-lasting improvement in untrained WM tasks. Moreover, improvement of WM functioning led to sustainable better evaluation of everyday life functioning, however, effect sizes were small. Concerning transfer effects on other cognitive domains, long-lasting improvements with small effect sizes were observed in cognitive control and reasoning/intelligence. In contrast, small immediate, but no long-term effects were found for attention and long-term memory. Studies with brain injured patients demonstrated long-lasting improvements in WM functions with moderate to large effect sizes. A main moderator variable of intervention efficacy is the number of training sessions applied. CONCLUSION: WM training produces long-lasting beneficial effects which are strongly pronounced in patients with acquired brain injuries. This finding supports the application of WM training in clinical settings. To determine optimal training conditions, future studies must systematically investigate the characteristics of interventions as they are at present inevitably confounded.

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Working Memory Training Using Mental Calculation Impacts Regional Gray Matter of the Frontal and Parietal Regions
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Who is Likely to Acquire Programming Skills?
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Strengthened effective connectivity underlies transfer of working memory training to tests of short-term memory and attention
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On the impacts of working memory training on executive functioning
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Few Effects of Far Transfer of Working Memory Training in ADHD: A Randomized Controlled Trial
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Transcranial direct current stimulation enhances verbal working memory training performance over time and near transfer outcomes.
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Working memory training: Improving intelligence – Changing brain activity
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Working memory training in young children with <scp>ADHD</scp> : a randomized placebo‐controlled trial
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Improving attention control in dysphoria through cognitive training: Transfer effects on working memory capacity and filtering efficiency
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Distinct transfer effects of training different facets of working memory capacity.
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Working memory and education
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Working memory training in patients with multiple sclerosis – comparison of two different training schedules
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Those Who Have, Receive: The Matthew Effect in Early Childhood Intervention in the Home Environment
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Training working memory in kindergarten children: Effects on working memory and early numeracy
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Working memory training improvements and gains in non-trained cognitive tasks in young and older adults
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Computerized training of non-verbal reasoning and working memory in children with intellectual disability.
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Practice effects in the brain: Changes in cerebral activation after working memory practice depend on task demands
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Computerized Working Memory Training Improves Function in Adolescents Born at Extremely Low Birth Weight
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Effect of working memory training on working memory, arithmetic and following instructions
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Influence of neuroticism and conscientiousness on working memory training outcome
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Computerized Memory Training Leads to Sustained Improvement in Visuospatial Short-Term Memory Skills in Children with Down Syndrome
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The effects of working memory resource depletion and training on sensorimotor adaptation
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Adaptive n-back training does not improve fluid intelligence at the construct level: Gains on individual tests suggest that training may enhance visuospatial processing
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Dual n-back training increases the capacity of the focus of attention
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Effects of working memory training in young and old adults
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Can intelligence be increased by training on a task of working memory?
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Working Memory Training Improves Cognitive Function in VLBW Preschoolers
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Can computerized working memory training improve impaired working memory, cognition and psychological health?
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Gains in language comprehension relating to working memory training in healthy older adults
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Benefits of training visuospatial working memory in young-old and old-old.
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The malleability of working memory and visuospatial skills: A randomized controlled study in older adults.
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Rehabilitation of verbal working memory after left hemisphere stroke
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Training working memory: Limits of transfer
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Training of the executive component of working memory: Subcortical areas mediate transfer effects
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Publication Bias in Recent Meta-Analyses
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A Potential Spatial Working Memory Training Task to Improve Both Episodic Memory and Fluid Intelligence
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Potentials and Limits of Plasticity Induced by Working Memory Training in Old-Old Age
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Working Memory Training in Old Age: An Examination of Transfer and Maintenance Effects
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Working memory training for patients with acquired brain injury: effects in daily life
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Working memory after severe traumatic brain injury
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The impact of auditory working memory training on the fronto-parietal working memory network
Schneiders, J. A., Opitz, B., Tang, H., Deng, Y., Xie, C., Li, H., & Mecklinger, A. (2012) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2012.00173 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Expectancy effect: Impact of pill administration on cognitive performance in healthy seniors
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A pilot study of combined working memory and inhibition training for children with AD/HD
Johnstone, S. J., Roodenrys, S., Phillips, E., Watt, A. J., & Mantz, S. (2010) · ADHD Attention Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorders · doi:10.1007/s12402-009-0017-z · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Training Working Memory to Reduce Rumination
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Working memory plasticity modulated by dopamine transporter genotype
Brehmer, Y., Westerberg, H., Bellander, M., Fürth, D., Karlsson, S., & Bäckman, L. (2009) · Neuroscience Letters · doi:10.1016/j.neulet.2009.10.018 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
An Evaluation of a Working Memory Training Scheme in Older Adults
McAvinue, L. P., Golemme, M., Castorina, M., Tatti, E., Pigni, F. M., Salomone, S., Brennan, S., & Robertson, I. H. (2013) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2013.00020 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
The structure of head-injured patients' neurobehavioural complaints: A preliminary study
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Testing for Near and Far Transfer Effects with a Short, Face‐to‐Face Adaptive Working Memory Training Intervention in Typical Children
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Working Memory Updating Function Training Influenced Brain Activity
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The effect of cognitive training on recall range and speed of information processing in the working memory of dyslexic and skilled readers
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Component analysis of verbal versus spatial working memory training in adolescents with ADHD: A randomized, controlled trial
Gibson, B. S., Gondoli, D. M., Johnson, A. C., Steeger, C. M., Dobrzenski, B. A., & Morrissey, R. A. (2011) · Child Neuropsychology · doi:10.1080/09297049.2010.551186 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Benefits of training working memory in amnestic mild cognitive impairment: specific and transfer effects
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Is Working Memory Training Effective? A Study in a School Setting
Rode, C., Robson, R., Purviance, A., Geary, D. C., & Mayr, U. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0104796 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Working Memory Training in College Students With ADHD or LD
Gropper, R. J., Gotlieb, H., Kronitz, R., & Tannock, R. (2014) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054713516490 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
RCT of Working Memory Training in ADHD: Long-Term Near-Transfer Effects
Hovik, K. T., Saunes, B.-K., Aarlien, A. K., & Egeland, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0080561 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
School based working memory training: Preliminary finding of improvement in children's mathematical performance
Witt, M. (2011) · Advances in Cognitive Psychology · doi:10.2478/v10053-008-0083-3 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Computerised working memory training in healthy adults: A comparison of two different training schedules
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Can interactive working memory training improving learning
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Preliminary evidence that allelic variation in the LMX1A gene influences training-related working memory improvement
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Component analysis of simple span vs. complex span adaptive working memory exercises: A randomized, controlled trial.
