Gut Microbiota Interventions With Clostridium butyricum and Norfloxacin Modulate Immune Response in Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Mice
Open accessAbstract
Gut microbiota has been proposed as an important environmental factor which can intervene and modulate CNS autoimmunity. Here, we altered the composition of gut flora with C. butyricum and norfloxacin in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of Multiple sclerosis. We found that appropriate C. butyricum (5.0×106 CFU/mL intragastrically/daily, staring at weaning period of age) and norfloxacin (5 mg/kg intragastrically/daily, one week prior to EAE induction) treatment could both ameliorate EAE although there are obvious differences in gut microbiota composition between these two interventions. C. butyricum increased while norfloxacin decreased the abundance and diversity of the gut microbiota in EAE mice, and both of the treatments decreased firmicutes/bacteroidetes ratio. In the genus level, C. butyricum treatment increased the abundance of Prevotella while Akkermansia and Allobaculum increased in norfloxacin treatment. Moreover, both interventions reduced Desulfovibroneceae and Ruminococcus species. Although the discrepancy in the gut microbiota composition with the two interventions, C. butyricum and norfloxacin treatment both reduced Th17 response and increased Treg response in the gastrointestinal tract and extra-gastrointestinal organ systems in EAE mice. And the reduced activity of p38 MARK and JNK signaling in spinal cord could be observed in the two interventions. The results suggested that manipulation of gut microbiota interventions should consider many factors such as timing, duration and dosage. The discrepancy in the composition and the similar protective T cells response of C. butyricum and norfloxacin imply that achieving intestinal microecology balance by promoting and/or stimulating the gut microbiota contribute to the well-being of immune response in EAE mice.
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Claims other papers make about this one
Each is checked against this paper’s own text: does it say what the citing paper says it does?
Bacteria belonging to the Clostridia family contribute to the suppression of pathological autoimmunity.
“Bacteria belonging to the Clostridia family contribute to the suppression of pathological autoimmunity (134, 139–143).”
From The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology (2020) · cites this paper as [143]
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Cites
QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data
Caporaso, J. G., Kuczynski, J., Stombaugh, J., Bittinger, K., Bushman, F. D., Costello, E. K., Fierer, N., Peña, A. G., Goodrich, J. K., Gordon, J. I., et al. (2010) · Nature Methods · doi:10.1038/nmeth.f.303 · Cited by 34,887 · see citing works
Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation
Segata, N., Izard, J., Waldron, L., Gevers, D., Miropolsky, L., Garrett, W. S., & Huttenhower, C. (2011) · Genome Biology · doi:10.1186/gb-2011-12-6-r60 · Cited by 16,192 · see citing works
Human gut microbes associated with obesity
Ley, R. E., Turnbaugh, P. J., Klein, S., & Gordon, J. I. (2006) · Nature · doi:10.1038/4441022a · Cited by 8,785 · see citing works
Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes
Wu, G. D., Chen, J., Hoffmann, C., Bittinger, K., Chen, Y.-Y., Keilbaugh, S. A., Bewtra, M., Knights, D., Walters, W. A., Knight, R., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1208344 · Cited by 6,513 · see citing works
Obesity alters gut microbial ecology
Ley, R. E., Bäckhed, F., Turnbaugh, P., Lozupone, C. A., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I. (2005) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.0504978102 · Cited by 6,176 · see citing works
Smith, P. M., Howitt, M. R., Panikov, N., Michaud, M., Gallini, C. A., Bohlooly-Y, M., Glickman, J. N., & Garrett, W. S. (2013) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1241165 · Cited by 5,413 · see citing works
Everard, A., Belzer, C., Geurts, L., Ouwerkerk, J. P., Druart, C., Bindels, L. B., Guiot, Y., Derrien, M., Muccioli, G. G., Delzenne, N. M., et al. (2013) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1219451110 · Cited by 4,511 · see citing works
Induction of Colonic Regulatory T Cells by Indigenous <i>Clostridium</i> Species
Atarashi, K., Tanoue, T., Shima, T., Imaoka, A., Kuwahara, T., Momose, Y., Cheng, G., Yamasaki, S., Saito, T., Ohba, Y., et al. (2011) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.1198469 · Cited by 3,752 · see citing works
Ivanov, I. I., Frutos, R. D. L., Manel, N., Yoshinaga, K., Rifkin, D. B., Sartor, R. B., Finlay, B. B., & Littman, D. R. (2008) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.09.009 · Cited by 1,770 · see citing works
MAP Kinases in the Immune Response
Dong, C., Davis, R. J., & Flavell, R. A. (2002) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev.immunol.20.091301.131133 · Cited by 1,660 · see citing works
Worlds within worlds: evolution of the vertebrate gut microbiota
