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Dipy, a library for the analysis of diffusion MRI data
Open accessAbstract
Diffusion Imaging in Python (Dipy) is a free and open source software project for the analysis of data from diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (dMRI) experiments. dMRI is an application of MRI that can be used to measure structural features of brain white matter. Many methods have been developed to use dMRI data to model the local configuration of white matter nerve fiber bundles and infer the trajectory of bundles connecting different parts of the brain. Dipy gathers implementations of many different methods in dMRI, including: diffusion signal pre-processing; reconstruction of diffusion distributions in individual voxels; fiber tractography and fiber track post-processing, analysis and visualization. Dipy aims to provide transparent implementations for all the different steps of dMRI analysis with a uniform programming interface. We have implemented classical signal reconstruction techniques, such as the diffusion tensor model and deterministic fiber tractography. In addition, cutting edge novel reconstruction techniques are implemented, such as constrained spherical deconvolution and diffusion spectrum imaging (DSI) with deconvolution, as well as methods for probabilistic tracking and original methods for tractography clustering. Many additional utility functions are provided to calculate various statistics, informative visualizations, as well as file-handling routines to assist in the development and use of novel techniques. In contrast to many other scientific software projects, Dipy is not being developed by a single research group. Rather, it is an open project that encourages contributions from any scientist/developer through GitHub and open discussions on the project mailing list. Consequently, Dipy today has an international team of contributors, spanning seven different academic institutions in five countries and three continents, which is still growing.
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“In contrast to projects such as DiPy (Garyfallidis et al., 2014) , this library does not provide functionality to manipulate raw image data within Python itself, but provides functionality to invoke and manage external high-performance executables to perform the actual computations.”
From MRtrix3: A fast, flexible and open software framework for medical image processing and visualisation (2019) · cites this paper as Garyfallidis et al., 2014
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Citations
Cites
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“…median_otsu (see Figure 3 ). from dipy.segment.mask import median_otsu mask, S0_mask = median_otsu(data [:, :, :, 0]) median_otsu uses first a median filter to smooth the S0 and then Otsu’s method, an automated histogram method (Otsu, 1979) to separate the brain (foreground) from its background.”
MethodAdvances in functional and structural MR image analysis and implementation as FSL
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BackgroundMethodMedical image analysis: progress over two decades and the challenges ahead
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IPython: A System for Interactive Scientific Computing
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“There has been large growth in the number of Python users, there are many Python tools for scientific computing (Pérez and Granger, 2007; Pérez et al., 2011; McKinney, 2012), and there are complementary neuroimaging packages in Python1.”
Background
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Association Between Enlarged Perivascular Spaces and White Matter Microstructure
Liu, Z.-Y., Chen, S.-Y., Shu, M.-J., Zhai, F., Han, F., Zhou, L., Ni, J., Yao, M., Zhang, S., Jin, Z., et al. (2021) · Stroke · doi:10.1161/strokeaha.121.036077 · Cited by 6
Sairanen, V., Ocampo‐Pineda, M., Granziera, C., Schiavi, S., & Daducci, A. (2021) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2021.118802 · Cited by 7
Diffusion Kurtosis Imaging of Neonatal Spinal Cord in Clinical Routine
Trò, R., Roascio, M., Tortora, D., Severino, M., Rossi, A., Cohen‐Adad, J., Fato, M., & Arnulfo, G. (2022) · Frontiers in Radiology · doi:10.3389/fradi.2022.794981 · Cited by 6
“0) (30) for denoising as well as computation of diffusion metrics.”
BackgroundHutter, J. M., Slator, P. J., Zampieri, C. A., Hall, M., Rutherford, M., & Story, L. (2022) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.29483 · Cited by 6
“33,34 These included both a simpler biexponential model of T ∗ 2 and ADC decay (T ∗ 2 ADC model; see Equation 1, where T ∗ 2 and ADC are the unknowns), and a T ∗ 2 -IVIM model including slow and fast diffusion in 2 compartments and representing diffusing and perfusing blood within the placenta…”
Lee, S. Y., Paolillo, E. W., Saloner, R., Cobigo, Y., Diaz, V. E., Gontrum, E. Q., VandeBunte, A. M., Chatterjee, A., Tucker, M., Kramer, J. H., et al. (2023) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.07.026 · Cited by 7
“Diffusion tensors were then fitted using Dipy (Garyfallidis et al., 2014) with a non-linear least-squares approach.”
Gao, E., Wang, P., Bai, J., Ma, X., Gao, Y., Qi, J., Zhao, K., Zhang, H., Yan, X., Yang, G., et al. (2023) · Academic Radiology · doi:10.1016/j.acra.2023.07.023 · Cited by 6
Wada, A., Akashi, T., Hagiwara, A., Nishizawa, M., Shimoji, K., Kikuta, J., Maekawa, T., Sano, K., Kamagata, K., Nakanishi, A., et al. (2023) · Journal of Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1002/jmri.29088 · Cited by 6
“6,7 Techniques known as “ harmonization ” have been developed to address the problem of variability in quantitative measures such as ADC and FA produced by different MRI machines.”