Gibson, B. S., Kronenberger, W. G., Gondoli, D. M., Johnson, A. C., Morrissey, R. A., & Steeger, C. M. (2012) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2012.06.005 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Cognitive Ability: Does Working Memory Training Enhance Intelligence?
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Application of the Spacing Effect to Improve Learning and Memory for Functional Tasks in Traumatic Brain Injury: A Pilot Study
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Exploration of an adaptive training regimen that can target the secondary memory component of working memory capacity
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Working memory training and poetry-based stimulation programs: Are there differences in cognitive outcome in healthy older adults?
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Effects of working memory and reading acceleration training on improving working memory abilities and reading skills among third graders
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Genetic Modulation of Training and Transfer in Older Adults: BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism is Associated with Wider Useful Field of View
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Effectiveness of Computerized Working Memory Training Program in Chinese Community Settings for Children With Poor Working Memory
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Training of working memory in brain injured patients and healthy elderly subjects: Two randomized controlled trials
Weicker, J., Hudl, N., Marichal, E., et al. (2014) · Cited by 1 · see citing works
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Research works printed but not linked: 4

Ackerman, P. L., Beier, M. E., & Boyle, M. O. (2005). Working memory and intelligence: The same or different constructs? Psychological Bulletin, 131(1), 30–60. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033- · DOI
Adam, K. C. S., Mance, I., Fukuda, K., & Vogel, E. K. (2015). The contribution of attentional lapses to individual differences in visual working memory capacity. Journal of Cognitive
Neuroscience, 27(8), 1601–1616. https://doi.org/10.1162/jocn_a_00811 · DOI
Intelligence: Two Case Reports. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1939. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01939 · DOI

Sorted by citations

Working Memory Training Does Not Improve Performance on Measures of Intelligence or Other Measures of “Far Transfer”
Melby-Lervåg, M., Redick, T. S., & Hulme, C. (2016) · Perspectives on Psychological Science · doi:10.1177/1745691616635612 · Cited by 910 · see citing works
“For example, whether an active control group uses a nonadaptive training regime or a different, adaptive activity may have effects (Weicker et al., 2016).”
Wise interventions: Psychological remedies for social and personal problems.
Walton, G. M., & Wilson, T. D. (2018) · Psychological Review · doi:10.1037/rev0000115 · Cited by 617 · see citing works
Working memory training revisited: A multi-level meta-analysis of n-back training studies
Soveri, A., Antfolk, J., Karlsson, L., Salo, B., & Laine, M. (2017) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-016-1217-0 · Cited by 350 · see citing works
“…to cognitive control (Melby-Lervåg & Hulme, 2013; Weicker et al., 2016) and attention (Weicker et al., 2016), but no transfer to long-term memory (Weicker et al., 2016), arithmetic skills (Melby-Lervåg & Hulme, 2013; Ta bl e 1 Su m m ar y of th e re su lts fr om pr ev io us m et aan al ys es in…”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluential
Working memory training involves learning new skills
Gathercole, S. E., Dunning, D. L., Holmes, J., & Norris, D. (2019) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2018.10.003 · Cited by 225 · see citing works
Working memory training in typically developing children: A meta-analysis of the available evidence.
Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2017) · Developmental Psychology · doi:10.1037/dev0000265 · Cited by 216 · see citing works
Revisiting the association between music lessons and intelligence: Training effects or music aptitude?
Swaminathan, S., Schellenberg, E. G., & Khalil, S. (2017) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2017.03.005 · Cited by 157 · see citing works
“Moreover, evidence that training in working memory has far-transfer effects (i.e., to reading, intelligence, arithmetic, etc.) is mixed (Melby-Lervåg, Reddick, & Hulme, 2016; Weicker et al., 2016).”
Background
Enhancing Working Memory Training with Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation
Au, J., Katz, B., Buschkuehl, M., Bunarjo, K., Senger, T., Zabel, C., Jaeggi, S. M., & Jonides, J. J. (2016) · Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/jocn_a_00979 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“Meta-analyses demonstrate robust immediate effects of WM training on a variety of simple and complex span measures (Schwaighofer et al., 2015; Weicker et al., 2016; Melby-Lervåg & Hulme, 2013).”