Ley, R. E., Lozupone, C., Hamady, M., Knight, R. D., & Gordon, J. I. (2008) · Nature Reviews Microbiology · doi:10.1038/nrmicro1978 · Cited by 1,652 · see citing works
Mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis inducing T-cell anergy
Zappia, E., Casazza, S., Pedemonte, E., Benvenuto, F., Bonanni, I., Gerdoni, E., Giunti, D., Ceravolo, A., Cazzanti, F., Frassoni, F., et al. (2005) · Blood · doi:10.1182/blood-2005-04-1496 · Cited by 1,431 · see citing works
Differential regulation and properties of MAPKs
Raman, M., Chen, W., & Cobb, M. H. (2007) · Oncogene · doi:10.1038/sj.onc.1210392 · Cited by 1,430 · see citing works
Sodium chloride drives autoimmune disease by the induction of pathogenic TH17 cells
Kleinewietfeld, M., Manzel, A., Titze, J., Kvakan, H., Yosef, N., Linker, R. A., Muller, D. N., & Hafler, D. A. (2013) · Nature · doi:10.1038/nature11868 · Cited by 1,394 · see citing works
Alterations of the human gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis
Jangi, S., Gandhi, R., Cox, L. M., Li, N., von Glehn, F., Yan, R., Patel, B., Mazzola, M. A., Liu, S., Glanz, B. L., et al. (2016) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms12015 · Cited by 1,307 · see citing works
Ganoderma lucidum reduces obesity in mice by modulating the composition of the gut microbiota
Chang, C., Lin, C.-S., Lu, C., Martel, J., Ko, Y., Ojcius, D. M., Tseng, S., Wu, T.-R., Chen, Y. M., Young, J. D., et al. (2015) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/ncomms8489 · Cited by 1,251 · see citing works
The changing demographic pattern of multiple sclerosis epidemiology
Koch-Henriksen, N., & Sørensen, P. S. (2010) · The Lancet Neurology · doi:10.1016/s1474-4422(10)70064-8 · Cited by 1,191 · see citing works
Anhê, F. F., Roy, D., Pilon, G., Dudonné, S., Matamoros, S., Varin, T. V., Garofalo, C., Moine, Q., Desjardins, Y., Levy, E., et al. (2015) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2014-307142 · Cited by 1,137 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis patients have a distinct gut microbiota compared to healthy controls
Chen, J., Chia, N., Kalari, K. R., Yao, J. Z., Novotna, M., Paz Soldan, M. M., Luckey, D. H., Marietta, E. V., Jeraldo, P. R., Chen, X., et al. (2016) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep28484 · Cited by 933 · see citing works
Self-citationDietary fatty acids directly impact central nervous system autoimmunity via the small intestine
Haghikia, A., Jörg, S., Duscha, A., Berg, J., Manzel, A., Waschbisch, A., Hammer, A., Lee, D.-H., May, C., Wilck, N., et al. (2015) · Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.immuni.2015.09.007 · Cited by 927 · see citing works
Role of Gut Commensal Microflora in the Development of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Ochoa-Repáraz, J., Mielcarz, D. W., Ditrio, L. E., Burroughs, A. R., Foureau, D. M., Haque-Begum, S., & Kasper, L. H. (2009) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.0900747 · Cited by 590 · see citing works
Derrien, M., van Baarlen, P., Hooiveld, G. J. E. J., Norin, E. L., Müller, M. M., & de Vos, W. M. (2011) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2011.00166 · Cited by 582 · see citing works
Active induction of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis
Stromnes, I. M., & Goverman, J. M. (2006) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/nprot.2006.285 · Cited by 572 · see citing works
Intermittent Fasting Confers Protection in CNS Autoimmunity by Altering the Gut Microbiota
Cignarella, F., Cantoni, C., Ghezzi, L., Salter, A., Dorsett, Y., Chen, L., Phillips, D., Weinstock, G. M., Fontana, L., Cross, A. H., et al. (2018) · Cell Metabolism · doi:10.1016/j.cmet.2018.05.006 · Cited by 568 · see citing works
Ganesh, B. P., Klopfleisch, R., Loh, G., & Blaut, M. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0074963 · Cited by 522 · see citing works
Ochoa-Repáraz, J., Mielcarz, D. W., Wang, Y., Begum-Haque, S., Dasgupta, S., Kasper, D. L., & Kasper, L. H. (2010) · Mucosal Immunology · doi:10.1038/mi.2010.29 · Cited by 507 · see citing works
Gut microbiota modulation with norfloxacin and ampicillin enhances glucose tolerance in mice
Membrez, M., Blancher, F., Jaquet, M., Bibiloni, R., Cani, P. D., Burcelin, R. G., Corthesy, I., Macé, K., & Chou, C. J. (2008) · The FASEB Journal · doi:10.1096/fj.07-102723 · Cited by 493 · see citing works
Responses of gut microbiota to diet composition and weight loss in lean and obese mice
Ravussin, Y., Koren, O., Spor, A., LeDuc, C., Gutman, R., Stombaugh, J., Knight, R., Ley, R. E., & Leibel, R. L. (2012) · Obesity · doi:10.1038/oby.2011.111 · Cited by 406 · see citing works
Ochoa-Repáraz, J., Mielcarz, D. W., Ditrio, L. E., Burroughs, A. R., Begum-Haque, S., Dasgupta, S., Kasper, D. L., & Kasper, L. H. (2010) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1001443 · Cited by 367 · see citing works
Hayashi, A., Sato, T., Kamada, N., Mikami, Y., Matsuoka, K., Hisamatsu, T., Hibi∥, T., Roers, A., Yagita∥, H., Ohteki, T., et al. (2013) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2013.05.013 · Cited by 331 · see citing works
