Age‐related Changes in the Circadian and Homeostatic Regulation of Human Sleep
Abstract
The reduction of electroencephalographic (EEG) slow-wave activity (SWA) (EEG power density between 0.75-4.5 Hz) and spindle frequency activity, together with an increase in involuntary awakenings during sleep, represent the hallmarks of human sleep alterations with age. It has been assumed that this decrease in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep consolidation reflects an age-related attenuation of the sleep homeostatic drive. To test this hypothesis, we measured sleep EEG characteristics (i.e., SWA, sleep spindles) in healthy older volunteers in response to high (sleep deprivation protocol) and low sleep pressure (nap protocol) conditions. Despite the fact that the older volunteers had impaired sleep consolidation and reduced SWA levels, their relative SWA response to both high and low sleep pressure conditions was similar to that of younger persons. Only in frontal brain regions did we find an age-related diminished SWA response to high sleep pressure. On the other hand, we have clear evidence that the circadian regulation of sleep during the 40 h nap protocol was changed such that the circadian arousal signal in the evening was weaker in the older study participants. More sleep occurred during the wake maintenance zone, and subjective sleepiness ratings in the late afternoon and evening were higher than in younger participants. In addition, we found a diminished melatonin secretion and a reduced circadian modulation of REM sleep and spindle frequency-the latter was phase-a…
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The influence of circadian and ultradian factors on dream features and recall rates could be a possible explanation for the inconsistent findings in EEG correlates of dream recall.
“The influence of circadian and ultradian factors on dream features and recall rates52–57 could be a possible explanation for the inconsistent findings in EEG correlates of dream recall.”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
Dream features, as well as quantitative features of sleep, undergo the influence of circadian rhythms.
“Dream features, as well as quantitative features of sleep, undergo the influence of circadian rhythms.52–57”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
Different time of collection of dream report could lead to different qualitative features in dream recall, due to a direct influence of circadian and homeostatic influencing factors.
“Moreover, different time of collection of dream report (ie, in the middle of the night compared to the end or the beginning) could lead to different qualitative features in dream recall, due to a direct influence of circadian and homeostatic influencing factors.52–57”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
A reduced delta activity (slow-wave activity) and SWS, conjointly with an increased beta activity, have been observed in elderly compared to younger subjects.
“Additionally, a reduced delta activity (ie, slow-wave activity) and SWS,56,123,130 conjointly with an increased beta activity, have been observed in elderly compared to younger subjects.57”
From Spotlight on dream recall: the ages of dreams (2018) · cites this paper as [56]
Beginning around age 40, there is a distinct decrease in SWS.
“Beginning already around the age of 40, there is a distinct decrease in SWS (167, 866).”
From About Sleep's Role in Memory (2013) · cites this paper as [167]
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- Authors
- Cajochen, C., Münch, M., Knoblauch, V., Blatter, K., & Wirz‐Justice, A.
- Affiliations
- Universitäre Psychiatrische Kliniken Basel (CH)
- Corresponding author
- Cajochen, Christian
- Venue
- Chronobiology International
- Publisher
- Informa UK Limited
- Published
- 2006-01
- Volume
- 23
- Issue
- 1-2
- Pages
- 461-474
- ISSN
- 0742-0528 (ISSN-L)
- 1525-6073
- OpenAlex
- W1966147077
- Cited by
- 285
- References
- 59
- Citations by year
- 2026: 10 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 12 · 2023: 20 · 2022: 14 · 2021: 20 · 2020: 7 · 2019: 7 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 17 · 2016: 18 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 15 · 2013: 16 · 2012: 27
- FWCI
- 6.12
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- Chronobiology International (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Sleep and Wakefulness Research
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Endocrine and Autonomic Systems › Circadian rhythm and melatonin
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Sleep and related disorders
- Keywords
- aging, sleep, circadian regulation, sleep homeostasis, slow-wave activity, sleep spindles, sleep deprivation, NAP, sleep pressure, melatonin, REM sleep, circadian phase, subjective sleepiness, older adults
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Aged, Aging, Biological Clocks, Circadian Rhythm, Electroencephalography, Homeostasis, Humans, Melatonin, Middle Aged, Physiological Phenomena, Sleep, Sleep Stages, Wakefulness
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