Menstrual cycle influence on cognitive function and emotion processing—from a reproductive perspective
Open accessAbstract
The menstrual cycle has attracted research interest ever since the 1930s. For many researchers the menstrual cycle is an excellent model of ovarian steroid influence on emotion, behavior, and cognition. Over the past years methodological improvements in menstrual cycle studies have been noted, and this review summarizes the findings of methodologically sound menstrual cycle studies in healthy women. Whereas the predominant hypotheses of the cognitive field state that sexually dimorphic cognitive skills that favor men are improved during menstrual cycle phases with low estrogen and that cognitive skills that favor women are improved during cycle phases with increased estrogen and/or progesterone, this review has not found sufficient evidence to support any of these hypotheses. Mental rotation has gained specific interest in this aspect, but a meta-analysis yielded a standardized mean difference in error rate of 1.61 (95% CI -0.35 to 3.57), suggesting, at present, no favor of an early follicular phase improvement in mental rotation performance. Besides the sexually dimorphic cognitive skills, studies exploring menstrual cycle effects on tasks that probe prefrontal cortex function, for instance verbal or spatial working memory, have also been reviewed. While studies thus far are few, results at hand suggest improved performance at times of high estradiol levels. Menstrual cycle studies on emotional processing, on the other hand, tap into the emotional disorders of the luteal phase, and may be of relevance for women with premenstrual disorders. Although evidence at present is limited, it is suggested that emotion recognition, consolidation of emotional memories, and fear extinction is modulated by the menstrual cycle in women. With the use of functional magnetic resonance imaging, several studies report changes in brain reactivity across the menstrual cycle, most notably increased amygdala reactivity in the luteal phase. Thus, to the extent that behavioral changes have been demonstrated over the course of the menstrual cycle, the best evidence suggests that differences in sexually dimorphic tasks are small and difficult to replicate. However, emotion-related changes are more consistently found, and are better associated with progesterone than with estradiol such that high progesterone levels are associated with increased amygdala reactivity and increased emotional memory.
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The results are in line with conclusions of researchers who argued that cognitive performance does not change throughout the cycle.
“The results are in line with the conclusions of researchers who argued that cognitive performance does not change throughout the cycle [10,28–32,34].”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
The Conclusion (page unavailable) says that most studies have failed to establish a menstrual-cycle influence on cognitive function. It does not conclude that performance never changes: it describes differences on several cognitive tasks as small and difficult to replicate, and notes that some effects may have gone undetected. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredOne prior meta-analysis that examined a narrow set of cognitions using similar methods (mental rotation tasks) also did not find significant cycle differences.
“one prior meta-analysis that examined a narrow set of cognitions using similar methods (mental rotation tasks) also did not find significant cycle differences [34].”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
Sample sizes in this stream of literature are typically small, which limits generalizability of any one study.
“Sample sizes are typically small [27,34], which limits generalizability of any one study.”
From Menstrual cycle effects on cognitive performance: A meta-analysis (2025) · cites this paper as [34]
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BackgroundFacial emotion recognition and amygdala activation are associated with menstrual cycle phase
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BackgroundEffects of HTR1A C(−1019)G on Amygdala Reactivity and Trait Anxiety
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BackgroundHow Progesterone Impairs Memory for Biologically Salient Stimuli in Healthy Young Women
van Wingen, G. V., van Broekhoven, F. V., Verkes, R., Petersson, K., Bäckström, T., Buitelaar, J., & Fernández, G. (2007) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1715-07.2007 · Cited by 144 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Hence, emotion recognition accuracy appear poorer in the luteal phase, specifically for the negative emotional stimuli (Derntl et al., 2008b) and these findings are corroborated by a report on decreased facial recognition accuracy upon acute progesterone administration (van Wingen et al., 2007).”
BackgroundNeuroactive steroids: focus on human brain
Melcangi, R. C., Panzica, G., & García‐Segura, L. M. (2011) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.06.024 · Cited by 143 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Neurosteroids potentiate the GABAA receptor, where they increase hyperpolarization and act in a similar manner to barbiturates and benzodiazepines (Melcangi et al., 2011).”