BackgroundResult
Cognitive rehabilitation for attention deficits following stroke
Loetscher, T., Potter, K.-J., Wong, D., & das Nair, R. (2019) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd002842.pub3 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
The cognitive and academic benefits of Cogmed: A meta-analysis
Aksayli, N. D., Sala, G., & Gobet, F. (2019) · Educational Research Review · doi:10.1016/j.edurev.2019.04.003 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
“Therefore, the idea that WM-training programs such as CWMT exert stronger benefits to low-WM individuals (e.g., Klingberg et al., 2002; Weicker et al., 2016) is not supported.”
Background
Cognition-Oriented Treatments for Older Adults: a Systematic Overview of Systematic Reviews
Gavelin, H. M., Lampit, A., Hallock, H., Sabatés, J., & Bahar‐Fuchs, A. (2020) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-020-09434-8 · Cited by 122 · see citing works
There is no convincing evidence that working memory training is NOT effective: A reply to Melby-Lervåg and Hulme (2015)
Au, J., Buschkuehl, M., Duncan, G. J., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2015) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-015-0967-4 · Cited by 112 · see citing works
Training on Working Memory and Inhibitory Control in Young Adults
Maraver, M. J., Bajo, M. T., & Gomez-Ariza, C. J. (2016) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2016.00588 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Quantifying the Difference Between Active and Passive Control Groups in Cognitive Interventions Using Two Meta-analytical Approaches
Au, J., Gibson, B. C., Bunarjo, K., Buschkuehl, M., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2020) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-020-00164-6 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Cognition in stroke rehabilitation and recovery research: Consensus-based core recommendations from the second Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable
McDonald, M. W., Black, S. E., Copland, D. A., Corbett, D., Dijkhuizen, R. M., Farr, T. D., Jeffers, M. S., Kalaria, R. N., Karayanidis, F., Leff, A. P., et al. (2019) · International Journal of Stroke · doi:10.1177/1747493019873600 · Cited by 92 · see citing works
Reviewing working memory training gains in healthy older adults: A meta-analytic review of transfer for cognitive outcomes
Teixeira-Santos, A. C., Moreira, C. S., Magalhães, R., Magalhães, C., Pereira, D. R., Leite, J., Carvalho, S., & Sampaio, A. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.009 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Working memory updating and binding training: Bayesian evidence supporting the absence of transfer.
De Simoni, C., & von Bastian, C. C. (2018) · Journal of Experimental Psychology: General · doi:10.1037/xge0000453 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Working Memory Capacity as a Predictor of Cognitive Training Efficacy in the Elderly Population
Matysiak, O., Kroemeke, A., & Brzezicka, A. (2019) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2019.00126 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
“A number of meta-analyses and reviews have addressed this matter (for meta-analysis see: Melby-Lervåg and Hulme, 2013; Karbach and Verhaeghen, 2014; Au et al., 2015; Schwaighofer et al., 2015; Melby-Lervåg et al., 2016; Soveri et al., 2017; for reviews see: Lövdén et al., 2010; Shipstead et al., 2010, 2012; Melby-Lerv…”
Background
How to play 20 questions with nature and lose: Reflections on 100 years of brain-training research
Katz, B., Shah, P., & Meyer, D. E. (2018) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1617102114 · Cited by 77 · see citing works
General and Domain-Specific Effectiveness of Cognitive Remediation after Stroke: Systematic Literature Review and Meta-Analysis
Rogers, J. M., Foord, R., Stolwyk, R. J., Wong, D. K., & Wilson, P. H. (2018) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-018-9378-4 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Long-Term Efficacy of Computerized Cognitive Training Among Survivors of Childhood Cancer: A Single-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial
Conklin, H. M., Ashford, J. M., Clark, K. N., Martin-Elbahesh, K., Hardy, K. K., Merchant, T. E., Ogg, R. J., Jeha, S., Huang, L. H., & Zhang, H. (2016) · Journal of Pediatric Psychology · doi:10.1093/jpepsy/jsw057 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Exploring <i>N</i> -Back Cognitive Training for Children With ADHD
Jones, M. R., Katz, B., Buschkuehl, M., Jaeggi, S. M., & Shah, P. (2020) · Journal of Attention Disorders · doi:10.1177/1087054718779230 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The role of strategy use in working memory training outcomes
Fellman, D., Jylkkä, J., Waris, O., Soveri, A., Ritakallio, L., Haga, S., Salmi, J., Nyman, T. J., & Laine, M. (2020) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2019.104064 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
The Benefits and Challenges of Implementing Motivational Features to Boost Cognitive Training Outcome
Mohammed, S., Flores, L., Deveau, J., Hoffing, R. C., Phung, C., Parlett, C., Sheehan, E., Lee, D. M., Au, J., Buschkuehl, M., et al. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0047-y · Cited by 67 · see citing works
“However, the outcome of individual studies as well as meta-analyses has been mixed (Weicker et al. 2016; Soveri et al. 2017; Melby-Lervåg and Hulme 2013).”
