The Kids and Teens at School (KiTeS) framework: An inclusive bioecological systems approach to understanding school absenteeism and school attendance problems.
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The Warnock report was instrumental in highlighting the need to individualise educational supports for children and adolescents with disabilities in order to foster optimal educational outcomes. When children and adolescents are absent from school or experience school attendance problems, their educational outcomes are jeopardized as is their social and emotional development. Proximal and distal individual, parental, familial, and environmental factors have been implicated in the development and maintenance of absenteeism and school attendance problems. The complex interaction amongst these factors calls for a multifactorial approach to understanding the development of school attendance problems. The current paper presents a bioecological systems framework for examining risk factors for school absenteeism and school attendance problems among all school-aged students. The framework aims to identify the concurrent influence of factors across multiple contexts such as home, school, and society. We propose candidate factors of particular relevance to school attendance problems in school age students, and organise them in a bioecological systems framework, known as the Kids and Teens at School (KiTeS) framework. The framework is inclusive of students with and without disabilities and provides a guiding structure to researchers aiming to improve understanding of the factors that influence absenteeism and school attendance problems.
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The role of complex systems and processes in adolescents' educational experience and social-emotional development has not been well represented in attendance research.
“the role of complex systems and processes in adolescents' educational experience and social-emotional development has not been well represented in attendance research”
From “So That You Can Feel Well”: Perspectives of Students with Social, Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties on Factors that Support School Attendance (2025) · cites this paper as Melvin et al., 2019
The Abstract and Conclusion say that interacting factors require a multifactorial approach to absenteeism and that the KiTeS framework aims to guide such research. The Introduction also links school attendance to youths’ social-emotional development. The paper does not, however, establish the broader claim that complex systems and processes in adolescents’ educational and social-emotional development have generally been poorly represented in attendance research. (LLM, conf=0.78)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredSAPs are understood as a systemic, multidimensional phenomenon, influenced by the dynamic interplay of proximal and distal risk and protective factors across ecological systems.
“Along these lines, SAPs are understood as systemic, multidimensional phenomenon, influenced by the dynamic interplay of proximal and distal risk and protective factors across ecological systems (Gren Landell, 2021;Melvin et al., 2019).”
From Their voices matter: student and professional perspectives on overcoming school attendance problems in the context of social, emotional, and behavioral difficulties (2025) · cites this paper as Melvin et al., 2019
School attendance problems are a complex, multidimensional phenomenon in which a variety of proximal and distal risk and protective factors interact across individual, school, peer, societal, and cultural domains.
“SAPs are understood as a complex, multidimensional phenomenon in which a variety of proximal and distal risk and protective factors interact across individual, school, peer, societal, and cultural domains”
From “So That You Can Feel Well”: Perspectives of Students with Social, Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties on Factors that Support School Attendance (2025) · cites this paper as Melvin et al., 2019
The development of school attendance problems is explained by interrelations between the student and the ecological environment.
“Drawing on Bronfenbrenner's bioecological theory (2005), the development of SAPs is explained by interrelations between the student and the ecological environment”
From “So That You Can Feel Well”: Perspectives of Students with Social, Emotional and Behavioral Difficulties on Factors that Support School Attendance (2025) · cites this paper as Melvin et al., 2019
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“…established term " School Attendance Problems " (SAPs) covers a wide spectrum of school attendance behaviors along a continuum, ranging from stress before or during school, tardiness, sporadic and periodic absences from classes or school, to chronic absenteeism (Heyne, 2019; Kearney, 2016, 2021).”
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- Authors
- Melvin, G. A., Heyne, D., Gray, K. M., Hastings, R. P., Totsika, V., Tonge, B. J., & Freeman, M. M.
- Affiliations
- Deakin University (AU)
- Leiden University (NL)
- University of Warwick (GB)
- Monash Health (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Melvin, Glenn A.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Education
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-06-28
- Volume
- 4
- ISSN
- 2504-284X (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2950900536
- Cited by
- 141
- References
- 16
- Citations by year
- 2026: 28 · 2025: 33 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 17 · 2022: 23 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 27.01
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Education (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Leiden Repository (Leiden University) (submittedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Own your potential (DEAKIN) (submittedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Figshare (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Data Archiving and Networked Services (DANS) (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Funders
- Australian Research Council (DP160101142)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Education › Youth Substance Use and School Attendance
- Health Sciences › Health Professions › Speech and Hearing › School Health and Nursing Education
- Social Sciences › Education › Parental Involvement in Education
- Keywords
- school absenteeism, school attendance problems, children and adolescents, students with disabilities, risk factors, Warnock Report, educational outcomes, social-emotional development
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