Chassaing, B., Ley, R. E., & Gewirtz, A. T. (2014) · Gastroenterology · doi:10.1053/j.gastro.2014.08.033 · Cited by 326 · see citing works
Th17 cells in inflammation and autoimmunity
Singh, R. P., Hasan, S., Sharma, S. P., Nagra, S., Yamaguchi, D. T., Wong, D. T., Hahn, B. H., & Hossain, A. (2014) · Autoimmunity Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.autrev.2014.08.019 · Cited by 269 · see citing works
Human Gut-Derived Commensal Bacteria Suppress CNS Inflammatory and Demyelinating Disease
Mangalam, A., Shahi, S. K., Luckey, D., Karau, M., Marietta, E., Luo, N., Choung, R. S., Ju, J., Sompallae, R., Gibson-Corley, K., et al. (2017) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.031 · Cited by 266 · see citing works
NKT Cell-Dependent Amelioration of a Mouse Model of Multiple Sclerosis by Altering Gut Flora
Yokote, H., Miyake, S., Croxford, J. L., Oki, S., Mizusawa, H., & Yamamura, T. (2008) · American Journal Of Pathology · doi:10.2353/ajpath.2008.080622 · Cited by 264 · see citing works
Prevention of antibiotic‐associated diarrhea in children by <i>Clostridium butyricum</i> MIYAIRI
SEKI, H., SHIOHARA, M., MATSUMURA, T., MIYAGAWA, N., TANAKA, M., KOMIYAMA, A., & KURATA, S. (2003) · Pediatrics International · doi:10.1046/j.1442-200x.2003.01671.x · Cited by 253 · see citing works
IL-22 Deficiency Alters Colonic Microbiota To Be Transmissible and Colitogenic
Zenewicz, L. A., Yin, X., Wang, G., Elinav, E., Hao, L., Zhao, L., & Flavell, R. A. (2013) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.1300016 · Cited by 249 · see citing works
Zhu, D., An, X., Chen, Q., Yang, X., Christie, P., Ke, X., Wu, L., & Zhu, Y. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b04292 · Cited by 232 · see citing works
AIEC pathobiont instigates chronic colitis in susceptible hosts by altering microbiota composition
Chassaing, B., Koren, O., Carvalho, F. A., Ley, R. E., & Gewirtz, A. T. (2013) · Gut · doi:10.1136/gutjnl-2013-304909 · Cited by 219 · see citing works
Stinissen, P., Raus, J., & Zhang, J. (1997) · Critical Reviews in Immunology · doi:10.1615/critrevimmunol.v17.i1.20 · Cited by 160 · see citing works
Kanai∥, T., Mikami, Y., & Hayashi, A. (2015) · Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.1007/s00535-015-1084-x · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Chu, F., Shi, M., Lang, Y., Shen, D., Jin, T., Zhu, J., & Cui, L. (2018) · Mediators of Inflammation · doi:10.1155/2018/8168717 · Cited by 159 · see citing works
Wang, Y., Begum-Haque, S., Telesford, K. M., Ochoa‐Repáraz, J., Christy, M., Kasper, E. J., Kasper, D. L., Robson, S. C., & Kasper, L. H. (2014) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.4161/gmic.29797 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Microbiota in autoimmunity and tolerance
Atarashi, K., & Honda, K. (2011) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2011.11.002 · Cited by 115 · see citing works
KUERTEN, S., KOSTOVABALES, D., FRENZEL, L., TIGNO, J., TARYLEHMANN, M., ANGELOV, D., & LEHMANN, P. (2007) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2007.06.016 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
Jia, L., Shan, K., Pan, L., Feng, N., Lv, Z., Sun, Y., Li, J., Wu, C., Zhang, H., Chen, W., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01345 · Cited by 106 · see citing works
Induction of Th17 cells by segmented filamentous bacteria in the murine intestine
Farkas, A. M., Panea, C., Goto, Y., Nakato, G., Galán-Díez, M., Narushima, S., Honda, K., & Ivanov, I. I. (2015) · Journal of Immunological Methods · doi:10.1016/j.jim.2015.03.020 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Outer Membrane Proteome of Veillonella parvula: A Diderm Firmicute of the Human Microbiome
Poppleton, D., Duchateau, M., Hourdel, V., Matondo, M., Flechsler, J., Klingl, A., Beloin, C., & Gribaldo, S. (2017) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2017.01215 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
Zhu, D., Zheng, F., Chen, Q., Yang, X., Christie, P., Ke, X., & Zhu, Y. (2018) · Environmental Science & Technology · doi:10.1021/acs.est.8b02825 · Cited by 88 · see citing works
O’Neill, E. J., Day, M. J., & Wraith, D. C. (2006) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2006.05.030 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Shimbo, I. (2005) · World Journal of Gastroenterology · doi:10.3748/wjg.v11.i47.7520 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
van den Hoogen, W., Laman, J. D., & Hart, B. A. ‘. (2017) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2017.01081 · Cited by 74 · see citing works
Ochoa‐Repáraz, J., Rynda, A., Ascón, M. A., Yang, X., Kochetkova, I., Riccardi, C., Callis, G. M., Trunkle, T., & Pascual, D. W. (2008) · The Journal of Immunology · doi:10.4049/jimmunol.181.2.954 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Ogino, H., Fujii, M., Ono, M., Maezawa, K., Kizu, J., & Hori, S. (2009) · Journal of Infection and Chemotherapy · doi:10.1007/s10156-009-0680-1 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Min, S., Li, L.-S., Zhang, Y., Zhang, Y., Liang, X., Xie, Y., He, Q., Li, Y., Sun, J., Liu, Q., et al. (2012) · Genes and Immunity · doi:10.1038/gene.2012.45 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Zhao‐Ling, S., Ming‐Hua, Z., Chun, W., Hai-xia, W., Meng‐Yun, L., Jian‐Qiong, H., Yue-jie, Z., & Sun, X. (2017) · Respirology · doi:10.1111/resp.12985 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Environmental control of autoimmune inflammation in the central nervous system
