The DOI matches its Crossref record; 23 of the 23 references it cites were found in a registry or an index.
Moving a Rubber Hand that Feels Like Your Own: A Dissociation of Ownership and Agency
Open accessAbstract
During voluntary hand movement, we sense that we generate the movement and that the hand is a part of our body. These feelings of control over bodily actions, or the sense of agency, and the ownership of body parts are two fundamental aspects of the way we consciously experience our bodies. However, little is known about how these processes are functionally linked. Here, we introduce a version of the rubber hand illusion in which participants control the movements of the index finger of a model hand, which is in full view, by moving their own right index finger. We demonstrated that voluntary finger movements elicit a robust illusion of owning the rubber hand and that the senses of ownership and agency over the model hand can be dissociated. We systematically varied the relative timing of the finger movements (synchronous versus asynchronous), the mode of movement (active versus passive), and the position of the model hand (anatomically congruent versus incongruent positions). Importantly, asynchrony eliminated both ownership and agency, passive movements abolished the sense of agency but left ownership intact, and incongruent positioning of the model hand diminished ownership but did not eliminate agency. These findings provide evidence for a double dissociation of ownership and agency, suggesting that they represent distinct cognitive processes. Interestingly, we also noted that the sense of agency was stronger when the hand was perceived to be a part of the body, and only in this condition did we observe a significant correlation between the subjects' ratings of agency and ownership. We discuss this in the context of possible differences between agency over owned body parts and agency over actions that involve interactions with external objects. In summary, the results obtained in this study using a simple moving rubber hand illusion paradigm extend previous findings on the experience of ownership and agency and shed new light on their relationship.
Overview
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Integrity signals
Registry
Cites
Statistics
Verification
Claims the paper makes
The claims and statistics of this paper haven’t been checked yet.
Run the check — free, no account needed. It reads the open-access text and checks the sources it cites.
Self-check
Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.
The self-check needs the paper’s full text.
Citations
Cites
Rubber hands ‘feel’ touch that eyes see
Botvinick, M., & Cohen, J. (1998) · Nature · doi:10.1038/35784 · Cited by 4,410
Gallagher, S. (2005) · doi:10.1093/0199271941.001.0001 · Cited by 3,311
Philosophical conceptions of the self: implications for cognitive science.
Gallagher, S. (2000) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/s1364-6613(99)01417-5 · Cited by 2,881 · cited 1×
“…philosophy and cognitive science, that these particular experiences of one’s own body are of critical importance to the conscious experience of the self (Merlau-Ponty, 1945; Chiel and Beer, 1997; Gallagher, 2000, 2005; Churchland, 2002; Graziano and Botvinick, 2002; Jeannerod, 2003; Haggard, 2005).”
Das Reafferenzprinzip: Wechselwirkungen zwischen Zentralnervensystem und Peripherie
von Holst, E., & Mittelstaedt, H. (1950) · Naturwissenschaften · doi:10.1007/bf00622503 · Cited by 2,655
Principles of sensorimotor learning
Wolpert, D. M., Diedrichsen, J., & Flanagan, J. R. (2011) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn3112 · Cited by 1,391
What is embodiment? A psychometric approach
Longo, M. R., Schüür, F., Kammers, M. P. M., Tsakiris, M., & Haggard, P. (2008) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2007.12.004 · Cited by 956
If I were you: Perceptual illusion of body swapping
Petkova, V. I., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2008) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0003832 · Cited by 953
Self-citationCorollary discharge across the animal kingdom
Crapse, T. B., & Sommer, M. A. (2008) · Nature Reviews Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/nrn2457 · Cited by 789
Ehrsson, H. H., Holmes, N. P., & Passingham, R. E. (2005) · The Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0800-05.2005 · Cited by 784
Self-citationCoding of peripersonal space in inferior premotor cortex (area F4).
Fogassi, L., Gallese, V., Fadiga, L., Luppino, G., Matelli, M., & Rizzolatti, G. (1996) · Journal of Neurophysiology · doi:10.1152/jn.1996.76.1.141 · Cited by 688 · cited 1×
“, 2011), which are well-known cortical nodes for integrating visual, tactile, and proprioceptive information from the body and the space immediately surrounding the body in body-part-centered coordinates (Graziano and Gross, 1993; Fogassi et al., 1996; Graziano et al., 1997; Duhamel et al., 1998; Graziano, 1999).”