BackgroundGingnell, M., Engman, J., Frick, A., Moby, L., Wikström, J., Fredrikson, M., & Poromaa, I. S. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.11.006 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Self-citationConway, C. A., Jones, B. C., DeBruine, L. M., Welling, L. L. M., Smith, M. J. L., Perrett, D. I., Sharp, M. A., & Al‐Dujaili, E. A. S. (2006) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2006.10.002 · Cited by 143 · see citing works
Cortisol and memory retrieval in women: influence of menstrual cycle and oral contraceptives
Kuhlmann, S., & Wolf, O. T. (2005) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-005-0143-z · Cited by 142 · cited 6× · see citing works
“…memory (narrative) ± CPS No effect of stress or cycle phase on recall Felmingham et al., 2012 56 NC High P/low P c.s. Emotional memory (IAPS) ± CPS ↑ memory during stress in high P Kuhlmann and Wolf, 2005 27 NC/20 OC 2–4/20–24 Cortisol/placebo Emotional memory (negative/neutral words) No…”
BackgroundInfluentialHalari, R., Hines, M., Kumari, V., Mehrotra, R., Wheeler, M., Ng, V., & Sharma, T. (2005) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.119.1.104 · Cited by 140 · cited 8× · see citing works
“…2008), multiple test sessions in individual subjects (Rosenberg and Park, 2002; Solis-Ortiz and Corsi-Cabrera, 2008), composite scores by which specific task performance may be disguised (Gordon and Lee, 1993), or used unwisely chosen time-frames for their assessments (Halari et al., 2005).”
BackgroundInfluentialEpting, L. K., & Overman, W. (1998) · Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.1037/0735-7044.112.6.1304 · Cited by 135 · see citing works
The effect of menstruation on cognitive and perceptual-motor behavior: a review
Sommer, B. (1973) · Psychosomatic Medicine · doi:10.1097/00006842-197311000-00007 · Cited by 134 · see citing works
No difference in cognitive performance between phases of the menstrual cycle
Gordon, H. W. (1993) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(93)90045-m · Cited by 132 · cited 13× · see citing works
“…2008), multiple test sessions in individual subjects (Rosenberg and Park, 2002; Solis-Ortiz and Corsi-Cabrera, 2008), composite scores by which specific task performance may be disguised (Gordon and Lee, 1993), or used unwisely chosen time-frames for their assessments (Halari et al., 2005).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialSex differences in the regulation of progesterone receptor isoforms expression in the rat brain
Guerra‐Araiza, C., Coyoy-Salgado, A., & Camacho‐Arroyo, I. (2002) · Brain Research Bulletin · doi:10.1016/s0361-9230(02)00845-6 · Cited by 131 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While human studies are not available for progesterone receptors, animal data suggest that progesterone receptors are also distributed throughout the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and the frontal cortex (Kato et al., 1994; Guerra-Araiza et al., 2000, 2002, 2003).”
BackgroundColzato, L. S., Hertsig, G., van den Wildenberg, W. P. M., & Hommel, B. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.02.029 · Cited by 131 · see citing works
Effects of hormonal contraceptives on mental rotation and verbal fluency
Griksiene, R., & Ruksenas, O. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.03.001 · Cited by 128 · cited 14× · see citing works
“Again, a number of methodological concerns have been identified in the studies; several studies suffer from low power (Hausmann et al., 2000; Solis-Ortiz and Corsi-Cabrera, 2008), two studies report on a visuospatial composite score (Hampson, 1990; Gordon and Lee, 1993), and one study involved repeated, daily testings…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialGuapo, V. G., Graeff, F. G., Zani, A. C. T., Labate, C. M., dos Reis, R. M., & Del‐Ben, C. M. (2009) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2009.02.007 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
GABA receptors, progesterone and premenstrual dysphoric disorder
Poromaa, I., Smith, S., & Gulinello, M. (2003) · Archives of Women's Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-002-0147-1 · Cited by 123 · see citing works
Endometrial Pinopodes and Uterine Receptivity
Nikas, G., & Makrigiannakis, A. (2003) · Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1196/annals.1290.042 · Cited by 115 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Progesterone, at this stage, is needed for endometrial preparation for implantation, in case of conception, and the progesterone peak on menstrual cycle day 21 (or LH +8) coincides with the endometrial implantation window on menstrual cycle day 21 (LH +8) (Nikas and Makrigiannakis, 2003).”
