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Cited by 72Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicalsAdipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic DiseasesToxic Organic Pollutants Impact

Obesogens: How They Are Identified and Molecular Mechanisms Underlying Their Action

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Mohajer, Nicole, Du, Chrislyn Y., Checkcinco, Christian, Blumberg, Bruce·2021·Frontiers in Endocrinology
DOI 10.3389/fendo.2021.780888PMC PMC8655100
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Abstract

Adult and childhood obesity have reached pandemic level proportions. The idea that caloric excess and insufficient levels of physical activity leads to obesity is a commonly accepted answer for unwanted weight gain. This paradigm offers an inconclusive explanation as the world continually moves towards an unhealthier and heavier existence irrespective of energy balance. Endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) are chemicals that resemble natural hormones and disrupt endocrine function by interfering with the body’s endogenous hormones. A subset of EDCs called obesogens have been found to cause metabolic disruptions such as increased fat storage, in vivo. Obesogens act on the metabolic system through multiple avenues and have been found to affect the homeostasis of a variety of systems such as the gut microbiome and adipose tissue functioning. Obesogenic compounds have been shown to cause metabolic disturbances later in life that can even pass into multiple future generations, post exposure. The rising rates of obesity and related metabolic disease are demanding increasing attention on chemical screening efforts and worldwide preventative strategies to keep the public and future generations safe. This review addresses the most current findings on known obesogens and their effects on the metabolic system, the mechanisms of action through which they act upon, and the screening efforts through which they were identified with. The interplay between obesogens, brown adipose tissue, and the gut microbiome are major topics that will be covered.

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  • Evidence from epidemiological, molecular toxicology and animal studies provides compelling evidence of adverse developmental effects and transgenerational toxicity of EDC.

    “Although it is impossible to perform experimental studies in humans, evidence from epidemiological, molecular toxicology and animal studies provide compelling evidence of adverse developmental effects and transgenerational toxicity [172,190,192,199].”

    From Polycystic Ovary Syndrome: An Evolutionary Adaptation to Lifestyle and the Environment (2022) · cites this paper as [199]

    The Sexual Dimorphisms section reports human cohort associations between prenatal EDC exposure and later adiposity, alongside transgenerational metabolic effects in animal studies. The Conclusion describes epigenomic and metabolic effects through the F4 generation as “generational toxicity.” These passages support developmental and transgenerational effects of obesogenic EDCs, but not the claim’s broader implication of adverse developmental effects and transgenerational toxicity across EDCs generally. (LLM, conf=0.85)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Environmental pollutants might also contribute to obesity, although those mechanisms are largely undefined.

    “Environmental pollutants might also contribute to obesity, although those mechanisms are largely undefined.82,83”

    From Definition and diagnostic criteria of clinical obesity (2025) · cites this paper as [83]

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200 of 223 shown

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Mohajer, N., Du, C. Y., Checkcinco, C., & Blumberg, B.
Affiliations
University of California, Irvine (US)
Corresponding author
Blumberg, Bruce
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Endocrinology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-11-25
Volume
12
Pages
780888-780888
ISSN
1664-2392 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fendo.2021.780888
PMC
PMC8655100
OpenAlex
W3216024101
Cited by
72
References
10
Citations by year
2026: 18 · 2025: 9 · 2024: 21 · 2023: 15 · 2022: 8 · 2021: 1
FWCI
1.07
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Endocrinology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • eScholarship (California Digital Library) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
Funders
U.S. Public Health Service (2R01 ES023316, 1R01 ES031139)
Topics
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Effects and risks of endocrine disrupting chemicals
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Epidemiology › Adipokines, Inflammation, and Metabolic Diseases
  • Physical Sciences › Environmental Science › Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis › Toxic Organic Pollutants Impact
Keywords
obesogens, endocrine disruptors, obesity, mechanism of action, brown adipose tissue, gut microbiota, adipose tissue, transgenerational effects, compound screening, metabolic disruption, fat deposition
MeSH terms
Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Adipose Tissue, Animals, Environmental Exposure, Environmental Pollutants, Humans, Obesity, Sweetening Agents, Adipogenesis, Endocrine Disruptors

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