Rothhammer, V., & Quintana, F. J. (2016) · Current Opinion in Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.coi.2016.09.002 · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Jiang, Y., Zou, Y., Chen, S., Zhu, C., Wu, A., Liu, Y., Ma, L., Zhu, D., Ma, X., Liu, M., et al. (2013) · Neuropharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.06.023 · Cited by 48 · see citing works
Self-citationSchogor, A. L. B., Huws, S., dos Santos, G. T., Scollan, N. D., Hauck, B. D., Winters, A. L., Kim, E. J., & Petit, H. V. (2014) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0087949 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Molecular Basis of T-cell DifferentiationPreprint
Flavell, R. A., Li, B., Dong, C., Lu, H., Yang, D. D., Enslen, H., Tournier, C., Whitmarsh, A. J., Wysk, M., Conze, D. B., et al. (1999) · Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology · doi:10.1101/sqb.1999.64.563 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Stanisavljević, S., Dinić, M., Jevtić, B., Nikolovski, N., Momčilović, M. B., Đokić, J., Golić, N., Stojković, M. M., & Miljković, D. M. (2018) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2018.00942 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Gómez‐Hurtado, I., Moratalla, A., Moya-Pérez, Á., Peiró, G., Zapater, P., González-Navajas, J. M., Giménez, P., Such, J. M., Sanz, Y., & Francés, R. (2014) · Journal of Hepatology · doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2014.05.031 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gómez‐Hurtado, I., Gimenez, P., García‐Martinez, I., Zapater, P., Francés, R., González-Navajas, J. M., Manichanh, C., Ramos, J. M., Bellot, P., Guarner, F., et al. (2017) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.13551 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Juanola, O., Gómez‐Hurtado, I., Zapater, P., Moratalla, A., Caparrós, E., Piñero, P., González-Navajas, J. M., Giménez, P., Such, J. M., & Francés, R. (2016) · Liver International · doi:10.1111/liv.13172 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Flagged first, then by citations
Cited by
Sorted by citations
The gut-brain axis: how microbiota and host inflammasome influence brain physiology and pathology
Rutsch, A., Kantsjö, J. B., & Ronchi, F. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.604179 · Cited by 821 · see citing works
Butyrate-producing human gut symbiont, Clostridium butyricum , and its role in health and disease
Stoeva, M. K., Garcia-So, J., Justice, N., Myers, J. N., Tyagi, S., Nemchek, M. P., McMurdie, P. J., Kolterman, O., & Eid, J. S. (2021) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.1907272 · Cited by 532 · see citing works
Kim, C. H. (2023) · Cellular & Molecular Immunology · doi:10.1038/s41423-023-00987-1 · Cited by 420 · see citing works
Gut microbial molecules in behavioural and neurodegenerative conditions
Needham, B. D., Kaddurah-Daouk, R., & Mazmanian, S. K. (2020) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41583-020-00381-0 · Cited by 379 · see citing works
Tomita, Y., Ikeda, T., Sakata, S., Saruwatari, K., Sato, R., Iyama, S., Jodai, T., Akaike, K., Ishizuka, S., Saeki, S., et al. (2020) · Cancer Immunology Research · doi:10.1158/2326-6066.cir-20-0051 · Cited by 256 · see citing works
Liu, S., Rezende, R. M., Moreira, T. G., Tankou, S. K., Cox, L. M., Wu, M., Song, A., Dhang, F. H., Wei, Z., Costamagna, G., et al. (2019) · Cell Host & Microbe · doi:10.1016/j.chom.2019.10.008 · Cited by 196 · see citing works
Gut Microbiota, Leaky Gut, and Autoimmune Diseases
Christovich, A., & Luo, X. (2022) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2022.946248 · Cited by 206 · see citing works
The Gut Microbiome in Hypertension
Avery, E. G., Bartolomaeus, H., Maifeld, A., Markó, L., Wiig, H., Wilck, N., Rosshart, S. P., Forslund, S. K., & Müller, D. N. (2021) · Circulation Research · doi:10.1161/circresaha.121.318065 · Cited by 174 · see citing works
Short-chain fatty acids-producing probiotics: A novel source of psychobiotics
Cheng, Y., Liu, J., & Ling, Z. (2021) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2021.1920884 · Cited by 155 · see citing works
The gut ecosystem and immune tolerance
Shao, T., Hsu, R., Rafizadeh, D. L., Wang, L., Bowlus, C. L., Kumar, N., Mishra, J., Timilsina, S., Ridgway, W. M., Gershwin, M. E., et al. (2023) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2023.103114 · Cited by 136 · see citing works
Targeting the gut to treat multiple sclerosis
Ghezzi, L., Cantoni, C., Pinget, G. V., Zhou, Y., & Piccio, L. (2021) · Journal of Clinical Investigation · doi:10.1172/jci143774 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Regulation of common neurological disorders by gut microbial metabolites