Zheng, L., Li, Z., Luo, R., Liu, Z., & Li, C. (2023) · Journal of Information Security and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.jisa.2023.103657 · Cited by 6
Prefrontal-Limbic Circuitry Is Associated With Reward Sensitivity in Nonhuman Primates
Hur, K., Meisler, S. L., Yassin, W., Frederick, B. B., & Kohut, S. J. (2024) · Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.02.1011 · Cited by 6
Optimal shrinkage denoising breaks the noise floor in high-resolution diffusion MRI
Huynh, K. M., Chang, W., Wu, Y., & Yap, P. (2024) · Patterns · doi:10.1016/j.patter.2024.100954 · Cited by 7
Yablonski, M., Zhou, Z., Cao, X., Schauman, S., Liao, C., Setsompop, K., & Yeatman, J. D. (2025) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00470 · Cited by 6
Sepehrband, F., Choupan, J., Caruyer, E., Kurniawan, N. D., Gal, Y., Tieng, Q. M., McMahon, K. L., Vegh, V., Reutens, D. C., & Yang, Z. (2015) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2014.00290 · Cited by 6
“Dipy software (31) was used to estimate the Fiber Orientation Distribution (FOD) in each voxel using a spherical harmonic of order 8 and to identify the peaks of the FODs.”
MethodProbabilistic tractography using Lasso bootstrap
Ye, C., & Prince, J. L. (2016) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2016.08.013 · Cited by 6
Multi-Spherical Diffusion MRI: Exploring Diffusion Time Using Signal Sparsity
Fick, R., Petiet, A., Santin, M. D., Philippe, A.-C., Lehéricy, S., Rachid Deriche, B., & Wassermann, D. (2017) · Mathematics and visualization · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54130-3_6 · Cited by 6
“We find optimal values for regularization weights α and β using cross-validation and implemented the surrounding code infrastructure inside the DiPy framework [18].”
MethodInference and Visualization of Information Flow in the Visual Pathway Using dMRI and EEG
Deslauriers‐Gauthier, S., Lina, J., Butler, R., Bernier, P., Whittingstall, K., Rachid Deriche, B., & Descoteaux, M. (2017) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-66182-7_58 · Cited by 6
“Fiber orientation distribution functions were computed using constrained spherical deconvolution [6] implemented in dipy [4].”
MethodSelf-citationDiscovering Hidden Physics Behind Transport Dynamics
Liu, P., Tian, L., Zhang, Y., Aylward, S., Lee, Y. Z., & Niethammer, M. (2021) · IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings - IEEE Computer Society Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition/Proceedings · doi:10.1109/cvpr46437.2021.00995 · Cited by 6
“Diffusion tensors are estimated from the DWIs using Dipy [18] (Fig.”
MethodTL-HARDI: Transform learning based accelerated reconstruction of HARDI data
Vaish, A., Rajwade, A. V., & Gupta, A. (2022) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2022.105212 · Cited by 6
Kebiri, H., Canales-Rodríguez, E. J., Lajous, H., de Dumast, P., Girard, G., Alemán‐Gómez, Y., Koob, M., András, J., & Cuadra, M. B. (2022) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2022.827816 · Cited by 6
“Scalar maps - By merging the b0 and b1000 using the autoencoder enhancement, we reconstructed FA, MD, axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) fromDTI using Dipy (58) separately for AE-1 or AE-2, i.”
MethodComparison of CPU and GPU bayesian estimates of fibre orientations from diffusion MRI
Kim, D. H. C., Williams, L. J., Hernández-Fernández, M., & Björnson, B. (2022) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0252736 · Cited by 6
RFC1 ‐Related Disorder: In Vivo Evaluation of Spinal Cord Damage
de Rezende, T. J. R., Schmitt, G. D. S., de Lima, F. D., de Brito, M. R., Matos, P. C. A. A. P., Bonadia, L. C., Martínez, A., Cendes, F., Pedroso, J. L., Barsottini, O. G. P., et al. (2022) · Movement Disorders · doi:10.1002/mds.29169 · Cited by 7
“Finally, we computed the diffusion parameters, such as fractional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffusivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD) for all assessed tracts.(22) Separate values were obtained for each vertebral level, from C2 down to C5 on both sides.”
MethodFrom the Wet Lab to the Web Lab: A Paradigm Shift in Brain Imaging Research
Keshavan, A., & Poline, J. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroinformatics · doi:10.3389/fninf.2019.00003 · Cited by 6
“, 2011) , Dipy27 (Garyfallidis et al., 2014), and Nilearn28 (Abraham et al.”
