Touching a rubber hand: Feeling of body ownership is associated with activity in multisensory brain areas
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In the "rubber-hand illusion," the sight of brushing of a rubber hand at the same time as brushing of the person's own hidden hand is sufficient to produce a feeling of ownership of the fake hand. We shown previously that this illusion is associated with activity in the multisensory areas, most notably the ventral premotor cortex (Ehrsson et al., 2004). However, it remains to be demonstrated that this illusion does not simply reflect the dominant role of vision and that the premotor activity does not reflect a visual representation of an object near the hand. To address these issues, we introduce a somatic rubber-hand illusion. The experimenter moved the blindfolded participant's left index finger so that it touched the fake hand, and simultaneously, he touched the participant's real right hand, synchronizing the touches as perfectly as possible. After approximately 9.7 s, this stimulation elicited an illusion that one was touching one's own hand. We scanned brain activity during this illusion and two control conditions, using functional magnetic resonance imaging. Activity in the ventral premotor cortices, intraparietal cortices, and the cerebellum was associated with the illusion of touching one's own hand. Furthermore, the rated strength of the illusion correlated with the degree of premotor and cerebellar activity. This finding suggests that the activity in these areas reflects the detection of congruent multisensory signals from one's own body, rather than of visual representations. We propose that this could be the mechanism for the feeling of body ownership.
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Activation of the vPMc has been related to the induction of the RHI and the body swap illusion: vPMc activity increases during synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation and is correlated with questionnaire responses.
“As noted above, activation of the vPMc has been related to the induction of the RHI (Ehrsson et al., 2005;Ehrsson et al., 2004) and the body swap illusion (Petkova et al., 2011): vPMc activity increases during synchronous visuo-tactile stimulation (in particular at the beginning of the illusion) and is correlated with questionnaire responses.”
From Bodily ownership and self-location: Components of bodily self-consciousness (2013) · cites this paper as Ehrsson et al., 2005
Multisensory stimulation can modulate how one's own body, face and voice are recognised.
“A number of studies have highlighted the plasticity of the bodily self by showing how multisensory stimulation can modulate how one’s own body, face and voice are recognised”
From The free-energy self: a predictive coding account of self-recognition (2014) · cites this paper as Ehrsson et al., 2005
Several regions, including TPJ, IPS, AI and IFG, are also activated when participants experience the rubber-hand illusion and similar multisensory illusions where perceived spatial location of the whole body is manipulated.
“Interestingly, several of these regions, including the TPJ, IPS, AI and the IFG are also activated when participants experience the rubber-hand illusion (Ehrsson et al., 2005; Ehrsson et al., 2004; Tsakiris et al., 2008; Tsakiris et al., 2007; Tsakiris et al., 2010b), and when participants experience similar multisensory illusions where the perceived spatial location of the whole body is”
From The free-energy self: a predictive coding account of self-recognition (2014) · cites this paper as Ehrsson et al., 2005
The key mechanism for the rubber-hand illusion relates to integration of visual, tactile, and proprioceptive information.
“it has been proposed that the key mechanism for this effect relates to integration of visual, tactile, and proprioceptive information (2, 3).”
From Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. (2007) · cites this paper as [3]
The illusory feeling of body ownership is associated with activity in multisensory areas such as premotor cortex.
“This illusory feeling of body ownership is associated with activity in multisensory areas such as premotor cortex”
From Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. (2007) · cites this paper as [3]
Correlating tactile stimulation of the real arm with visual stimulation of the artificial limb leads to a recalibration of position sense for the person's own arm.
“This leads to a recalibration of position sense for the person's own arm (3, 9, 46, 47).”
From Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. (2007) · cites this paper as [3]
Producing the illusion that an artificial limb belongs to oneself requires correlating tactile stimulation of the real arm and visual stimulation of the artificial limb for an extended period.
“To produce the illusion that an artificial limb belongs to oneself, it is necessary to correlate tactile stimulation of the real arm and visual stimulation of the artificial limb for an extended period.”
From Threatening a rubber hand that you feel is yours elicits a cortical anxiety response. (2007) · cites this paper as [3]
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- Authors
- Ehrsson, H. H., Holmes, N. P., & Passingham, R. E.
- Affiliations
- UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology (GB)
- Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging (GB)
- University of Oxford (GB)
- Venue
- The Journal of Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Society for Neuroscience
- Published
- 2005-11-09
- Volume
- 25
- Issue
- 45
- Pages
- 10564-10573
- ISSN
- 0270-6474 (ISSN-L)
- 1529-2401
- PMC
- PMC1395356
- OpenAlex
- W2095398263
- Cited by
- 784
- References
- 66
- Citations by year
- 2026: 16 · 2025: 31 · 2024: 22 · 2023: 34 · 2022: 41 · 2021: 66 · 2020: 50 · 2019: 61 · 2018: 46 · 2017: 45 · 2016: 44 · 2015: 48 · 2014: 50 · 2013: 40 · 2012: 43
- FWCI
- 19.00
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- hybrid
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by-nc-sa)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- Wellcome Trust (065696)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Experimental and Cognitive Psychology › Multisensory perception and integration
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Tactile and Sensory Interactions
- Keywords
- rubber hand illusion, body ownership, multisensory integration, ventral premotor cortex, intraparietal cortex, cerebellum, tactile perception, illusion strength
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Brain, Brain Mapping, Female, Hand, Humans, Illusions, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Functional Laterality, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Middle Aged, Movement, Oxygen, Physical Stimulation, Psychomotor Performance, Psychophysics, Touch, Visual Perception, Linear Models, Human Body
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