Cited by
Putting yourself in the skin of a black avatar reduces implicit racial bias
Peck, T. C., Seinfeld, S., Aglioti, S. M., & Slater, M. (2013) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2013.04.016 · Cited by 967
Waltemate, T., Gall, D., Roth, D., Botsch, M., & Latoschik, M. E. (2018) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2018.2794629 · Cited by 551
Huang, T.-L., & Liao, S. (2015) · Electronic Commerce Research · doi:10.1007/s10660-014-9163-2 · Cited by 476
Drumming in Immersive Virtual Reality: The Body Shapes the Way We Play
Kilteni, K., Bergstrom, I., & Slater, M. (2013) · IEEE Transactions on Visualization and Computer Graphics · doi:10.1109/tvcg.2013.29 · Cited by 326
Perception of Body Ownership Is Driven by Bayesian Sensory Inference
Samad, M., Chung, A. J., & Shams, L. (2015) · PLOS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0117178 · Cited by 315
Body ownership causes illusory self-attribution of speaking and influences subsequent real speaking
Banakou, D., & Slater, M. (2014) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1414936111 · Cited by 223
Experiencing ownership over a dark-skinned body reduces implicit racial bias
Maister, L., Sebanz, N., Knoblich, G., & Tsakiris, M. (2013) · Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.cognition.2013.04.002 · Cited by 221
The rubber hand universe: On the impact of methodological differences in the rubber hand illusion
Riemer, M., Trojan, J., Beauchamp, M., & Fuchs, X. (2019) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.07.008 · Cited by 147
Movement-based embodied contemplative practices: definitions and paradigms
Schmalzl, L., Crane-Godreau, M. A., & Payne, P. (2014) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2014.00205 · Cited by 124
Forearm amputees' views of prosthesis use and sensory feedback
Wijk, U., & Carlsson, I. (2015) · Journal of Hand Therapy · doi:10.1016/j.jht.2015.01.013 · Cited by 114
Škola, F., Tinková, S., & Liarokapis, F. (2019) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2019.00329 · Cited by 102
Demand Characteristics Confound the Rubber Hand Illusion
Lush, P. (2020) · Collabra: Psychology · doi:10.1525/collabra.325 · Cited by 93
The relationship between virtual body ownership and temperature sensitivity
Llobera, J., Sanchez-Vives, M. V., & Slater, M. (2013) · Journal of The Royal Society Interface · doi:10.1098/rsif.2013.0300 · Cited by 81
Which hand is mine? Discriminating body ownership perception in a two-alternative forced-choice task
Chancel, M., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2020) · Attention, Perception, & Psychophysics · doi:10.3758/s13414-020-02107-x · Cited by 73
Self-citationSchofield, J. S., Shell, C. E., Beckler, D. T., Thumser, Z. C., & Marasco, P. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.00120 · Cited by 68
Martínez, E., Aira, Z., Buesa, I., Aizpurua, I., Rada, D., & Azkue, J. J. (2018) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0194534 · Cited by 54
Embodiment and Body Awareness in Meditators
Cebolla, A., Miragall, M., Palomo, P., Llorens, R., Soler, J., Demarzo, M., García-Campayo, J., & Baños, R. M. (2016) · Mindfulness · doi:10.1007/s12671-016-0569-x · Cited by 42
The Relationship Between Referral of Touch and the Feeling of Ownership in the Rubber Hand Illusion
Reader, A. T., Trifonova, V. S., & Ehrsson, H. H. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.629590 · Cited by 34
Self-citationThe Senses of Agency and Ownership in Patients With Borderline Personality Disorder
Möller, T. J., Braun, N., Thöne, A.-K., Herrmann, C. S., & Philipsen, A. (2020) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2020.00474 · Cited by 19
Gendron, M., Mesquita, B., & Barrett, L. F. (2020) · Culture, Mind, and Brain · doi:10.1017/9781108695374.010 · Cited by 20
Reader, A. T. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/d8x9y · Cited by 7
Metadata
- Authors
- Kalckert, A., & Ehrsson, H. H.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Human Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2012
- Volume
- 6
- Pages
- 40-40
- ISSN
- 1662-5161 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2148203610
- Cited by
- 702
- References
- 23
- FWCI
- 13.97
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
Are you an author, or do you see a problem with this page? Request a review
Data sources
Bibliographic data: Semantic Scholar, OpenAlex, Crossref.
Contains information from the Semantic Scholar Academic Graph Datasets, made available under the ODC Attribution License (ODC-BY 1.0).
Semantic Scholar’s data is described in: Kinney, R., et al. (2023). The Semantic Scholar Open Data Platform. arXiv:2301.10140.