ManifoldNorm: Extending normalizations on Riemannian ManifoldsPreprint
Chakraborty, R. (2020) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.2003.13869 · Cited by 16
“After the correction, the orientation distribution functions (ODF) is generated using the Diffusion Imaging in Python (DIPY) toolbox[20].”
A generative network model of neurodevelopmentPreprint
Akarca, D., Vértes, P. E., Bullmore, E. T., the CALM team, & Astle, D. E. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.249391 · Cited by 6
SUDMEX CONN: The Mexican MRI dataset of patients with cocaine use disorderPreprint
Ángeles-Valdéz, D., Rasgado‐Toledo, J., Issa‐Garcia, V., Balducci, T., Villicaña, V., Valencia, A., Olvera, J. J. G., Reyes-Zamorano, E., & Garza‐Villarreal, E. A. (2021) · medRxiv · doi:10.1101/2021.09.03.21263048 · Cited by 6
Patch2Self denoising of Diffusion MRI with Self-Supervision and Matrix SketchingPreprint
Fadnavis, S., Chowdhury, A., Batson, J., Petros Drineas, B., & Garyfallidis, E. (2022) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2022.03.15.484539 · Cited by 6
“To enable broad adoption of this method by the MRI community, we have incorporated an efficient and unit-tested implementation of Patch2Self into the widely-used open-source library DIPY [33].”
MethodSelf-citationStatistical ConnectomicsPreprint
Chung, J., Bridgeford, E., Arroyo, J., Pedigo, B. D., Saad-Eldin, A., Gopalakrishnan, V., Xiang, L., Priebe, C. E., & Vogelstein, J. T. (2020) · doi:10.31219/osf.io/ek4n3 · Cited by 6
Amyloid, Tau, and APOE in Alzheimer’s Disease: Impact on White Matter TractsPreprint
Chandio, B. Q., Villalón‐Reina, J. E., Nir, T. M., Thomopoulos, S. I., Feng, Y., Benavidez, S. M., Jahanshad, N., Harezlak, J., Garyfallidis, E., Thompson, P. M., et al. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.08.05.606560 · Cited by 7
Self-citationObesity and diffusion-weighted imaging of subcortical grey matter in young and older adults
Tweedale, M., Morys, F., Pastor‐Bernier, A., Azizi, H., Tremblay, C., & Dagher, A. (2024) · Appetite · doi:10.1016/j.appet.2024.107527 · Cited by 6
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Nagai, Y., Fujimura, T., Uchida, W., Iseki, R., Kamagata, K., Aoki, S., & Kato, T. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121342 · Cited by 5
Lin, K., Chen, J., Pan, J., Wang, R.-H., Wu, S., Wen, W., Li, Y., Wang, L., & Yuan, F. (2025) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.70637 · Cited by 5
“Diffusion tensors are fitted for both the multi-shell and extracted b = 1000 data using a non-linear least-squares fitting algorithm implemented in dipy (Garyfallidis et al. 2014), from which fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity images are generated.”
Long-term effects of 4 years of menopausal hormone therapy on white matter integrity
Faubion, L. L., Mak, E., Kara, F., Tosakulwong, N., Lesnick, T. G., Fought, A. J., Reid, R. I., Schwarz, C. G., Kendall‐Thomas, J., Kapoor, E., et al. (2025) · Menopause The Journal of The North American Menopause Society · doi:10.1097/gme.0000000000002562 · Cited by 5
“31 Diffusion tensors were fi tted using a nonlinear least-squares fi tting algorithm implemented in DIPY 32 to generate FA and MD images.”
Improved Strength Prediction Combining MRI Biomarkers of Muscle Quantity and Quality
Mazzoli, V., Vainberg, Y., Hall, M. E., Barbieri, M., Asay, J. L., Muccini, J., Rosenberg, J., Kogan, F., Delp, S. L., & Gold, G. E. (2025) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.70112 · Cited by 6
“Diffusion volumes were denoised using patch2self [40] and non-rigidly registered to the Dixon water images.”
Peters, J., Maamary, J., Kyle, K., Osborne, I., Wilson, D., Jones, L., Bolitho, S., Barnett, M. H., Wang, C., Barnett, Y., et al. (2025) · Brain Communications · doi:10.1093/braincomms/fcaf303 · Cited by 5
“27 The overlap of the ablations with the DRTT was assessed by calculating the fraction of streamlines that traversed either zone 1 or zone 2 of the ablation volumes, which are presented as a percentage.”
