Plasma levels of myonectin but not myostatin or fibroblast-derived growth factor 21 are associated with insulin resistance in adult humans without diabetes mellitus
Open accessAbstract
Background: Myokines are a group of protein mediators produced by skeletal muscle under stress or physical exertion. Even though their discovery and effects in cell culture and animal models of disease have elicited great enthusiasm, very little is known about their role in human metabolism. We assessed whether plasma concentrations of three known myokines (myonectin, myostatin and fibroblast-derived growth factor 21 [FGF-21]) would be associated with direct and indirect indicators of insulin resistance (IR) in individuals who did not have a diagnosis of diabetes. Methods We studied 81 adults of both sexes comprising a wide range of body adiposity and insulin sensitivity. All participants underwent a thorough clinical assessment and a 5-point oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) with calculation of multiple IR and insulin sensitivity indices. Twenty-one of them additionally underwent a hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp with determination of steady-state whole-body insulin-stimulated glucose disposal (“M”). We compared plasma myokine concentrations across quartiles of IR indices and clinical IR surrogates, and explored the correlation of each myokine with the M value. Results Plasma myonectin levels increased monotonically across quartiles of the incremental area under the insulin curve (iAUCins, higher values indicate more insulin resistance) (p-trend=0.021) and decreased monotonically across quartiles of the insulin sensitivity index (ISI – higher values indicate less insulin resistance) (p-trend=0.012). After multivariate adjustment for other relevant determinants of IR (body-mass index, age, and sex), the negative association of myonectin with ISI persisted (standardized beta= -0.235, p=0.023). Myostatin was not associated with any clinical IR indicator or direct IR index measure. In multivariate analyses, FGF-21 showed a trend toward a positive correlation with glucose disposal that did not reach statistical significance (standardized beta=0.476, p=0.091). Conclusion The secretion of myonectin may constitute an attempt at a compensatory mechanism against IR in humans.
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Myonectin (CTRP15) is a new myokine found as a protein typical of fatty acid metabolism in response to exercise.
“Myonectin, also known as C1q/TNF-related protein 15 (CTRP15), is a new myokine recently found as a protein typical of fatty acid metabolism in response to exercise (Seldin et al., 2012; Toloza et al., 2018)”
From Physical Exercise-Induced Myokines and Muscle-Adipose Tissue Crosstalk: A Review of Current Knowledge and the Implications for Health and Metabolic Diseases (2018) · cites this paper as Toloza et al., 2018
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“Toloza et al. (2018) demonstrated in their study with 81 adults that the secretion of myonectin as a compensatory mechanism against insulin resistance might increase.”
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“These suggested myonectin might serve as a potential biomarker for metabolic diseases such as T2DM (Li, Xu, et al. 2018; Toloza et al. 2018).”
Muthukrishnan, R., Alzaabi, A. M. M. A., Ismail, M., Kandakurthi, P. K., Durairaj, S., Sukumar, S., & Gopal, K. (2025) · Journal of Medicine and Life · doi:10.25122/jml-2024-0277 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Qi, D. E. N. G., Huang, J., Wang, C., & Liang, J. (2026) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms27062746 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
“Plasma myonectin levels correlate positively with insulin resistance, and myonectin secretion may serve as a compensatory mechanism for insulin resistance in humans [133].”
Kim, M., Zhang, H., Kim, T.-H., Mori, Y., Okura, T., Tanaka, K., Isobe, T., Sakae, T., & Oh, S. (2023) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph20064708 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“FGF21 and myostatin, myokine factors, are known to be associated with obesity and insulin resistance [27].”
BackgroundAzadi, S. M., Shateri, H., Mohammadi, M. R., Fadaei, R., Sajedi, F., & Ziamajidi, N. (2021) · Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders · doi:10.1007/s40200-021-00892-2 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“In line with our finding, only the CTRP15 member has positively correlated with insulin resistance [27].”
BackgroundCampolo, J., Corradi, E., Parolini, M., Guglielmo, M. L. D., Rizzardi, A., Dellanoce, C., Tarlarini, P., Cattaneo, M., Scioscioli, E., Trivella, M. G., et al. (2021) · Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity · doi:10.1155/2021/9713582 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“[40] who observed no association between myostatin and any clinical IR indicator or direct IR index measure in both genders over a wide range of adiposity.”
BackgroundCirculating Myonectin and Oxytocin Levels in Pediatric Obesity: A Comparative Study
Büyükinan, M., Can, Ü., Bağcı, Z., & Akdu, S. (2026) · Children · doi:10.3390/children13030401 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
“In adult studies, variable associations between myonectin levels and insulin resistance have been reported [25,26].”
Mohamed, M., Shabanah, M., Samir, S. M., Gad, G. E. M., & Elserougy, H. G. (2020) · Bulletin of Egyptian Society for Physiological Sciences · doi:10.21608/besps.2020.29480.1058
“Here, the significant increase in plasma irisin levels could be explained by effect of exercise which induces peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator 1 α (PGC-1α) gene expression that promotes FNDC5 expression leading to splicing of FNDC5 to irisin (4…”
BackgroundMetformin Effects on Blood Levels of Myonectin in Polycystic Ovarian Women
Allow, S., & Sarhat, E. R. (2023) · South Asian Research Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences · doi:10.36346/sarjps.2023.v05i03.005
Exerkines in precision management of metabolic diseases
Jin, L., Lin, Y., Zheng, Y., Wang, A., Liao, P., Luo, Y., Sui, Z., Ni, X., Zhang, J., Shen, Q., et al. (2026) · Chinese Medical Journal · doi:10.1097/cm9.0000000000004200
- Authors
- Toloza, F. J. K., Mantilla-Rivas, J. O., Pérez-Matos, M. C., Ricardo-Silgado, M. L., Morales-Alvarez, M. C., Pinzón-Cortés, J. A., Pérez-Mayorga, M., Arévalo-Garcia, M. L., Tolosa-González, G., & Mendivil, C. O.
- Affiliations
- Universidad de Los Andes (CO)
- Universidad Militar Nueva Granada (CO)
- Fundación Santa Fe de Bogotá (CO)
- Corresponding author
- Mendivil, Carlos O.
- ORCID
- Venue
- Frontiers in Endocrinology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2018-01-31
- Volume
- 9
- Pages
- 5-5
- ISSN
- 1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5797732
- OpenAlex
- W2790873868
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 36
- Citations by year
- 2026: 3 · 2025: 3 · 2024: 3 · 2023: 5 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 6 · 2020: 4 · 2019: 11 · 2018: 2
- FWCI
- 4.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Locations
- Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Greater South Information System
- Funders
- Departamento Administrativo de Ciencia, Tecnología e Innovación (691 of 2014)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Fibroblast Growth Factor Research
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism › Diabetes, Cardiovascular Risks, and Lipoproteins
- Keywords
- myonectin, myostatin, myokines, insulin resistance, insulin sensitivity, insulin-stimulated glucose disposal, hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, oral glucose tolerance test, skeletal muscle, compensatory mechanisms
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