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Cited by 25Renal Diseases and GlomerulopathiesChronic Kidney Disease and DiabetesLipid metabolism and disorders

An Updated Review and Meta Analysis of Lipoprotein Glomerulopathy

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Li, Meng-shi, Li, Yang, Liu, Yang, Zhou, Xu-jie, Zhang, Hong·2022·Frontiers in Medicine
DOI 10.3389/fmed.2022.905007PMC PMC9120586
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Abstract

More than 200 cases of lipoprotein glomerulopathy (LPG) have been reported since it was first discovered 30 years ago. Although relatively rare, LPG is clinically an important cause of nephrotic syndrome and end-stage renal disease. Mutations in the APOE gene are the leading cause of LPG. APOE mutations are an important determinant of lipid profiles and cardiovascular health in the population and can precipitate dysbetalipoproteinemia and glomerulopathy. Apolipoprotein E-related glomerular disorders include APOE 2 homozygote glomerulopathy and LPG with heterozygous APOE mutations. In recent years, there has been a rapid increase in the number of LPG case reports and some progress in research into the mechanism and animal models of LPG. We consequently need to update recent epidemiological studies and the molecular mechanisms of LPG. This endeavor may help us not only to diagnose and treat LPG in a more personized manner but also to better understand the potential relationship between lipids and the kidney.

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  • Several APOE variants are linked to lipoprotein glomerulopathy, including Tokyo-Maebashi (p.L162_K164del) and Kyoto (p.R43C).

    “Several APOE variants are linked to LPG, including the Tokyo-Maebashi (p.L162_K164del) and Kyoto (p.R43C).[2]”

    From Clinical characteristics and APOE variant spectrum in Chinese patients with lipoprotein glomerulopathy (2026) · cites this paper as [2]

    The Epidemiology section (page unavailable) identifies APOE Kyoto and Tokyo-Maebashi as variants observed in LPG, supporting the association. It calls Kyoto Arg25Cys, but our copy does not explicitly give the claimed p.R43C notation or identify Tokyo-Maebashi as p.L162_K164del; those precise variant labels are therefore not established by this source. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The Kyoto, Tokyo-Maebashi, and Chengdu APOE variants are located within the N-terminal α-helix of the APOE protein.

    “Structurally, these variants are located within the N-terminal α-helix of the APOE protein.[2]”

    From Clinical characteristics and APOE variant spectrum in Chinese patients with lipoprotein glomerulopathy (2026) · cites this paper as [2]

    In Pathogenesis > APOE Gene and apoE Function (page unavailable), the review places apoE’s N-terminal region at amino acids 1–199 and describes four helix regions within amino acids 20–160. It identifies Kyoto as Arg25Cys and discusses Tokyo-Maebashi, but does not establish that Tokyo-Maebashi lies in an α-helix or identify a Chengdu variant there. The claim’s placement of all three variants in an N-terminal α-helix is therefore not fully supported. (LLM, conf=0.82)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • APOE Tokyo/Maebashi (141-143del) has been reported in cases from Japan and eastern China.

    “Meanwhile, APOE Tokyo/Maebashi (141–143del) has been reported in cases from Japan and eastern China94).”

    From Impact of Apolipoprotein E Variants: A Review of Naturally Occurring Variants and Clinical Features (2025) · cites this paper as [94]

    The Epidemiology section and Figure 4 report APOE Tokyo-Maebashi in cases from central Japan and Beijing, while the Epidemiology text also describes it in southeastern China. The copy does not identify the variant specifically as a 141–143 deletion; a References entry describes APOE Tokyo only as a three-amino-acid deletion. (LLM, conf=0.83)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • The age of onset of LPG varies widely, ranging from 4 to 72 years, with approximately equal sex distribution and familial clustering.

    “The age of onset varies widely, ranging from 4 to 72 years, with approximately equal sex distribution and familial clustering.[1,3]”

    From A boy and his mother with lipoprotein glomerulopathy: Two case reports and literature review (2025) · cites this paper as [1]

    The Epidemiology section reports 137 males and 137 females and describes familial clustering. It shows a wide range of onset ages, but does not give 4–72 years as the onset range; its 7–72-year range refers to age at diagnosis, not onset (page unavailable). (LLM, conf=0.88)

    Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Chinese LPG patients have the highest incidence of APOE Kyoto (Arg25Cys) mutations, while Japanese LPG patients mainly have APOE Sendai (Arg145Pro) mutations.

    “Among them, Chinese LPG patients have the highest incidence of APOE Kyoto (Arg25Cys) mutations, while Japanese LPG patients mainly have APOE Sendai (Arg145Pro) mutations [3, 4].”

    From A case report of youth-onset lipoprotein glomerulopathy with APOE Chicago mutation (2024) · cites this paper as [3]

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Cited by

Sorted by citations

Authors
Li, M.-S., Li, Y., Liu, Y., Zhou, X.-J., & Zhang, H.
Affiliations
Peking University (CN)
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Medicine
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2022-05-06
Volume
9
Pages
905007-905007
ISSN
2296-858X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fmed.2022.905007
PMC
PMC9120586
OpenAlex
W4229017895
Cited by
25
References
21
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 10 · 2023: 1
FWCI
0.71
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Medicine (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Greater South Information System
Funders
  • Academy of Medical Sciences (NAFR13\1033)
  • National Natural Science Foundation of China (82000680, 2019-I2 M-5-046, 82022010, 82131430172, Z190023, 82070733, 82070731, 81970613)
  • Fok Ying Tung Education Foundation (171030, 81970613, Z190023, 82000680, 2019-I2M-5-046, 82131430172, 82070733, 82022010)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Renal Diseases and Glomerulopathies
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Nephrology › Chronic Kidney Disease and Diabetes
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine › Lipid metabolism and disorders
Keywords
lipoprotein glomerulopathy, apolipoprotein E, dysbetalipoproteinemia, nephrotic syndrome, end-stage renal disease, lipid metabolism, glomerular disease, animal models, molecular mechanisms

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