Yao, J., Xia, Y., Shang, S., Huang, T., Tian, Y., Gao, W., Gu, Y., & Chen, Y. (2026) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2026.121760 · Cited by 5
Ren, J., Jiang, C., Zhang, W., Dahmani, L., Shen, L., Zhang, F., Li, S., He, C., Yin, Y., Fu, X., et al. (2026) · Nature Neuroscience · doi:10.1038/s41593-026-02228-w · Cited by 7
Weaver, J. M., DiPiero, M. A., Rodrigues, P. G., Cordash, H., Davidson, R. J., Planalp, E. M., & Dean, D. (2023) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00023 · Cited by 6
Zheng, G., Fei, B., Ge, A., Liu, Y., Liu, Y., Yang, Z., Chen, Z., Wang, X., Wang, H., & Ding, J. (2023) · Quantitative Imaging in Medicine and Surgery · doi:10.21037/qims-23-847 · Cited by 5
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Cai, L., Maikusa, N., Zhu, Y., Nishida, A., Ando, S., Okada, N., Kasai, K., Nakamura, Y., & Koike, S. (2024) · JAMA Network Open · doi:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.55292 · Cited by 5
Phybers: a package for brain tractography analysis
Rodríguez, L. L. G., Osorio, I., Alejandro Cofre, G., Hernandez, H., Román, C., Poupon, C., Mangin, J., Hernández, C., & Guevara, P. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1333243 · Cited by 4
“…al., 2009), FSL (Smith et al., 2004; Woolrich et al., 2009; Jenkinson et al., 2012), MRtrix (Tournier et al., 2019), Freesurfer (Fischl, 2012), DSI Studio (Yeh et al., 2013), Dipy (Garyfallidis et al., 2014), DiffusionKit (Xie et al., 2016), and SlicerDMRI (Norton et al., 2017; Zhang et al., 2020b).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialOrdóñez-Rubiano, E. G., Castañeda-Duarte, M. A., Baeza-Antón, L., Romo-Quebradas, J. A., Perilla-Estrada, J. P., Cepeda, T. A. P., Enciso-Olivera, C. O., Rudas, J., Marín-Muñoz, J. H., Pulido, C., et al. (2024) · Clinical Neurology and Neurosurgery · doi:10.1016/j.clineuro.2024.108353 · Cited by 5
A practical guide for combining functional regions of interest and white matter bundles
Meisler, S. L., Kubota, E. C., Grotheer, M., Gabrieli, J. D. E., & Kalanit Grill-spector, A. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2024.1385847 · Cited by 11
“For example, the MRtrix3 software package (Tournier et al., 2019) implements Marchenko-Pastur principal component analysis (Veraart et al., 2016b) via dwidenoise , and the DIPY software package (Garyfallidis et al., 2014) can perform the self-supervised patch2self method (Fadnavis et al., 2020).”
MethodSuper-resolution mapping of anisotropic tissue structure with diffusion MRI and deep learning
Ordinola, A., Abramian, D., Herberthson, M., Eklúnd, A., & Özarslan, E. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-90972-7 · Cited by 5
“All processing of diffusion MRI data was done using the dipy toolbox 29 (version 1.5) for Python.”
InfluentialSzeszko, P. R., Kowalchyk, M. L., Chu, K.-W., Aladin, S., Dolgopolskaia, E.-S., Ng, S., Hollander, S., Pérez-Rodríguez, M. M., McClure, M. M., Kahn, R. S., et al. (2025) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/s41380-025-03074-1 · Cited by 5
“TensorModel in DIPY [55], and then brain-extracted using freesurfer ’ s mri_synthstrip [56].”
Bergamino, M., Zhu, S., Shill, H. A., & Stokes, A. M. (2025) · Frontiers in Neurology · doi:10.3389/fneur.2025.1605753 · Cited by 5
Controlling the human connectome with spatially diffuse input signals
Betzel, R. F., Puxeddu, M. G., Seguin, C., Bazinet, V., Luppi, A. I., Podschun, A. N., Singleton, S. P., Faskowitz, J., Parakkattu, V., Mišić, B., et al. (2026) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-026-09560-8 · Cited by 5
“The Dipy toolbox (version 1.1) 104 was used to fi t a multi-shell multi-tissue constrained spherical deconvolution 105 to the diffusion data with a spherical harmonics order of 8, using tissue maps estimated with FSL ’ s fast 106 .”
InfluentialGroupwise Structural Parcellation of the Cortex: A Sound Approach Based on Logistic Models
Gallardo, G., Fick, R., Wells, W. M., Rachid Deriche, B., & Wassermann, D. (2017) · Mathematics and visualization · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-54130-3_8 · Cited by 5
Hamamcı, A. (2019) · Neuroinformatics · doi:10.1007/s12021-019-09425-y · Cited by 5
A Stem-Based Dissection of Inferior Fronto-Occipital Fasciculus with A Deep Learning Model
Astolfi, P., BENEDICTIS, A. D., Sarubbo, S., Bertò, G., Olivetti, E., Sona, D., & Avesani, P. (2020) · IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) · doi:10.1109/isbi45749.2020.9098483 · Cited by 5
“We designed a pipeline to compute the diffusivity model both using DTI [10] and CSD [5], after extracting 90 gradients at b=2000.”