BackgroundInfluentialFerree, N. K., Kamat, R., & Cahill, L. (2011) · Consciousness and Cognition · doi:10.1016/j.concog.2011.02.003 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
The contribution of the adrenal gland to the total amount of progesterone produced in the female rat
Fajer, A. B., Holzbauer, M., & Newport, H. M. (1971) · The Journal of Physiology · doi:10.1113/jphysiol.1971.sp009422 · Cited by 114 · see citing works
Becker, D., Creutzfeldt, O. D., Schwibbe, M., & Wuttke, W. (1982) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/0306-4530(82)90057-9 · Cited by 112 · cited 8× · see citing works
“…compared to the luteal phase, the study by Becker and colleagues had an unbalanced longitudinal design, and Pletzer and colleagues did not distinguish between the early and late follicular phase, hence the role of low estradiol was not entirely captured (Becker et al., 1982; Pletzer et al., 2011).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialGingnell, M., Morell, A., Bannbers, E., Wikström, J., & Poromaa, I. S. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.07.005 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Self-citationEstradiol concentrations and working memory performance in women of reproductive age
Hampson, E., & Morley, E. E. (2013) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2013.07.020 · Cited by 107 · see citing works
The association between menstrual cycle and traumatic memories
Bryant, R. A., Felmingham, K. L., Silove, D., Creamer, M., O'Donnell, M., & McFarlane, A. C. (2011) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2010.10.049 · Cited by 105 · see citing works
Intlekofer, K. A., & Petersen, S. L. (2010) · Neuroscience · doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.10.051 · Cited by 102 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Progesterone, on the other hand, has been reported to bind to the progesterone receptor membrane component 1 (PGRMC1) in the cerebellum, cortical regions, hippocampus, and hypothalamic nuclei (Intlekofer and Petersen, 2011).”
BackgroundSoni, M., Curran, V. H., & Kamboj, S. K. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.04.003 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Oral contraceptive usage alters the effects of cortisol on implicit fear learning
Merz, C. J., Tabbert, K., Schweckendiek, J., Klucken, T., Vaitl, D., Stark, R. M., & Wolf, O. T. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.09.001 · Cited by 101 · see citing works
Segebladh, B., Borgström, A., Nyberg, S., Bixo, M., & Poromaa, I. S. (2009) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2009.03.016 · Cited by 100 · see citing works
Brodin, T., Bergh, T., Berglund, L., Hadziosmanovic, N., & Holte, J. (2008) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2007.09.036 · Cited by 98 · cited 3× · see citing works
“The menstrual cycle length decreases with advancing age (Lenton et al., 1984a), and approximately 7% of menstrual cycles are shorter than 26 days (Brodin et al., 2008).”
BackgroundInfluentialProgesterone receptor isoforms expression pattern in the rat brain during the estrotts cycle
Guerra‐Araiza, C., Cerbón, M. A., Morimoto, S., & Camacho‐Arroyo, I. (2000) · Life Sciences · doi:10.1016/s0024-3205(00)00497-5 · Cited by 96 · cited 1× · see citing works
“While human studies are not available for progesterone receptors, animal data suggest that progesterone receptors are also distributed throughout the amygdala, hippocampus, hypothalamus, thalamus, and the frontal cortex (Kato et al., 1994; Guerra-Araiza et al., 2000, 2002, 2003).”
BackgroundProgestins influence motivation, reward, conditioning, stress, and/or response to drugs of abuse
Frye, C. A. (2006) · Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2006.07.033 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Association of menstrual cycle phase with the core components of empathy
Derntl, B., Hack, R., Kryspin‐Exner, I., & Habel, U. (2012) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.10.009 · Cited by 95 · see citing works
Progesterone at encoding predicts subsequent emotional memoryPreprint
Ertman, N., Andreano, J. M., & Cahill, L. F. (2011) · Learning & Memory · doi:10.1101/lm.023267.111 · Cited by 94 · see citing works
Kornstein, S. G., Harvey, A. T., Rush, A. J., Wisniewski, S. R., Trivedi, M. H., Svikis, D. S., McKenzie, N., Bryan, C. J., & Harley, R. M. (2005) · Psychological Medicine · doi:10.1017/s0033291704004106 · Cited by 93 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…the female bias for developing these disorders appear at menarche (suggesting activational effects of ovarian steroids) (Kessler et al., 1993), but also because many women with these disorders complain of a premenstrual worsening (Sigmon et al., 2000; Kornstein et al., 2005; Nillni et al., 2012).”