Background
Working memory training does not enhance older adults' cognitive skills: A comprehensive meta-analysis
Sala, G., Aksayli, N. D., Tatlidil, K. S., Gondo, Y., & Gobet, F. (2019) · Intelligence · doi:10.1016/j.intell.2019.101386 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The malleability of executive function in early childhood: Effects of schooling and targeted training
Zhang, Q., Wang, C., Zhao, Q., Yang, L., Buschkuehl, M., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2019) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12748 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
Domain-specific and domain-general training to improve kindergarten children’s mathematics
Ramani, G. B., Jaeggi, S. M., Daubert, E. N., & Buschkuehl, M. (2017) · Journal of Numerical Cognition · doi:10.5964/jnc.v3i2.31 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
The relationship between delay discounting and Internet addiction: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Cheng, Y., Ko, H., Sun, C., & Yeh, P. (2020) · Addictive Behaviors · doi:10.1016/j.addbeh.2020.106751 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Benefits in tasks related to everyday life competences after a working memory training in older adults
Cantarella, A., Borella, E., Carretti, B., Kliegel, M., & Béni, R. D. (2016) · International Journal of Geriatric Psychiatry · doi:10.1002/gps.4448 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“, 2004), such as patients with brain injuries (Weicker et al., 2015), stroke (Westerberg et al.”
Background
Strategy mediation in working memory training in younger and older adults
Forsberg, A., Fellman, D., Laine, M., Johnson, W., & Logie, R. H. (2020) · Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology · doi:10.1177/1747021820915107 · Cited by 58 · see citing works
Occupational therapy for cognitive impairment in stroke patients
Gibson, E. M., Koh, C., Eames, S., Bennett, S. H., Scott, A. M., & Hoffmann, T. (2022) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd006430.pub3 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Functional brain activation associated with working memory training and transfer
Clark, C. M., Lawlor‐Savage, L., & Goghari, V. M. (2017) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2017.07.030 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Music Training and Cognitive Abilities: Associations, Causes, and Consequences
Swaminathan, S., & Schellenberg, E. G. (2018) · Oxford University Press eBooks · doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780198804123.013.26 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Adaptive Computerized Working Memory Training in Patients With Mild Cognitive Impairment. A Randomized Double-Blind Active Controlled Trial
Flak, M. M., Hol, H. R., Hernes, S. S., Chang, L., Engvig, A., Bjuland, K. J., Pripp, A. H., Madsen, B., Knapskog, A., Ulstein, I. D., et al. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00807 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
The relationship between bilingual language use and executive functions
Lehtonen, M., Fyndanis, V., & Jylkkä, J. (2023) · Nature Reviews Psychology · doi:10.1038/s44159-023-00178-9 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Durable memories and efficient neural coding through mnemonic training using the method of loci
Wagner, I. C., Konrad, B. N., Schuster, P., Weisig, S., Repantis, D., Ohla, K., Kühn, S., Fernández, G., Steiger, A., Lamm, C., et al. (2021) · Science Advances · doi:10.1126/sciadv.abc7606 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Training working memory updating in Parkinson’s disease: A randomised controlled trial
Fellman, D., Salmi, J., Ritakallio, L., Ellfolk, U., Rinne, J. O., & Laine, M. (2018) · Neuropsychological Rehabilitation · doi:10.1080/09602011.2018.1489860 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Comparison of Cognitive Change after Working Memory Training and Logic and Planning Training in Healthy Older Adults
Goghari, V. M., & Lawlor‐Savage, L. (2017) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2017.00039 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
“Potential factors that influence the effects of training on transfer include the type of cognitive training, age of the sample, amount of training, presence or absence of randomization, type of control group, geographic location of study, remuneration for participation, and publication type (Melby-Lervåg and Hulme, 20…”
Background
Near transfer to an unrelated N-back task mediates the effect of N-back working memory training on matrix reasoning
Pahor, A., Seitz, A. R., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2022) · Nature Human Behaviour · doi:10.1038/s41562-022-01384-w · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Enhanced structural connectivity within a brain sub-network supporting working memory and engagement processes after cognitive training
Román, F. J., Iturria‐Medina, Y., Martínez, K., Karama, S., Burgaleta, M., Evans, A. C., Jaeggi, S. M., & Colom, R. (2017) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2017.03.010 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
Effects of working memory training in patients with Parkinson's disease without cognitive impairment: A randomized controlled trial
Ophey, A., Giehl, K., Rehberg, S., Eggers, C., Reker, P., van Eimeren, T., & Kalbe, E. (2020) · Parkinsonism & Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.parkreldis.2020.02.002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Persistent Behavioral Deficits in Rats after Parasagittal Fluid Percussion Injury
Sell, S. L., Johnson, K. M., DeWitt, D. S., & Prough, D. S. (2016) · Journal of Neurotrauma · doi:10.1089/neu.2016.4616 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Plasticity in the Working Memory System: Life Span Changes and Response to Injury
Froudist‐Walsh, S., López-Barroso, D., Torres‐Prioris, M. J., Croxson, P. L., & Berthier, M. L. (2017) · The Neuroscientist · doi:10.1177/1073858417717210 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
A Systematic Review on Predictors of Working Memory Training Responsiveness in Healthy Older Adults: Methodological Challenges and Future Directions
Ophey, A., Roheger, M., Folkerts, A., Skoetz, N., & Kalbe, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2020.575804 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Reliability, sensitivity, and predictive value of fMRI during multiple object tracking as a marker of cognitive training gain in combination with tDCS in stroke survivors
Kolskår, K. K., Richard, G., Alnæs, D., Dørum, E. S., Sanders, A., Ulrichsen, K. M., Sánchez, J. M., Ihle‐Hansen, H., Formoe, H., Nordvik, J. E., et al. (2020) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25284 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
The role of working memory in long-term learning: Implications for childhood development
Forsberg, A., Adams, E. J., & Cowan, N. (2021) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2021.02.001 · Cited by 37 · see citing works
Efficacy of a Training on Executive Functions in Potentiating Rehabilitation Effects in Stroke Patients
Tarantino, V., Burgio, F., Toffano, R., Rigon, E., Meneghello, F., Weis, L., & Vallesi, A. (2021) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci11081002 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
“This transfer effect to “near” cognitive functions is in line with the study hypotheses, and confirms previous evidence on the near transfer effects of EF trainings in healthy individuals [56] as well as in mild cognitive impairment [57] and brain-injured patients [58].”