MethodProgressive Subsampling for Oversampled Data - Application to Quantitative MRI
Blumberg, S. B., Lin, H., Grussu, F., Zhou, Y., Figini, M., & Alexander, D. C. (2022) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-031-16446-0_40 · Cited by 5
“As MUDI data provides combined diffusion and relaxometry information, to evaluate the practical impact of the different reconstructions we estimated T1, T2* values and DTI parameters with a dictionary-based approach in [13].”
Fiblets for Real‐Time Rendering of Massive Brain Tractograms
Schertzer, J., Mercier, C., Rousseau, S., & Boubekeur, T. (2022) · Computer Graphics Forum · doi:10.1111/cgf.14486 · Cited by 5
Shusharina, N., Liu, X., Coll‐Font, J., Foster, A. N., Fakhri, G. E., Woo, J., Bortfeld, T. R., & Nguyen, C. T. (2022) · Physics in Medicine and Biology · doi:10.1088/1361-6560/ac8045 · Cited by 5
Li, X., & Liang, H. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroinformatics · doi:10.3389/fninf.2022.902452 · Cited by 5
Ridehalgh, C., Fundaun, J., Bremner, S. A., Cercignani, M., Young, R. C. D., Trivedy, C., Novak, A., Greening, J., Schmid, A. B., & Dilley, A. (2022) · BMJ Open · doi:10.1136/bmjopen-2022-066021 · Cited by 5
Randomized iterative spherical‐deconvolution informed tractogram filtering
Hain, A., Jörgens, D., & Moreno, R. (2023) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2023.120248 · Cited by 6
Total-Body Irradiation Alters White Matter Volume and Microstructural Integrity in Rhesus Macaques
Johnson, B. J., Barcus, R. A., Olson, J. D., Lipford, M. E., Andrews, R. N., Dugan, G. O., Tooze, J. A., Kim, J., Deycmar, S., Whitlow, C. T., et al. (2023) · International Journal of Radiation Oncology*Biology*Physics · doi:10.1016/j.ijrobp.2023.11.014 · Cited by 5
Moon, H. S., Mahzarnia, A., Stout, J. A., Anderson, R. J., Strain, M., Tremblay, J. T., Han, Z. Y., Niculescu, A., MacFarlane, A., King, J., et al. (2023) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-023-02731-x · Cited by 4
“Diffusion parameters were reconstructed using MRtrix3 (Tournier et al. 2019) producing –2 million tracts and MAP MRI parameters were reconstructed using DIPY (Garyfallidis et al. 2014; Tournier et al. 2012).”
CCADD: An online webserver for Alzheimer's disease detection from brain MRI
Panigrahi, P., Das, S., & Chakrabarti, S. (2024) · Computers in Biology and Medicine · doi:10.1016/j.compbiomed.2024.108622 · Cited by 6
Diffusion tensor transformation for personalizing target volumes in radiation therapy
Buti, G., Ajdari, A., Bridge, C. P., Sharp, G. C., & Bortfeld, T. R. (2024) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2024.103271 · Cited by 5
Chemical shift–encoded multishot EPI for navigator‐free prostate DWI
Dong, Y., Atkinson, D., Koolstra, K., van Osch, M. J. P., & Börnert, P. (2024) · Magnetic Resonance in Medicine · doi:10.1002/mrm.30334 · Cited by 5
Benavidez, S. M., Abaryan, Z., Kim, G. S., Laltoo, E., McCracken, J. T., Thompson, P. M., & Lawrence, K. E. (2024) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc53108.2024.10781992 · Cited by 7
“Each subject’s dMRI scan was denoised using the Marcenko-Pastur principal component analysis (PCA) algorithm in DIPY to enhance the signal-to-noise ratio [26].”
MethodManzano-Patron, J. P., Deistler, M., Schröder, C., Kypraios, T., Gonçalves, P. J., Macke, J. H., & Sotiropoulos, S. N. (2025) · Medical Image Analysis · doi:10.1016/j.media.2025.103580 · Cited by 4
“Both signal representations were obtained using Dipy implementations [70].”
Zhao, S., Nie, Y., Wen, L., Qin, X., Huang, L., Chu, C., & Qu, M. (2025) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2025.1587702 · Cited by 5
“Utilizing the regularized two-tensor model and the Diffusion Imaging in Python (Dipy) software package, fiber water (FW) images were derived from the preprocessed diffusion-weighted imaging data 2 (Garyfallidis et al., 2014).”
Effective Brain Connectivity Through a Constrained Autoregressive Model
Crimi, A., Dodero, L., Murino, V., & Sona, D. (2016) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-46720-7_17 · Cited by 5
Villalón-Reina, J. E., Forsyth, J. K., Kushan, L., Vajdi, A., Jalbrzikowski, M., Antshel, K. M., Fremont, W. P., Campbell, L., McCabe, K., Durdle, C. A., et al. (2018) · International Symposium on Medical Information Processing and Analysis (SIPAIM) · doi:10.1117/12.2513788 · Cited by 4
“With the dMRI in the ENIGMA-DTI template space we used a nonlinear fitting and outlier detection for robust estimation of the diffusion tensor [21] by using the DIPY package [22].”