BackgroundOvarian Cycle Effects on Immediate Reward Selection Bias in Humans: A Role for Estradiol
Smith, C. T., Sierra, Y., Oppler, S. H., & Boettiger, C. A. (2014) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.0014-14.2014 · Cited by 91 · see citing works
Menstrual Cycle Phase Effects on Memory and Stroop Task Performance
Hatta, T., & Nagaya, K. (2009) · Archives of Sexual Behavior · doi:10.1007/s10508-008-9445-7 · Cited by 90 · cited 3× · see citing works
“As seen in Table 3, relatively few studies have documented any significant findings across the menstrual cycle and no consistent pattern, according to the above hypotheses, emerges (Hampson, 1990; Phillips and Sherwin, 1992; Gordon and Lee, 1993; Maki et al., 2002; Rosenberg and Park, 2002; Halari et al., 2005; Konrad…”
BackgroundInfluentialSex hormones and mental rotation: an intensive longitudinal investigation.
Courvoisier, D., Renaud, O., Geiser, C., Paschke, K., Gaudy, K., & Jordan, K. (2013) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2012.12.007 · Cited by 89 · cited 5× · see citing works
“However, emotion-related changes are more consistently found, and are better associated with progesterone than with estradiol such that high progesterone levels are associated with increased amygdala reactivity and increased emotional memory.”
BackgroundMethodResultInfluentialSolís-Ortiz, S., & Corsi‐Cabrera, M. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.04.003 · Cited by 86 · cited 11× · see citing works
“While Solis-Ortiz and co-workers initially reported on improved performance in the Wisconsin Card Sorting Test during the early follicular and early luteal phase (Solis-Ortiz et al., 2004), they later failed to replicate this finding (Solis-Ortiz and Corsi-Cabrera, 2008).”
BackgroundResultInfluentialMenstrual-cycle dependent fluctuations in ovarian hormones affect emotional memory
Bayer, J., Schultz, H., Gamer, M., & Sommer, T. (2014) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2014.01.017 · Cited by 79 · see citing works
Neural Mechanisms of Attentional Reorienting in Three-Dimensional Space
Chen, Q., Weidner, R., Vossel, S., Weiss, P. H., & Fink, G. R. (2012) · Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1523/jneurosci.1772-12.2012 · Cited by 79 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Angular gyrus is involved not only in verbal processing but also in spatial judgment (Chen et al., 2012; Seghier, 2013) and according to the authors, the increased reactivity may reflect an increased need to recruit this area to solve the task at hand during the luteal phase (Schoning et al., 2007;…”
BackgroundWorking memory for emotional facial expressions: Role of the estrogen in young women
Gasbarri, A., Pompili, A., d’Onofrio, A., Cifariello, A., Tavares, M. C. H., & Tomaz, C. A. B. (2008) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2008.04.007 · Cited by 78 · see citing works
Dynamic changes in functional cerebral connectivity of spatial cognition during the menstrual cycle
Weis, S., Hausmann, M., Stoffers, B., & Sturm, W. (2011) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.21126 · Cited by 77 · cited 2× · see citing works
“…No effect of phase or OC 0.13 Solis-Ortiz and Corsi-Cabrera, 2008 9 NC 1–2/13–14/20–21/24–25 Hidden Figures Test No effect of phase Localization Test ↓ early follicular Weis et al., 2011 14 NC 1–3/9–11/21–23 Figure comparison test No effect of phase Hausmann et al., 2000 8 NC 2/22 Hidden…”
BackgroundInfluentialHoyer, J., Burmann, I., Kieseler, M., Vollrath, F., Hellrung, L., Arélin, K., Roggenhofer, E., Villringer, A., & Sacher, J. (2013) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0059780 · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Luteal-Phase Accentuation of Acoustic Startle Response in Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Epperson, C. N., Pittman, B. P., Czarkowski, K. A., Stiklus, S. M., Krystal, J. H., & Grillon, C. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301351 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Solís-Ortiz, S., Guevara, M. Á., & Corsi‐Cabrera, M. (2004) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2003.10.007 · Cited by 73 · cited 2× · see citing works
“The grand majority of studies included employed either saliva or serum concentrations of hormones, but two studies relied on LH detection only (Epting and Overman, 1998; Pletzer et al., 2011) or basal body temperature (Solis-Ortiz et al., 2004; Solis-Ortiz and Corsi-Cabrera, 2008), respectively.”
BackgroundResultThe impact of progesterone on memory consolidation of threatening images in women
Felmingham, K. L., Fong, W. C., & Bryant, R. A. (2012) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2012.03.026 · Cited by 73 · see citing works
Bixo, M., Bäckström, T. C., Winblad, B. G., Selstam, G., & Andersson, A. (1986) · Acta Physiologica Scandinavica · doi:10.1111/j.1748-1716.1986.tb07972.x · Cited by 72 · cited 1× · see citing works
“In fact, animal studies and post-mortem studies in reproductive and postmenopausal women indicate that estradiol and progesterone are accumulated in the brain (Bixo et al., 1986, 1995, 1997), with the highest concentration of progesterone found in the amygdala (Bixo et al., 1997).”