Park, J., & Kim, C. H. (2021) · Experimental & Molecular Medicine · doi:10.1038/s12276-021-00703-x · Cited by 120 · see citing works
Probiotics in Treatment of Viral Respiratory Infections and Neuroinflammatory Disorders
Shahbazi, R., Yasavoli‐Sharahi, H., Alsadi, N., Ismail, N., & Matar, C. (2020) · Molecules · doi:10.3390/molecules25214891 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Zheng, M., Ye, H., Yang, X., Shen, L., Dang, X., Liu, X., Gong, Y., Wu, Q., Wang, L., Ge, X., et al. (2023) · Brain Behavior and Immunity · doi:10.1016/j.bbi.2023.11.016 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Guo, B., Zhang, J., Zhang, W., Chen, F., & Liu, B. (2023) · Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition · doi:10.1080/10408398.2023.2272769 · Cited by 84 · see citing works
Lin, X., Liu, Y., Ma, L., Ma, X., Shen, L., Ma, X., Chen, Z., Chen, H., Li, D., Su, Z., et al. (2021) · Journal of Translational Medicine · doi:10.1186/s12967-021-02995-z · Cited by 83 · see citing works
Self-citationClostridium butyricum : a promising probiotic confers positive health benefits in aquatic animals
Tran, N. T., Li, Z., Ma, H., Zhang, Y., Zheng, H., Gong, Y., & Li, S. (2020) · Reviews in Aquaculture · doi:10.1111/raq.12459 · Cited by 76 · see citing works
The Gut Microbiome as a Regulator of the Neuroimmune Landscape
Yu, L. W., Agirman, G., & Hsiao, E. Y. (2022) · Annual Review of Immunology · doi:10.1146/annurev-immunol-101320-014237 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Intestinal Dysbiosis and Tryptophan Metabolism in Autoimmunity
Brown, J., Robusto, B. A., & Morel, L. M. (2020) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2020.01741 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Wang, J., Hou, Y., Mu, L., Yang, M., & Ai, X. (2024) · International Immunopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.intimp.2024.113570 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Gut dysbiosis and multiple sclerosis
Noto, D., & Miyake, S. (2020) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108380 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
Miyamoto, K., Sujino, T., Harada, Y., Ashida, H., Yoshimatsu, Y., Yonemoto, Y., Nemoto, Y., Tomura, M., Melhem, H., Niess, J. H., et al. (2023) · Cell Reports · doi:10.1016/j.celrep.2023.113005 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Jiang, J., Chu, C., Wu, C., Wang, C., Zhang, C., Li, T., Zhai, Q., Yu, L., Tian, F., & Chen, W. (2021) · Food & Function · doi:10.1039/d0fo03203d · Cited by 52 · see citing works
Chen, H., Shen, L., Liu, Y., Ma, X., Long, L., Ma, X., Ma, L., Chen, Z., Lin, X., Si, L., et al. (2021) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2021.628629 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Self-citationBlais, L. L., Montgomery, T. L., Amiel, E., Deming, P. B., & Krementsov, D. N. (2021) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2021.1943289 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
The Evolving Landscape of Fecal Microbial Transplantation
Shao, T., Hsu, R., Hacein-Bey, C., Zhang, W., Gao, L., Kurth, M. J., Zhao, H., Shuai, Z., & Leung, P. S. C. (2023) · Clinical Reviews in Allergy & Immunology · doi:10.1007/s12016-023-08958-0 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Targeting gut microbiota: new therapeutic opportunities in multiple sclerosis
Kujawa, D., Łaczmański, Ł., Budrewicz, S. P., Pokryszko‐Dragan, A., & Podbielska, M. (2023) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2023.2274126 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Role of diet in regulating the gut microbiota and multiple sclerosis
Sanchez, J. M. S., DePaula-Silva, A. B., Libbey, J. E., & Fujinami, R. S. (2020) · Clinical Immunology · doi:10.1016/j.clim.2020.108379 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
Lin, X., Peng, Y., Guo, Z., He, W., Guo, W., Feng, J., Lin, L., Liu, Q., & Xu, P. (2024) · Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences · doi:10.1007/s00018-024-05332-x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationMitigative Effects of Topical Norfloxacin on an Imiquimod-Induced Murine Model of Psoriasis
Salman, H., Shihab, E. M., Hasan, H. K., Abbas, A. H., Khorsheed, S. M., & Fakhri, S. A. (2024) · ACS Pharmacology & Translational Science · doi:10.1021/acsptsci.4c00152 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Chen, H., Chen, Z., Shen, L., Wu, X., Ma, X., Lin, D., Zhang, M., Ma, X., Liu, Y., Wang, Z., et al. (2020) · Cell Death Discovery · doi:10.1038/s41420-020-00309-8 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Self-citationWan, L., Wu, C., Wu, Q. J., Luo, S., Liu, J., & Xie, X. (2022) · Cancer Medicine · doi:10.1002/cam4.4994 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
The second brain: The connection between gut microbiota composition and multiple sclerosis