Result
The effect of monetary compensation on cognitive training outcomes
Katz, B., Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Shah, P., & Jonides, J. (2018) · Learning and Motivation · doi:10.1016/j.lmot.2017.12.002 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
(Un)Great Expectations: The Role of Placebo Effects in Cognitive Training
Tsai, N., Buschkuehl, M., Kamarsu, S., Shah, P., Jonides, J. J., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2018) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.jarmac.2018.06.001 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Working memory training in healthy young adults: Support for the null from a randomized comparison to active and passive control groups
Clark, C. M., Lawlor‐Savage, L., & Goghari, V. M. (2017) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0177707 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Investigating the Effects of Spacing on Working Memory Training Outcome: A Randomized, Controlled, Multisite Trial in Older Adults
Jaeggi, S. M., Buschkuehl, M., Parlett-Pelleriti, C., Moon, S. M., Evans, M., Kritzmacher, A., Reuter‐Lorenz, P. A., Shah, P., & Jonides, J. J. (2019) · The Journals of Gerontology Series B · doi:10.1093/geronb/gbz090 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“Given previous reports, we also tested whether training WM might transfer to measures of episodic memory, especially those that serve as proxy for everyday memory functions and problem solving (Cantarella, Borella, Carretti, Kliegel, & de Beni, 2017; Weicker et al., 2016).”
Method
Improving Older Adults’ Working Memory: the Influence of Age and Crystallized Intelligence on Training Outcomes
Hering, A., Meuleman, B., Bürki, C. N., Borella, E., & Kliegel, M. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0041-4 · Cited by 23 · see citing works
“, coming regularly to the lab for the training sessions)— recent meta-analyses did not find differences in training or transfer effects depending on the type of control group to which the training group is compared (Karbach and Verhaeghen 2014; Soveri et al. 2017; Weicker et al. 2016).”
Background
Anxiety-reducing effects of working memory training: A systematic review and meta-analysis
Wang, Y., Wen, B., Wei, J., & Hu, S. (2023) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2023.03.045 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Transfer after process-based object-location memory training in healthy older adults.
Zimmermann, K., von Bastian, C. C., Röcke, C., Martin, M., & Eschen, A. (2016) · Psychology and Aging · doi:10.1037/pag0000123 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Can Machine Learning Approaches Lead Toward Personalized Cognitive Training?
Shani, R., Tal, S., Zilcha‐Mano, S., & Okon‐Singer, H. (2019) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2019.00064 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
“For example, some studies suggest that only active control groups should be used and that using untreated controls is futile (Melby-Lervåg et al., 2016), while others discovered no signiﬁcant diﬀerence between active and passive control groups (Schwaighofer et al., 2015; Weicker et al., 2016).”
Background
Editorial Special Topic: Enhancing Brain and Cognition Through Cognitive Training
Jaeggi, S. M., Karbach, J., & Strobach, T. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0057-9 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
The effects of working memory training on improving fluid intelligence of children during early childhood
Peng, J., Mo, L., Huang, P., & Zhou, Y. (2017) · Cognitive Development · doi:10.1016/j.cogdev.2017.05.006 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Cognition in Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery Research: Consensus-Based Core Recommendations From the Second Stroke Recovery and Rehabilitation Roundtable
McDonald, M. W., Black, S. E., Copland, D. A., Corbett, D., Dijkhuizen, R. M., Farr, T. D., Jeffers, M. S., Kalaria, R. N., Karayanidis, F., Leff, A. P., et al. (2019) · Neurorehabilitation and neural repair · doi:10.1177/1545968319886444 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Working Memory Training Revisited: A Multi-Level Meta-Analysis of N-back Training Studies
(2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/fvyra · Cited by 346 · see citing works
Can we enhance working memory? Bias and effectiveness in cognitive training studies
Rodas, J. A., Asimakopoulou, A. A., & Greene, C. M. (2024) · Psychonomic Bulletin & Review · doi:10.3758/s13423-024-02466-8 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“…is to include only WM training programmes (i.e., Melby-Lervåg et al., 2016; Pappa et al., 2020; Schwaighofer et al., 2015; Soveri et al., 2017; Weicker et al., 2016)—that is, training programmes based on tasks primarily loading on WM, such as n -back, complex span, running span, or updating…”
Background
WOME: Theory-Based Working Memory Training — A Placebo-Controlled, Double-Blind Evaluation in Older Adults
Weicker, J., Hudl, N., Frisch, S., Lepsien, J., Mueller, K., Villringer, A., & Thöne-Otto, A. I. T. (2018) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2018.00247 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Self-citation
Context matters: A review to formulate a conceptual framework for coaching as a disability accommodation
Doyle, N., & McDowall, A. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0199408 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
“35, [86]), indicating a trend towards similar levels of improvement for cognitive measures of WM resulting from a face-to-face intervention compared to computerized delivery protocols.”
