Gut microbiota: Role in pathogen colonization, immune responses, and inflammatory disease
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Summary: The intestinal tract of mammals is colonized by a large number of microorganisms including trillions of bacteria that are referred to collectively as the gut microbiota. These indigenous microorganisms have co‐evolved with the host in a symbiotic relationship. In addition to metabolic benefits, symbiotic bacteria provide the host with several functions that promote immune homeostasis, immune responses, and protection against pathogen colonization. The ability of symbiotic bacteria to inhibit pathogen colonization is mediated via several mechanisms including direct killing, competition for limited nutrients, and enhancement of immune responses. Pathogens have evolved strategies to promote their replication in the presence of the gut microbiota. Perturbation of the gut microbiota structure by environmental and genetic factors increases the risk of pathogen infection, promotes the overgrowth of harmful pathobionts, and the development of inflammatory disease. Understanding the interaction of the microbiota with pathogens and the immune system will provide critical insight into the pathogenesis of disease and the development of strategies to prevent and treat inflammatory disease.
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The taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota changes throughout the gastrointestinal tract according to nutrient availability, mucus structure, pH and oxygen availability.
“The taxonomic composition of the gut microbiota changes throughout the gastrointestinal tract, according to nutrient availability, mucus structure, pH and oxygen availability [1–6].”
From Role of the gut microbiota in nutrient competition and protection against intestinal pathogen colonization (2023) · cites this paper as [4]
The influence of gut microbiota on host immunity is multifaceted, simultaneously regulating the gut mucosal immune system and the systemic immune system.
“The influence of gut microbiota on host immunity is multifaceted, simultaneously regulating the gut mucosal immune system and systemic immune system (Fig. 2d) [307–310].”
From Combination strategies with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade: current advances and future directions (2022) · cites this paper as [307]
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- Authors
- Pickard, J. M., Zeng, M. Y., Caruso, R., & Núñez, G.
- Affiliations
- University of Michigan (US)
- Corresponding author
- Núñez, Gabriel
- Venue
- Immunological Reviews
- Publisher
- Wiley
- Published
- 2017-08-30
- Volume
- 279
- Issue
- 1
- Pages
- 70-89
- ISSN
- 0105-2896 (ISSN-L)
- 1600-065X
- PMC
- PMC5657496
- OpenAlex
- W2751128104
- Cited by
- 1,699
- References
- 231
- Citations by year
- 2026: 156 · 2025: 259 · 2024: 266 · 2023: 250 · 2022: 300 · 2021: 206 · 2020: 144 · 2019: 80 · 2018: 28 · 2017: 6
- FWCI
- 6.60
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Immunological Reviews (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (acceptedVersion)
- PubMed Central (acceptedVersion)
- Deep Blue (University of Michigan) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institutes of Health (T32HL007517, 5P30DK034933, T32DK094775, DK091191, DK095782)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Dentistry › Periodontics › Oral microbiology and periodontitis research
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, pathogen colonization, immune homeostasis, immune response, inflammatory diseases, host-microbe symbiosis, pathogen evasion, nutrient competition, pathobionts, dysbiosis
- MeSH terms
- Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Homeostasis, Humans, Immunity, Inflammation, Intestinal Mucosa, Symbiosis, Inflammatory Bowel Diseases, Dysbiosis
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