BackgroundBannbers, E., Gingnell, M., Engman, J., Morell, A., Comasco, E., Kask, K., Garavan, H., Wikström, J., & Sundström Poromaa, I. (2012) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2012.04.006 · Cited by 70 · see citing works
Self-citationPremenstrual dysphoric disorder and prefrontal reactivity during anticipation of emotional stimuli
Gingnell, M., Bannbers, E., Wikström, J., Fredrikson, M., & Poromaa, I. S. (2013) · European Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1016/j.euroneuro.2013.08.002 · Cited by 69 · see citing works
Self-citationSex and menstrual cycle phase at encoding influence emotional memory for gist and detail
Nielsen, S. E., Ahmed, I., & Cahill, L. F. (2013) · Neurobiology of Learning and Memory · doi:10.1016/j.nlm.2013.07.015 · Cited by 68 · cited 3× · see citing works
“Authors and design Subjects Cycle phases Design Task Result EMOTION RECOGNITION Derntl et al., 2013 37 NC 2–5/18–25 c.s Facial emotion recognition ↓ Accuracy mid-luteal phase Affective responsiveness ↓ reaction times mid-luteal phase Conway et al., 2007 52 NC Low P/high P Long Facial emotion recognition (averted gaze)…”
BackgroundRupp, H. A., James, T. W., Ketterson, E. D., Sengelaub, D. R., Janssen, E., & Heiman, J. R. (2009) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2009.03.005 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Allopregnanolone impairs episodic memory in healthy women
Kask, K., Bäckström, T. C., Nilsson, L., & Poromaa, I. S. (2008) · Psychopharmacology · doi:10.1007/s00213-008-1150-7 · Cited by 68 · see citing works
Comasco, E., Hahn, A., Ganger, S., Gingnell, M., Bannbers, E., Oreland, L., Wikström, J., Epperson, C. N., Lanzenberger, R. R., & Poromaa, I. S. (2014) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.22486 · Cited by 67 · see citing works
Self-citationKonrad, C., Engelien, A., Schöning, S., Zwitserlood, P., Jansen, A., Pletziger, E., Beizai, P., Kersting, A., Ohrmann, P., Luders, E., et al. (2008) · Journal of neural transmission · doi:10.1007/s00702-008-0073-0 · Cited by 67 · cited 5× · see citing works
“Again, a number of methodological concerns have been identified in the studies; several studies suffer from low power (Hausmann et al., 2000; Solis-Ortiz and Corsi-Cabrera, 2008), two studies report on a visuospatial composite score (Hampson, 1990; Gordon and Lee, 1993), and one study involved…”
BackgroundResultInfluentialAllopregnanolone and pregnanolone are produced by the human corpus luteum
Ottander, U., Poromaa, I. S., Bjurulf, E., Skytt, Å., Bäckström, T. C., & Olofsson, J. I. (2005) · Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.mce.2005.04.007 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Kask, K., Gulinello, M. E., Bäckström, T. C., Geyer, M. A., & Poromaa, I. S. (2007) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/sj.npp.1301599 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Estradiol and mental rotation: relation to dimensionality, difficulty, or angular disparity?
Hampson, E., Levy-Cooperman, N., & Korman, J. M. (2014) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2013.12.016 · Cited by 58 · cited 11× · see citing works
“…concerns are disregarded, four out of the six remaining studies were unable to detect any menstrual cycle differences in mental rotation performance (Maki et al., 2002; Schoning et al., 2007; Mordecai et al., 2008; Kozaki and Yasukouchi, 2009; Griksiene and Ruksenas, 2011; Hampson et al., 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialRubinow, D. R., SMITH, M. J., Schenkel, L. A., Schmidt, P. J., & Dancer, K. (2007) · Journal of Affective Disorders · doi:10.1016/j.jad.2007.01.031 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Craig, M., Fletcher, P. C., Daly, E., RYMER, J. M., Cutter, W. J., Brammer, M. J., Giampietro, V., Wickham, H., Maki, P. M., & Murphy, D. (2007) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2007.09.009 · Cited by 56 · cited 2× · see citing works
“Following eight weeks of treatment, the estradiol suppression obtained was associated with impaired verbal memory performance (Craig et al., 2007).”