Background
Flow experience enhances the effectiveness of attentional training: A pilot randomized controlled trial of patients with attention deficits after traumatic brain injury
Yoshida, K., Ogawa, K., Mototani, T., Inagaki, Y., Sawamura, D., Ikoma, K., & Sakai, S. (2018) · Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.3233/nre-172396 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
“According to a recent meta-analysis and systematic review, the effect size of attentional training for patients after TBI was estimated to be small to medium (Virk et al., 2015; Hallock et al., 2016; Weicker et al., 2016).”
Are training and transfer effects of working memory updating training modulated by achievement motivation?
Zhao, X., Xu, Y., Fu, J., & Maes, J. H. R. (2017) · Memory & Cognition · doi:10.3758/s13421-017-0773-5 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Effects of Working Memory Training on Children’s Memory and Academic Performance: the Role of Training Task Features and Trainee’s Characteristics
Studer-Luethi, B., Törmänen, M. R. K., Margelisch, K., Hogrefe, A. B., & Perrig, W. J. (2022) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-022-00242-x · Cited by 19 · see citing works
“It is in line with meta-analyses demonstrating transfer effects to WM measures (near transfer; e.g., Soveri et al., 2017; Weicker et al., 2016).”
Result
Personalized cognitive training: Protocol for individual-level meta-analysis implementing machine learning methods
Shani, R., Tal, S., Derakshan, N., Cohen, N., Enock, P. M., McNally, R. J., Mor, N., Daches, S., Williams, A. D., Yiend, J., et al. (2021) · Journal of Psychiatric Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2021.03.043 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Exploring Individual Differences as Predictors of Performance Change During Dual-N-Back Training
Ørskov, P. T., Norup, A., Beatty, E. L., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-021-00216-5 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Multisensory Facilitation of Working Memory Training
Pahor, A., Collins, C., Smith-Peirce, R. N., Moon, A., Stavropoulos, T., Silva, I., Peng, E., Jaeggi, S. M., & Seitz, A. R. (2021) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-020-00196-y · Cited by 17 · see citing works
(un)great expectations: The role of placebo effects in cognitive training.
Tsai, N., Buschkuehl, M., Kamarsu, S., et al. (2018) · Journal of Applied Research in Memory and Cognition · doi:10.1037/h0101826 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Difficulty factors for VR cognitive rehabilitation training – Crossing a virtual road
Wagner, S., Joeres, F., Gabele, M., Hansen, C., Preim, B., & Saalfeld, P. (2019) · Computers & Graphics · doi:10.1016/j.cag.2019.06.009 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Social Functioning of Childhood Cancer Survivors after Computerized Cognitive Training: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Mendoza, L., Ashford, J. M., Willard, V. W., Clark, K. N., Martin-Elbahesh, K., Hardy, K. K., Merchant, T. E., Jeha, S., Wang, F., Zhang, H., et al. (2019) · Children · doi:10.3390/children6100105 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
“It is a well-researched computerized working memory training program that has been found efficacious in improving attention, working memory, and executive functioning in populations experiencing attention difficulties [33,34].”
Background
Effects of Home-Based Working Memory Training on Visuo-Spatial Working Memory in Parkinson’s Disease: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Giehl, K., Ophey, A., Reker, P., Rehberg, S., Hammes, J., Barbe, M. T., Zokaei, N., Eggers, C., Husain, M., Kalbe, E., et al. (2020) · Journal of Central Nervous System Disease · doi:10.1177/1179573519899469 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Working Memory Training in Adolescents Decreases Laboratory Risk Taking in the Presence of Peers
Rosenbaum, G. M., Botdorf, M., Patrianakos, J. L., Steinberg, L. D., & Chein, J. M. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0045-0 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
iVRoad: Immersive virtual road crossing as an assessment tool for unilateral spatial neglect
Wagner, S., Belger, J., Joeres, F., Thöne-Otto, A. I. T., Hansen, C., Preim, B., & Saalfeld, P. (2021) · Computers & Graphics · doi:10.1016/j.cag.2021.06.013 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citation
Training Change Detection Leads to Substantial Task-Specific Improvement
Buschkuehl, M., Jaeggi, S. M., Mueller, S. T., Shah, P., & Jonides, J. J. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0055-y · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“shown transfer to non-trained variants of WM tasks (e.g., Karbach and Verhaeghen 2014; Soveri et al. 2017; Weicker et al. 2016).”
BackgroundResult
Far-Transfer Effects of Strategy-Based Working Memory Training
Chan, S., Mueller, U., & Masson, M. E. J. (2019) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01285 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
“Independent reviews of training studies have arrived at different conclusions with regard to the effectiveness of WM training (see Klingberg, 2010; Shipstead et al., 2010; Morrison and Chein, 2011; Melby-Lervåg and Hulme, 2013; Karbach and Verhaeghen, 2014; Karr et al., 2014; Au et al., 2015; Melby-Lervåg et al., 2016…”
Background
The effect of high vs. low intensity neuropsychological treatment on working memory in patients with acquired brain injury
Weicker, J., Hudl, N., Hildebrandt, H., Obrig, H., Schwarzer, M., Villringer, A., & Thöne-Otto, A. I. T. (2020) · Brain Injury · doi:10.1080/02699052.2020.1773536 · Cited by 13 · see citing works
“) Conversely, substantial transfer to other cognitive functions is not predicted, since evidence for ‘far’ transfer in the elderly and patients is brittle (11).”