MethodCrystallinity characterization of white matter in the human brain
Teich, E., Cieslak, M., Giesbrecht, B., Vettel, J., Grafton, S. T., Satterthwaite, T., & Bassett, D. (2020) · New Journal of Physics · doi:10.1088/1367-2630/ac1286 · Cited by 5
Optimized Diffusion Imaging for Brain Structural Connectome Analysis
Consagra, W., Venkataraman, A., & Zhang, Z. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging · doi:10.1109/tmi.2022.3156868 · Cited by 5
Accelerating Geometry-Based Spherical Harmonics Glyphs Rendering for dMRI Using Modern OpenGL
Poirier, C., Descoteaux, M., & Gilet, G. (2021) · Lecture notes in computer science · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-87615-9_13 · Cited by 5
Self-citationSitek, K. R., Calabrese, E., Johnson, G. A., Ghosh, S., & Chandrasekaran, B. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2022.751595 · Cited by 7
“Streamlines were generated using DIPY’s EuDX approach.”
MethodPierre, W. C., Zhang, E., Londoño, I., Leener, B. D., Lesage, F., & Lodygensky, G. A. (2022) · Behavioural Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.bbr.2022.113884 · Cited by 5
Blood pressure changes impact corticospinal integrity and downstream gait and balance control
Coon, E. A., Castillo, A. M., Lesnick, T. G., Raghavan, S., Mielke, M. M., Reid, R. I., Windham, B. G., Petersen, R. C., Jack, C. R., Graff‐Radford, J., et al. (2022) · Neurobiology of Aging · doi:10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2022.08.011 · Cited by 5
Deep constrained spherical deconvolution for robust harmonization
Yao, T., Rheault, F., Cai, L. Y., Nath, V., Asad, Z., Newlin, N. R., Cui, C., Deng, R., Ramadass, K., Schilling, K. G., et al. (2023) · SPIE Medical Imaging: Image Processing · doi:10.1117/12.2654398 · Cited by 5
“22 For the spherical harmonics coeifficients c mk , k is the order, m is the degree.”
BackgroundMethodDmipy, A Diffusion Microstructure Imaging Toolbox in Python to Improve Research Reproducibility
Alimi, A., Fick, R., Wassermann, D., & Rachid Deriche, B. (2019) · Mathematics and visualization · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-05831-9_5 · Cited by 5
“It is different from dipy [33] because Dmipy is a “model generator”.”
BackgroundMethodAutomatic comprehensive aspects reports in clinical acute stroke MRIs
Liu, C.-F., Li, J., Kim, G., Miller, M. I., Hillis, A. E., & Faria, A. V. (2023) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-023-30242-6 · Cited by 5
Increased BOLD activation in the left parahippocampal cortex after 1 year of medical school
Bernier, M., Gauvreau, C., Theriault, D., Madrolle, S., Lepage, J., & Whittingstall, K. (2015) · Neuroreport · doi:10.1097/wnr.0000000000000497 · Cited by 5
Semi-Supervised Brain Lesion Segmentation Using Training Images with and Without Lesions
Liu, C., Pang, F., Liu, Y., Liang, K., Li, X., Zeng, X., & Ye, C. (2020) · IEEE International Symposium on Biomedical Imaging (ISBI) · doi:10.1109/isbi45749.2020.9098565 · Cited by 5
“The DWI scans were skull-stripped using Dipy [12], and the intensities were normalized so that brain tissue had zero mean and unit variance.”
MethodThe role of the structural connectome in literacy and numeracy development in childrenPreprint
Bathelt, J., Gathercole, S. E., Butterfield, S., & Astle, D. E. (2017) · PsyArXiv (OSF Preprints) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/jk6yb · Cited by 8
Fitting IVIM with Variable Projection and Simplicial OptimizationPreprint
Fadnavis, S., Farooq, H., Afzali, M., Lenglet, C., Georgiou, T. T., Cheng, H., Newman, S. D., Ahmed, S., Henriques, R. N., Peterson, E., et al. (2019) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1910.00095 · Cited by 5
“…quality of estimates amd to ensure the stability and robustness of fitting, we conducted experiments with both simulated (with and without noise) and real data (Peterson, 2016) We simulated the signal from the IVIM model in DIPY (Garyfallidis et al., 2014) and fitted it with the proposed framework.”
MethodInfluentialSelf-citationBridging the Gap: From Neuroanatomical Knowledge to Tractography of Brain PathwaysPreprint
Gallardo, G., Wassermann, D., & Anwander, A. (2020) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2020.08.01.232116 · Cited by 5
“These masks can be readily used to inform any tractography algorithm (Jenkinson et al., 2012; Garyfallidis et al., 2014; Tournier et al., 2019).”