Farshbafnadi, M., Agah, E., & Rezaei, N. (2021) · Journal of Neuroimmunology · doi:10.1016/j.jneuroim.2021.577700 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Molnár, A., Such, N., Farkas, V., Pál, L., Menyhárt, L., Wágner, L., Húsvéth, F., & Dublecz, K. (2020) · Animals · doi:10.3390/ani10122230 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Zhang, J., Liu, Z., Song, S., Fang, J., Wang, L., Zhao, L., Li, C., Li, W., Byun, H., Guo, L., et al. (2022) · Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety · doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113204 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
A Critical Review on the Role of Probiotics in Lung Cancer Biology and Prognosis
Ashique, S., Mishra, N., Garg, A., Kumar, N., Khan, Z., Mohanto, S., Chellappan, D. K., Farid, A., & Taghizadeh‐Hesary, F. (2024) · Archivos de Bronconeumología · doi:10.1016/j.arbres.2024.04.030 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Meng, J., Liu, J., Chen, D., Kang, J., Huang, Y., Li, D., Duan, Y., & Wang, J. (2020) · International Journal of Molecular Medicine · doi:10.3892/ijmm.2020.4834 · Cited by 26 · see citing works
Luo, W., Li, X., Zhang, C., Shen, K., Li, M., Zhuang, Y., Huo, J., & Wang, W. (2025) · International Journal of Biological Macromolecules · doi:10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2025.141911 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
D’Anca, M., Buccellato, F. R., Tartaglia, G. M., FABBRO, M. D., Muti, P. C., Scarpini, E. A., Galimberti, D., & Ghezzi, L. (2023) · Applied Sciences · doi:10.3390/app13105881 · Cited by 25 · see citing works
Wang, X., Xin, S., Wang, Y., Ju, D., Wu, Q., Qiu, Y., Niu, X., Liu, W., Li, J., & Ji, P. (2021) · Bioengineered · doi:10.1080/21655979.2020.1870321 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis and animal models
Schumacher, S. M., Doyle, W. J., Hill, K., & Ochoa‐Repáraz, J. (2025) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.17161 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Gut flora in multiple sclerosis: implications for pathogenesis and treatment
Zhang, W., Wang, Y., Zhu, M., Liu, K., & Zhang, H. (2023) · Neural Regeneration Research · doi:10.4103/1673-5374.387974 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Kim, J. H., Choi, Y., Lee, S.-M., & Oh, M. S. (2024) · Biomolecules & Therapeutics · doi:10.4062/biomolther.2024.215 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Hoffman, K. R., Brownell, Z., Doyle, W. J., & Ochoa‐Repáraz, J. (2022) · Journal of Autoimmunity · doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2022.102957 · Cited by 20 · see citing works
Ma, X., Ma, L., Wang, Z., Liu, Y., Long, L., Ma, X., Chen, H., Chen, Z., Lin, X., Si, L., et al. (2020) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2020.585977 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationYin, Z., Gong, Y., Liu, Y., He, Y., Yao, C., Huang, W., Mai, K., & Ai, Q. (2022) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu14214504 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Self-citationZhang, X., Song, M., Lv, P., Hao, G., & Sun, S. (2022) · Poultry Science · doi:10.1016/j.psj.2022.102077 · Cited by 19 · see citing works
Nemati, M. H., Yazdanpanah, E., Kazemi, R., Orooji, N., Dadfar, S., Oksenych, V., & Haghmorad, D. (2025) · Biology · doi:10.3390/biology14040435 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Oral Administration of Clostridium butyricum GKB7 Ameliorates Signs of Osteoarthritis in Rats
Chang, S. L., Lin, Y., Liu, S., Tsai, Y., Lin, S.-W., Chen, Y., Chen, C., Ko, C., Chen, H., Chen, W.-C., et al. (2022) · Cells · doi:10.3390/cells11142169 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
Self-citationUrsolic acid regulates gut microbiota and corrects the imbalance of Th17/Treg cells in T1DM rats
Chen, W., Yu, Y., Liu, Y., Song, C., Chen, H., Tang, C., Song, Y., & Zhang, X. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0277061 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Self-citationHolman, J. M., Colucci, L., Baudewyns, D., Balkan, J., Hunt, T., Hunt, B., Kinney, M. S., Holcomb, L. E., Stratigakis, A., Chen, G., et al. (2023) · mSystems · doi:10.1128/msystems.00532-23 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Castañeda-Monsalve, V., Fröhlich, L., Haange, S., Homsi, M. N., Rolle-Kampczyk, U. E., Fu, Q., von Bergen�, M., & Jehmlich, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1349367 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Liao, J., Liu, Y., Yao, Y., Zhang, J., Wang, H., Zhao, J., Chen, W., & Lu, W. (2023) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu15204339 · Cited by 14 · see citing works
Self-citationXu, D., Ren, L., Zhang, W., Wu, S., Yu, M., He, X., & Wei, Z. (2024) · Heliyon · doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e33214 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Piazzesi, A., & Putignani, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2022.958346 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Pérez-Muñoz, M. E., Sugden, S., Harmsen, H. J. M., Hart, B. A. ‘., Laman, J. D., & Walter, J. (2021) · iScience · doi:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102709 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Peipert, D., Montgomery, T. L., Toppen, L. C., Lee, M. F. J., Scarborough, M., & Krementsov, D. N. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1655428 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