BackgroundMethodSelf-citation
No evidence that working memory training alters gray matter structure: A MRI surface -based analysis
Lawlor‐Savage, L., Clark, C. M., & Goghari, V. M. (2018) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2018.12.008 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Neurophysiological indices of the transfer of cognitive training gains to untrained tasks
Wang, X., & Covey, T. J. (2020) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2020.107205 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Kurzfassung der S2e-Leitlinie „Diagnostik und Therapie von exekutiven Dysfunktionen bei neurologischen Erkrankungen“ (AWMF-030/125)
Müller, S., Klein, T. A., Benke, T., Bohlhalter, S., Hildebrandt, H., Meiling, C., Hucke, B., Münte, T. F., Penner, I., Schwerdtfeger, K., et al. (2020) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000300 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Self-citation
Effects and Ways of Tailored Gamification in Software-Based Training in Cognitive Rehabilitation
Gabele, M., Weicker, J., Wagner, S., Thoms, A., Hußlein, S., & Hansen, C. (2021) · User Modeling, Adaptation, and Personalization · doi:10.1145/3450613.3456828 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“Functionally effective software-based training is used in cognitive rehabilitation after acquired brain injury [68, 70].”
MethodSelf-citation
Transparency in Cognitive Training Meta-analyses: A Meta-review
Sandoval‐Lentisco, A., López‐Nicolás, R., Tortajada, M., López-López, J. A., & Sánchez‐Meca, J. (2024) · Neuropsychology Review · doi:10.1007/s11065-024-09638-2 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
“…2017; Lampit et al., 2014, 2019; Leung et al., 2015), more than 1 session (das Nair et al., 2016; Loetscher et al., 2019; Melby-Lervåg et al., 2016; Weicker et al., 2016), at least 3 sessions (Nguyen et al., 2019), at least 10 sessions (Giustiniani et al., 2022; Scionti et al., 2020), at least 20…”
Working memory, language processing, and implications of malleability for second language acquisition
Tsai, N., Au, J., & Jaeggi, S. M. (2016) · Bilingual processing and acquisition · doi:10.1075/bpa.3.04tsa · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Are Measures of Transfer Effects Missing the Target?
Söderqvist, S., & Nutley, S. B. (2017) · Journal of Cognitive Enhancement · doi:10.1007/s41465-017-0048-x · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Executive functioning in low birth weight children entering kindergarten
Miller, S. E., DeBoer, M. D., & Scharf, R. J. (2017) · Journal of Perinatology · doi:10.1038/jp.2017.147 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The Cognitive and Academic Benefits of Cogmed: A Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Aksaylı, N. D., Sala, G., & Gobet, F. R. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/ygrh3 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Leitlinienbasierte Standards zur Struktur- und Prozessqualität neuropsychologischer Diagnostik und Therapie
Maurer-Karattup, P., Neumann, O., Danneil, W., et al. (2022) · Zeitschrift für Neuropsychologie · doi:10.1024/1016-264x/a000362 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citation
Machine learning meta-analysis identifies individual characteristics moderating cognitive intervention efficacy for anxiety and depression symptoms
Richter, T., Shani, R., Tal, S., Derakshan, N., Cohen, N., Enock, P. M., McNally, R. J., Mor, N., Daches, S., Williams, A. D., et al. (2025) · npj Digital Medicine · doi:10.1038/s41746-025-01449-w · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Predicting cognition after subthalamic Deep Brain Stimulation in Parkinson’s Disease
Kübler, D., Stuke, H., Astalosch, M., et al. (2025) · npj Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.1038/s41531-025-01128-3 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Cognitive Performance and Learning Parameters Predict Response to Working Memory Training in Parkinson’s Disease
Ophey, A., Wenzel, J., Paul, R., Giehl, K., Rehberg, S., Eggers, C., Reker, P., van Eimeren, T., Kalbe, E., & Kambeitz‐Ilankovic, L. (2022) · Journal of Parkinson s Disease · doi:10.3233/jpd-223448 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
A novel digital approach for post-stroke cognitive deficits: a pilot study
Oliveri, M., Bagnato, S., Rizzo, S., Imbornone, E., Giustiniani, A., Catania, A., & Turriziani, P. (2023) · Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience · doi:10.3233/rnn-231305 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
“…that training of functionssubservedbyfrontalcircuitssupportsagen-eralizedimprovementofotherabilitiesindifferent neurologicaldiseases,regardlessofthespeciﬁcpat-ternofbraindamageandofcognitive/impairment (Karbach&Kray,2009;Weickeretal.,2016;Burgio etal.,2018;Nikraveshetal.,2021;Tarantinoetal., 2022).”
Does working memory training enhance intelligence?
Tsubomi, H., Saito, S., Osaka, M., & Osaka, N. (2019) · The Japanese journal of psychology · doi:10.4992/jjpsy.90.18402 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Computer-Assisted Cognitive Remediation in Schizophrenia: Efficacy of an Individualized vs. Generic Exercise Plan
Bossert, M., Westermann, C., Schilling, T. M., Weisbrod, M., Roesch-Ely, D., & Aschenbrenner, S. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.555052 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Interpreting pediatric intelligence tests: a framework from evidence-based medicine
Freeman, A. J., & Chen, Y. (2019) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-802203-0.00003-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Reliability, sensitivity and predictive value of fMRI during multiple object tracking as a marker of cognitive training gain in combination with tDCS in stroke survivorsPreprint
Kolskår, K. K., Richard, G., Alnæs, D., Dørum, E. S., Sanders, A., Ulrichsen, K. M., Sánchez, J. M., Ihle‐Hansen, H., Nordvik, J. E., & Westlye, L. T. (2019) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/603985 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
“Our results revealed significant improvement on all included tasks from the training program, in line with previous reports (Spencer-Smith and Klingberg, 2015; Westerberg et al., 2007).”