BackgroundSparse multiway decomposition for analysis and modeling of diffusion imaging and tractographyPreprint
Caiafa, C. F., & Pestilli, F. (2015) · arXiv (Cornell University) · doi:10.48550/arxiv.1505.07170 · Cited by 5
Griessmair, M., Schramm, S., Ziegenfeuter, J., Canisius, J., Jung, K., Delbridge, C., Schmidt‐Graf, F., Mitsdoerffer, M., Zimmer, C., Meyer, B., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neuro-Oncology · doi:10.1007/s11060-024-04849-2 · Cited by 4
“Resulting segmentations were quality-checked by M.G. ADC and FA maps were derived from DTI using the dipy library [ 25 ].”
Clements, G. M., Camacho, P., Bowie, D. C., Low, K. A., Sutton, B. P., Gratton, G., & Fabiani, M. (2025) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70168 · Cited by 6
Vyas, S., Kumar, P., Salan, T., Sankhyan, N., Dash, S., Srikumar, S., Ahuja, C. K., Govind, V., & Singh, P. (2025) · Neuroradiology · doi:10.1007/s00234-025-03831-7 · Cited by 4
“The Dipy library [10]was then used for diffusion tensor fitting and reconstruction of DTI maps: frac - tional anisotropy (FA), mean diffusivity (MD), axial diffu - sivity (AD), and radial diffusivity (RD).”
Deterministic versus Probabilistic Tractography: Impact on White Matter Bundle Shape
Shuai, Y., Chandio, B. Q., Feng, Y., Villalón‐Reina, J. E., Nir, T. M., Ching, C. R. K., Gari, I. B., Thomopoulos, S. I., Alibrando, J. D., John, J. P., et al. (2025) · International Symposium on Medical Information Processing and Analysis (SIPAIM) · doi:10.1109/sipaim67325.2025.11283349 · Cited by 4
Gholam, J., Schmid, P., Ametepe, J. M., Plumley, A., Beltrachini, L., Padormo, F., Teixeira, R. P. A. G., O’Halloran, R., Petkov, K., Engel, K., et al. (2026) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.70454 · Cited by 4
“Diffusion tensors were fitted to the observed data using the RESTORE method [ Chang2005 , Chung2006 , Yendiki2014 ] implemented in DIPY Version 1.11 [ Garyfallidis2014 ].”
InfluentialBricaud, I., & Masala, G. L. (2026) · International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health · doi:10.3390/ijerph23030322 · Cited by 5
“We performed tissue segmentation using the Hidden Markov Random Field (HMRF) algorithm implemented in the DIPY library [19,20].”
Lv, M., Wang, Q., Yu, G., Chen, J., Zhou, X., Chen, Z., Li, R., Huang, S., Liang, Y., Que, Y., et al. (2026) · Journal of Alzheimer s Disease · doi:10.1177/13872877261426578 · Cited by 4
Ille, S., Zhang, H., Stassen, N., Schwendner, M. J., Schröder, A., Wiestler, B., Meyer, B., & Krieg, S. M. (2024) · Cortex · doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2024.01.013 · Cited by 4
“Next, the rim of nTMS-and DCS-POS targets were enlarged to 5 mm and regarded as start regions for seed-based brain tractography through the Python library DIPY (Version 1.2.0, https://dipy.org) (Garyfallidis et al., 2014) (Fig.”
InfluentialComparison of structural connectomes for modeling deep brain stimulation pathway activation
Mehta, K., Noecker, A. M., & McIntyre, C. C. (2025) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2025.121211 · Cited by 4
“Dice overlap was calculated by converting the streamlines into their voxel representation (i.e. a binar-ized mapping of all voxels that contain a streamline) which was done using ‘density_map() ’ function of the DIPY Python library (Garyfallidis et al., 2014).”
Harritz, T., Hansen, B., Zhang, B., & Xue, R. (2025) · NMR in Biomedicine · doi:10.1002/nbm.70110 · Cited by 4
“The combined IVIM-DKI data was corrected for between-volumes motion in DiPy [33] by registering each volume to a reference b0-image from the corresponding animal [36].”
InfluentialKim, B. H., Shin, D., Kang, S. H., Jang, H., Yun, J., Park, Y., Zetterberg, H., Blennow, K., González‐Ortiz, F., Ashton, N. J., et al. (2025) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-025-14200-y · Cited by 4
“The FW and FW-corrected maps (FA t and MD t ) were then calculated using the open-source software package Diffusion Imaging in Python (DIPY, https://dipy.org/) 37 .”