The role of the “gut microbiota-mitochondria” crosstalk in the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis
Tian, H., Huang, D., Wang, J., Li, H., Gao, J., Zhong, Y., Xia, L., Zhang, A., Lin, Z., & Ke, X. (2024) · Frontiers in Microbiology · doi:10.3389/fmicb.2024.1404995 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Ouyang, Q., Yu, H., Xu, L., Yu, M., & Zhang, Y. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1451742 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Music-based interventions in the feeding environment on the gut microbiota of mice
Niu, J., Xu, H., Zeng, G., Wang, P., Raciheon, B., Nawaz, S., Zeng, Z., & Zhao, J. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-33522-3 · Cited by 12 · see citing works
Li, X., Lin, D., Hu, X., Shi, X., Huang, W., Ouyang, Y., Chen, X., Xiong, Y., Wu, X., Hong, D., et al. (2025) · CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics · doi:10.1111/cns.70320 · Cited by 10 · see citing works
Self-citationSharifa, M., Ghosh, T., Daher, O. A., Bhusal, P., Alaameri, Y. A., Naz, J., Ekhator, C., Bellegarde, S. B., Bisharat, P., Vaghani, V., et al. (2023) · Cureus · doi:10.7759/cureus.47058 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Yang, Q., Zaongo, S. D., Zhu, L., Yan, J., Yang, J., & Ouyang, J. (2024) · Probiotics and Antimicrobial Proteins · doi:10.1007/s12602-024-10227-1 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Lv, J., Chen, H., Ni, Y., Zhang, Y., & Huang, X. (2025) · Microbiological Research · doi:10.1016/j.micres.2025.128352 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Self-citationCen, Q., Cui, Y., Jin, J., Feng, J., Xin, Y., Zhang, Z., Li, J., Wang, J., & Zhang, A. (2025) · Gut Microbes · doi:10.1080/19490976.2025.2576657 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
The researcher's guide to selecting biomarkers in mental health studies
Verhoeven, J. E., Wolkowitz, O. M., Satz, I. B., Conklin, Q. A., Lamers, F., Lavebratt, C., Lin, J., Lindqvist, D., Mayer, S. E., Melas, P. A., et al. (2024) · BioEssays · doi:10.1002/bies.202300246 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Role of the gut microbiome in multiple sclerosis: From etiology to therapeutics
Shahi, S. K., Yadav, M., Ghimire, S., & Mangalam, A. K. (2022) · International review of neurobiology · doi:10.1016/bs.irn.2022.06.001 · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Song, M., Zhang, X., Hao, G., Lin, H., & Sun, S. (2023) · International Journal of Molecular Sciences · doi:10.3390/ijms24021457 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Multiple sclerosis and the intestine: Chasing the microbial offender
Peters, A., Gerdes, L. A., & Wekerle, H. (2024) · Immunological Reviews · doi:10.1111/imr.13357 · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Chen, L., Lin, Y., Tsai, Y., Chen, C., Chang, T., Chen, H., Hsu, C., & Tang, C. (2024) · Environmental Toxicology · doi:10.1002/tox.24367 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Self-citationLin, Y., Chih-Ying, W., Tsai, Y., Chen, C., Chang, T.-C., Chen, L., Chen, H.-T., Hsu, C., & Tang, C. (2024) · Aging · doi:10.18632/aging.206101 · Cited by 6 · see citing works
Self-citationJevtić, B., Stegnjaić, G., Stanisavljević, S., Lazarević, M. N., Nikolić, F., Fraser, G. L., Miljković, D. M., & Dimitrijević, M. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70350 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Qian, S., Li, S., Ye, K., Lu, S., Sha, X., Zhang, D., Xu, Z., Xiangfeng, S., & Li, R. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1763817 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Pathogenesis of liver injury in Takayasu arteritis: advanced understanding leads to new horizons
Kang, K., Sun, Y., Li, Y. L., & Chang, B. (2020) · Journal of International Medical Research · doi:10.1177/0300060520972222 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Causal effects of gut microbiota on multiple sclerosis: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization study
Sun, D., Zhang, Y., Wang, R., Du, Q., Shi, Z., Chen, H., Wang, X., & Zhou, H. (2024) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.3593 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Self-citationFrom Gut Microbiomes to Infectious Pathogens: Neurological Disease Game Changers
Muhasina, K. M., Ghosh, P., Nagappan, K., Palaniswamy, D. S., Begum, R., Islam, M. R., Tagde, P., Shaikh, N. K., Farahim, F., & Mondal, T. K. (2024) · Molecular Neurobiology · doi:10.1007/s12035-024-04323-0 · Cited by 5 · see citing works
Ferreira, C., Carvalho, F. S., Vieira, P., Alves, A. D. C., Palavra, F., Almeida, J., Alves, V., Coscueta, E. R., Dias‐Pereira, P., Pintado, M., et al. (2025) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2025.1682183 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Efficacy of Heshouwu () on gut mircobiota in mice with autoimmune encephalomyelitis.
