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The role of p53 in anti-tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy
Abstract
p53 is a transcription factor that regulates the expression of genes involved in tumor suppression. p53 mutations mediate tumorigenesis and occur in approximately 50% of human cancers. p53 regulates hundreds of target genes that induce various cell fates including apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, and DNA damage repair. p53 also plays an important role in anti-tumor immunity by regulating TRAIL, DR5, TLRs, Fas, PKR, ULBP1/2, and CCL2; T-cell inhibitory ligand PD-L1; pro-inflammatory cytokines; immune cell activation state; and antigen presentation. Genetic alteration of p53 can contribute to immune evasion by influencing immune cell recruitment to the tumor, cytokine secretion in the TME, and inflammatory signaling pathways. In some contexts, p53 mutations increase neoantigen load which improves response to immune checkpoint inhibition. Therapeutic restoration of mutated p53 can restore anti-cancer immune cell infiltration and ameliorate pro-tumor signaling to induce tumor regression. Indeed, there is clinical evidence to suggest that restoring p53 can induce an anti-cancer immune response in immunologically cold tumors. Clinical trials investigating the combination of p53-restoring compounds or p53-based vaccines with immunotherapy have demonstrated anti-tumor immune activation and tumor regression with heterogeneity across cancer type. In this Review, we discuss the impact of wild-type and mutant p53 on the anti-tumor immune response, outline clinical progress as far as activating p53 to induce an immune response across a variety of cancer types, and highlight open questions limiting effective clinical translation.
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“Loss of p53 function can also contribute to immune evasion by influencing immune cell recruitment to the tumor, cytokine secretion in the tumor microenvironment, and inflammatory signaling pathways.”
From The TP53 tumor suppressor gene: From molecular biology to clinical investigations (2025) · cites this paper as [68]
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“More recent studies have shown that p53 can also modulate innate and adaptive immunity involved in the homeostatic regulation of immune responses [68, 69, 70].”
From The TP53 tumor suppressor gene: From molecular biology to clinical investigations (2025) · cites this paper as [68]
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The multiple mechanisms that regulate p53 activity and cell fate
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p53 Activates the CD95 (APO-1/Fas) Gene in Response to DNA Damage by Anticancer Drugs
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PDL1 Regulation by p53 via miR-34
Cortez, M. A., Ivan, C., Valdecanas, D., Wang, X., Peltier, H. J., Ye, Y., Araujo, L., Carbone, D. P., Shilo, K., Giri, D. K., et al. (2016) · JNCI: Journal of the National Cancer Institute · doi:10.1093/jnci/djv303 · Cited by 683
A guide to assessing cellular senescence in vitro and in vivo
González‐Gualda, E., Baker, A. G., Fruk, L., & Muñoz‐Espín, D. (2021) · The FEBS Journal · doi:10.1111/febs.15570 · Cited by 645 · cited 1×
“, 1994) and is a marker of senescence along with increased levels of p16, p53, p-p53 and decreased levels of pRb (González-Gualda et al., 2021).”
BackgroundTargeting a neoantigen derived from a common TP53 mutation
Hsiue, E. H.-C., Wright, K. M., Douglass, J., Hwang, M. S., Mog, B. J., Pearlman, A. H., Paul, S., DiNapoli, S. R., Konig, M. F., Wang, Q., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abc8697 · Cited by 367
p53, cancer and the immune response
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p21 produces a bioactive secretome that places stressed cells under immunosurveillance
Sturmlechner, I., Zhang, C., Sine, C. C., van Deursen, E.-J., Jeganathan, K. B., Hamada, N., Grasic, J., Friedman, D., Stutchman, J. T., Can, I., et al. (2021) · Science · doi:10.1126/science.abb3420 · Cited by 295 · cited 1×
“Notably, p21 overexpression recruited macrophages, T-cells, and B cells, but did not have any effect on NK cell recruitment (Sturmlechner et al., 2021).”
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Cited by
The TP53 tumor suppressor gene: From molecular biology to clinical investigations
Baliakas, P., & Soussi, T. (2025) · Journal of Internal Medicine · doi:10.1111/joim.20106 · Cited by 50
Metadata
- Authors
- Carlsen, L., Zhang, S., Tian, X., De La Cruz, A., George, A., Arnoff, T. E., & El-Deiry, W. S.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2023-08-01
- Volume
- 10
- ISSN
- 2296-889X
- Cited by
- 100
- References
- 20
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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How to cite
Cite CoChat for the checks on this page, and the paper for its own findings.
- This page
- CoChat. (2026). Citation check: The role of p53 in anti-tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy. https://app.cochat.ai/papers/10.3389/fmolb.2023.1148389
- The paper
- Carlsen, L., Zhang, S., Tian, X., De La Cruz, A., George, A., Arnoff, T. E., & El-Deiry, W. S. (2023). The role of p53 in anti-tumor immunity and response to immunotherapy. Frontiers in Molecular Biosciences. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmolb.2023.1148389
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.