Result
基于手机APP的双维n-back训练的认知与情绪效益
Pan, D., Daotuan, W. A. N. G., & Li, X. (2018) · Acta Psychologica Sinica · doi:10.3724/sp.j.1041.2018.01105 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
The Effects of a Novel Treatment for Hemianopic Dyslexia on Reading, Symptom Load, and Return to Work
Kerkhoff, G., & Kraft, A. (2024) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci14030259 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
“Return to work or its failure is an important aspect of participation that has been neglected up to now in many therapy studies with VFD patients [32] or those suffering from visual neglect [51].”
Background
Working Memory Training Does Not Enhance Older Adults’ Cognitive Skills: A Comprehensive Meta-AnalysisPreprint
Sala, G., Aksaylı, N. D., Semir, K., et al. (2018) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/5frzb · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Cognition-oriented treatments for older adults: A systematic overview of systematic reviewsPreprint
Gavelin, H. M., Lampit, A., Hallock, H., Sabatés, J., & Bahar‐Fuchs, A. (2019) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/y5f89 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Brain optimization with additional study time: potential brain differences between high- and low-performance college students
Xu, Z., Zhang, P., Tu, M., Zhang, M., & Lai, Y. (2023) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1209881 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
“This is most prominently demonstrated in working memory tasks, where functional training has been shown to enhance the brain’s working memory capacity (Weicker et al., 2016).”
Background
Investigation of a Model-Based Working Memory Training With and Without Distractor Inhibition and Its Comparative Efficacy: A Randomized Controlled Trial on Healthy Old Adults
Zuber, P., Geiter, E., de Quervain, D. J. ‐., & Magon, S. (2021) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2021.682474 · Cited by 6 · see citing works

Working Memory Training in Norwegian Children with Cerebral Palsy (CP) Show Minimal Evidence of Near and No Far Transfer Effects
Beneventi, H., Løhaugen, G. C. C., Andersen, G. L., Sundberg, C., Østgård, H., Bakkan, E., Walther, G., Vik, T., & Skranes, J. (2023) · Developmental Neurorehabilitation · doi:10.1080/17518423.2023.2259985 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Reviewing working memory training gains in healthy older adults: A meta-analytic review of transfer for cognitive outcomes
Teixeira-Santos, A. C., Moreira, C. S., Magalhães, R., Magalhães, C., Pereira, D. R., Leite, J., Carvalho, S., & Sampaio, A. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.05.009 · Cited by 87 · see citing works
Cognitive and Linguistic Effects of Working Memory Training in Children With Corresponding Deficits
Pauls, L. J., & Archibald, L. M. D. (2022) · Frontiers in Education · doi:10.3389/feduc.2021.812760 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
The effectiveness of working memory training with individuals with intellectual disabilities – a meta-analytic review
Danielsson, H., Zottarel, V., Palmqvist, L., & Lanfranchi, S. (2015) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01230 · Cited by 56 · see citing works
Does working memory training lead to generalized improvements in children with low working memory? A randomized controlled trial
Dunning, D. L., Holmes, J., & Gathercole, S. E. (2013) · Developmental Science · doi:10.1111/desc.12068 · Cited by 228 · see citing works

Authors: Weicker, J., Villringer, A., & Thöne-Otto, A.
Affiliations: Max Planck Society (DE)
Leipzig University (DE)
ORCID: Weicker, Juliane
Villringer, Arno
Thöne-Otto, Angelika
Venue: Neuropsychology
Publisher: American Psychological Association (APA)
Published: 2016
Volume: 30
Issue: 2
Pages: 190-212
ISSN: 0894-4105 (ISSN-L)
1931-1559
DOI: 10.1037/neu0000227
OpenAlex: W1618038909
Semantic Scholar: 1016f832cb994fa36bd96a515015eb5bacbd71e9
Cited by: 147
References: 164
Citations by year: 2026: 2 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 10 · 2021: 17 · 2020: 16 · 2019: 27 · 2018: 20 · 2017: 21 · 2016: 9 · 2015: 1
FWCI: 25.60
Type: journal article
Language: en
Open access: green
ul.qucosa.de
Licence: cc-by-nc-nd
Locations: Neuropsychology (publishedVersion)
PubMed (publishedVersion)
MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion)
Qucosa (Saxon State and University Library Dresden) (submittedVersion, cc-by-nc-nd)
Funders: German Max Planck Society
Topics: Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Abilities and Testing
Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Cognitive Functions and Memory
Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
Keywords: working memory training, working memory, brain injury, acquired brain injury, cognitive rehabilitation, transfer effects, cognitive control, attention, long-term memory, training sessions
MeSH terms: Attention, Brain Injuries, Humans, Intelligence, Learning, Memory, Short-Term, Thinking, Memory, Long-Term

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Can impaired working memory functioning be improved by training? A meta-analysis with a special focus on brain injured patients.

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