Zhou, J., Junhua, W., Xiaobing, L. I., Chenyi, W., Fangjun, L. I., Yanni, L., Hao, C., & Meiying, S. (2023) · PubMed Central · doi:10.19852/j.cnki.jtcm.2023.04.001 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Bynzar, V. V., Matsulevich, A. V., Grefner, N. M., Новікова, Н. В., & Abdurasulova, I. N. (2026) · Экспериментальная и клиническая гастроэнтерология · doi:10.31146/1682-8658-ecg-239-7-162-181 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Farnesol, the farnesol pathway, and the immune-gut-brain axis
Gates, M., Schumacher, S. M., Doyle, W. J., Sofaly, N., Roullet, J.-B. O., & Ochoa‐Repáraz, J. (2026) · Frontiers in Pharmacology · doi:10.3389/fphar.2026.1718322 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Megur, A., & Kumar, B. (2026) · Food Reviews International · doi:10.1080/87559129.2026.2649298 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Gut microbiota and gut-derived metabolites in defining multiple sclerosis phenotypic continuum
Montini, F., Mangalam, A. K., Zeydan, B., Murray, J., & Kantarci, O. H. (2026) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2026.1858047 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
The Gut Microbiota and NDG: What Is the Interplay
Haiba, S., Idriss, S., & Awad, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-19-3949-5_30-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Role of microbiota-gut-brain axis in autoimmunity and multiple sclerosis
Mishra, Y., Maity, D., & Kaundal, R. K. (2025) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-21680-0.00007-9 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Kamat, M. T., Ormsby, M. J., Humphrey, S., Dixit, S. K., Thümmler, K., Lapsley, C. T., Crouch, K., Jukes, C., Hulme, H., Burchmore, R., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.01.22.576618 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Ren, L., Xu, D., Zhang, W., Wu, S., Yu, M., He, X., & Wei, Z. (2023) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.4530808
Rituximab-induced gut microbiota changes in Chinese neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders
Chen, H., Xu, Z., Zhou, Y., Jiang, Y., Chen, J., Xiong, Y., Zhou, M., Wu, X., & Hong, D. (2024) · Multiple Sclerosis and Related Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.msard.2024.105606
Self-citationLu, Q., & Xin, Y. (2024) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-443-23947-2.00008-4
The Gut Microbiota and NDG: What Is the Interplay
Haiba, S., Idriss, S., & Awad, M. (2024) · Springer eBooks · doi:10.1007/978-981-99-7557-0_30
代, 素. (2024) · Advances in Clinical Medicine · doi:10.12677/acm.2024.1482320
Wang, J., Lu, X., Zhao, Y., Jiang, Z., Wang, J., Wang, Z., & Zhang, X. (2025) · Food Science & Nutrition · doi:10.1002/fsn3.71245
Lin, X., Liu, Y., Ma, L., Ma, X., Shen, L., Ma, X., Chen, Z., Chen, H., Li, D., Su, Z., et al. (2021) · Figshare · doi:10.6084/m9.figshare.15047571
Self-citationBioproduction of short- and medium-chain fatty acids
Grigore‐Gurgu, L., Horincar, G., Oprișanu, M., Cotârleț, M., & Bahrim, G. E. (2026) · Elsevier eBooks · doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-819533-8.00001-4
Application and prospects of rumen microbiota transplantation in ruminants
Zhang, Z., Liu, S., Ma, B., Chen, X., Guo, M., & Li, L. (2026) · Animal and Veterinary Journal · doi:10.66179/avj.24
Self-citationKim, S. B., Hwang, D. Y., & Han, S.-J. (2026) · International Journal of Toxicology · doi:10.1177/10915818261473227
- Authors
- Chen, H., Ma, X., Liu, Y., Ma, L., Chen, Z., Lin, X., Si, L., Ma, X., & Chen, X.
- Affiliations
- Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Chen, Xiaohong
- Venue
- Frontiers in Immunology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2019-07-23
- Volume
- 10
- Pages
- 1662-1662
- ISSN
- 1664-3224 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC6689973
- OpenAlex
- W2955396625
- Cited by
- 96
- References
- 63
- Citations by year
- 2026: 8 · 2025: 10 · 2024: 23 · 2023: 16 · 2022: 11 · 2021: 13 · 2020: 13 · 2019: 1
- FWCI
- 3.14
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Immunology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (813111290)
- Israel Science Foundation (813111290)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Gut microbiota and health
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pathology and Forensic Medicine › Multiple Sclerosis Research Studies
- Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Food Science › Probiotics and Fermented Foods
- Keywords
- gut microbiota, Clostridium butyricum, norfloxacin, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, multiple sclerosis, central nervous system autoimmunity, Th17/Treg balance, p38 MAPK signaling, JNK signaling, Prevotella, Akkermansia, Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes ratio, gut-brain axis
- MeSH terms
- Bacillota, Gastrointestinal Microbiome, Animals, Bacteroidaceae, Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental, Female, Mice, Inbred C57BL, Nerve Tissue Proteins, Norfloxacin, Random Allocation, Specific Pathogen-Free Organisms, Spinal Cord, Signal Transduction, Lymphocyte Count, Probiotics, Clostridium butyricum, JNK Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases, T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory, Mice, Th17 Cells
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review