A Generalized SMT-Based Framework for Diffusion MRI Microstructural Model Estimation
Zucchelli, M., Descoteaux, M., & Menegaz, G. (2018) · Mathematics and visualization · doi:10.1007/978-3-319-73839-0_4 · Cited by 4
Self-citationBayesian Tractography Using Geometric Shape Priors
Dong, X., Zhang, Z., & Srivastava, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00483 · Cited by 4
“To estimate a diffusion tensor at each voxel, we use the open source software Dipy (Garyfallidis et al., 2014).”
MethodMapping the impact of non-linear gradient fields on diffusion MRI tensor estimation
Kanakaraj, P., Hansen, C. B., Rheault, F., Cai, L. Y., Ramadass, K., Rogers, B. P., Schilling, K. G., & Landman, B. A. (2022) · SPIE Medical Imaging: Image Processing · doi:10.1117/12.2611900 · Cited by 4
“Tensors are simulated at different orientations that are uniformly spaced with one hundred 𝜃 ∈ [0, 𝜋] and hundred 𝜑 ∈ [0, 2𝜋] over a spere using dipy that implemented the electrostatic repulsion from Jones1999 [13].”
Diffusion-relaxation scattered MR signal representation in a multi-parametric sequence
Bogusz, F., Pieciak, T., Afzali, M., & Pizzolato, M. (2022) · Magnetic Resonance Imaging · doi:10.1016/j.mri.2022.05.007 · Cited by 4
“In this experiment, the ODFs were estimated for 11554 equally spaced points on a unit sphere generated with the repulsion algorithm using Diffusion Imaging in Python (DIPY) package (Jones et al., 1999; Garyfallidis et al., 2014).”
McKenna, F., Gupta, P. K., Sui, Y. V., Bertisch, H. C., Gonen, O., GOFF, D. C., & Lazar, M. (2023) · Schizophrenia Bulletin · doi:10.1093/schbul/sbad019 · Cited by 4
Likelihood-free posterior estimation and uncertainty quantification for diffusion MRI models
Karimi, H. S., Pal, A., Ning, L., & Yogesh Rathi, A. (2024) · Imaging Neuroscience · doi:10.1162/imag_a_00088 · Cited by 4
“For comparison with existing techniques, we calculate the number of peaks using the state- of- the-art method called Constrained Spherical Deconvolution (CSD) ( Tournier et al., 2007) as implemented in the DIPY package ( Garyfallidis et al., 2014).”
MethodDynamic Perviousness Predicts Revascularization Success in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Bertalan, G., Duparc, R., Krepuska, M., Toth, D., Madjidyar, J., Thurner, P., Schubert, T. B., & Kulcsár, Z. (2024) · Diagnostics · doi:10.3390/diagnostics14050535 · Cited by 4
Complex relationships of socioeconomic status with vascular and Alzheimer’s pathways on cognition
Shir, D., Graff‐Radford, J., Fought, A. J., Lesnick, T. G., Przybelski, S. A., Vassilaki, M. E., Lowe, V. J., Knopman, D. S., Machulda, M. M., Petersen, R. C., et al. (2024) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2024.103634 · Cited by 6
“Diffusion tensors were estimated using nonlinear least squares fitting and used to calculate Fractional Anisotropy (FA) and Mean Diffusivity (MD) images in dipy (Garyfallidis et al., 2014).”
MethodOptimal navigability of weighted human brain connectomes in physical space
Barjuan, L., Soriano, J., & Serrano, M. Á. (2024) · NeuroImage · doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2024.120703 · Cited by 4
“The already preprocessed (Glasser et al., 2013) DWI data of each subject was employed to fit a second-order tensor for each voxel and its different voxelwise scalar maps by using Dipy (Garyfallidis et al., 2014).”
Metadata
- Authors
- Garyfallidis, E., Brett, M., Amirbekian, B., Rokem, A., van der Walt, S., Descoteaux, M., Nimmo-Smith, I., & Contributors, D.
- Affiliations
- Université de Sherbrooke (CA)
- University of California, Berkeley (US)
- University of California, San Francisco (US)
- Stanford University (US)
- Corresponding author
- Garyfallidis, Eleftherios
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroinformatics
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2014-02-21
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 8-8
- ISSN
- 1662-5196 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC3931231
- OpenAlex
- W2062791478
- Cited by
- 1,371
- References
- 98
- Citations by year
- 2026: 147 · 2025: 192 · 2024: 177 · 2023: 162 · 2022: 151 · 2021: 147 · 2020: 100 · 2019: 89 · 2018: 54 · 2017: 79 · 2016: 34 · 2015: 26 · 2014: 12
- FWCI
- 39.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroinformatics (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Funders
- Fonds Québécois de la Recherche sur la Nature et les Technologies
- Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada
- National Eye Institute (F32EY022294)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Functional Brain Connectivity Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging › Advanced MRI Techniques and Applications
- Keywords
- diffusion MRI, DIPY, white matter, fiber tractography, diffusion tensor model, constrained spherical deconvolution, diffusion spectrum imaging, probabilistic tracking, open source software, Python library
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