Body ownership causes illusory self-attribution of speaking and influences subsequent real speaking
Open accessAbstract
Significance: Under normal circumstances we consciously attribute authorship of our actions to ourselves, the sensation of agency. We describe an experiment where participants observed a virtual human character speak and falsely attributed the speaking to themselves. They later shifted the FF of their own voice toward the stimulus voice. This only occurred when the life-sized VB substituted their own and moved with their own movements. A further contribution to the effect was vibrotactile stimulation on the thyroid cartilage synchronized with the speaking. This suggests that agency can be self-attributed even in the absence of prior intention, feed-forward prediction, priming, and cause preceding effect. A critical contributor is the illusion of ownership over the VB that spoke.
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A head-mounted display together with a full body motion capture system can provide visuomotor synchrony, where the virtual body moves in correspondence with real body movements, and this is a powerful method to induce body ownership and agency over the virtual body.
“Moreover a HMD together with a full body motion capture system can be used to provide visuomotor synchrony, where the virtual body moves in correspondence with real body movements15—a powerful method to induce not just body ownership but a strong sense of agency over the virtual body1617.”
From Conversations between self and self as Sigmund Freud—A virtual body ownership paradigm for self counselling (2015) · cites this paper as [17]
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- Authors
- Banakou, D., & Slater, M.
- Affiliations
- Universitat de Barcelona (ES)
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ES)
- Corresponding author
- Slater, Mel
- Venue
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
- Publisher
- National Academy of Sciences
- Published
- 2014-11-24
- Volume
- 111
- Issue
- 49
- Pages
- 17678-17683
- ISSN
- 0027-8424 (ISSN-L)
- 1091-6490
- PMC
- PMC4267370
- OpenAlex
- W2161328799
- Cited by
- 223
- References
- 44
- Citations by year
- 2026: 12 · 2025: 55 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 13 · 2022: 22 · 2021: 21 · 2020: 24 · 2019: 17 · 2018: 16 · 2017: 14 · 2016: 10 · 2015: 3
- FWCI
- 5.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- bronze
- doi.org
- Locations
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (publishedVersion)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- UCL Discovery (University College London) (submittedVersion)
- Funders
- European Commission (257695)
- FP7 Ideas: European Research Council (227985)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Free Will and Agency
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Human-Computer Interaction › Virtual Reality Applications and Impacts
- Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Action Observation and Synchronization
- Keywords
- body ownership, sense of agency, virtual body, vibrotactile feedback, thyroid cartilage, fundamental frequency, speech production, first-person perspective, motor prediction, causal attribution
- MeSH terms
- Adult, Body Image, Brain, Cartilage, Female, Hand, Humans, Illusions, Male, Perception, Proprioception, Surveys and Questionnaires, Speech, Thyroid Gland, User-Computer Interface, Vibration, Visual Perception, Voice
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