BackgroundSchuster, J., Karlsson, T., Karlström, P., Poromaa, I. S., & Dahl, N. (2010) · Reproductive Biology and Endocrinology · doi:10.1186/1477-7827-8-58 · Cited by 55 · cited 2× · see citing works
“With the rise of a dominant follicle, estradiol levels rapidly increase during the second week of the menstrual cycle (late follicular phase), and during the preovulatory estradiol surge levels between 600 and 2500 pmol/l, or even higher, may be encountered (Schuster et al., 2010).”
BackgroundInfluentialSigmon, S. T., Dorhofer, D. M., Rohan, K. J., Hotovy, L. A., Boulard, N. E., & Fink, C. M. (2000) · Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1037/0022-006x.68.3.425 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Visual-spatial cognition in women with polycystic ovarian syndrome: the role of androgens
Barry, J. A., Parekh, H., & Hardiman, P. J. (2013) · Human Reproduction · doi:10.1093/humrep/det335 · Cited by 49 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Finally, another interesting aspect is that women with polycystic ovary syndrome, which is characterized by hyperandrogenism (i.e., elevated androgen levels) display superior mental rotation performance in comparison with healthy, naturally cycling women (Barry et al., 2013).”
BackgroundLittle, A. (2013) · Frontiers in neuroendocrinology (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.07.009 · Cited by 46 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Overall, besides the mate preference studies (which is beyond the scope of this review, see instead Gangestad and Thornhill, 2008; Jones et al., 2008; Little, 2013), the emotional processing aspects of the menstrual cycle are far less researched than the cognitive aspects, Table 4.”
BackgroundSelective serotonin reuptake inhibitors for premenstrual syndrome
Brown, J., O’Brien, P. M. S., Marjoribanks, J., & Wyatt, K. M. (2002) · Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews · doi:10.1002/14651858.cd001396 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Nepomnaschy, P. A., Altman, R. M., Watterson, R., Co, C. A., McConnell, D. S., & England, B. G. (2011) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0018242 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Gingnell, M., Ahlstedt, V., Bannbers, E., Wikström, J., Poromaa, I. S., & Fredrikson, M. (2014) · Biology of Mood & Anxiety Disorders · doi:10.1186/2045-5380-4-3 · Cited by 45 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Besides this finding, there is plenty of evidence to suggest that PMDD is associated with altered emotional processing across the menstrual cycle (Epperson et al., 2007; Kask et al., 2008b; Bannbers et al., 2011; Gingnell et al., 2012, 2013a, 2014; Hoyer et al., 2013; Comasco et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSelf-citationImmune Aspects and Myometrial Actions of Progesterone and CRH in Labor
Vrachnis, N., Malamas, F. M., Sifakis, S., Tsikouras, P., & Iliodromiti, Z. (2012) · Clinical and Developmental Immunology · doi:10.1155/2012/937618 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Rumberg, B., Baars, A., Fiebach, J., Ladd, M., Forsting, M., Senf, W., & Gizewski, E. (2010) · Neurosciences research · doi:10.1016/j.neures.2009.12.011 · Cited by 43 · cited 2× · see citing works
“In line with the behavioral results, Rumberg and colleagues found no difference in brain activation during verb generation between women examined in the early follicular and late follicular/early luteal phase (Rumberg et al., 2010).”
BackgroundResultPremenstrual enhancement of snake detection in visual search in healthy women
Masataka, N., & Shibasaki, M. (2012) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/srep00307 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
Nillni, Y. I., Rohan, K. J., & Zvolensky, M. J. (2012) · Archives of Women s Mental Health · doi:10.1007/s00737-012-0302-2 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Estrogen modulates inhibition of return in healthy human females
Colzato, L. S., Pratt, J., & Hommel, B. (2011) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2011.11.003 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Sex Differences on Components of Mental Rotation at Different Menstrual Phases
Kozaki, T., & Yasukouchi, A. (2009) · International Journal of Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/00207450802480101 · Cited by 32 · cited 4× · see citing works
“…at times of low estradiol levels (Gordon and Lee, 1993; Epting and Overman, 1998; Halari et al., 2005; Schoning et al., 2007; Mordecai et al., 2008; Kozaki and Yasukouchi, 2009; Griksiene and Ruksenas, 2011, however see Hausmann et al., 2000; Maki et al., 2002; Courvoisier et al., 2013; Hampson et…”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialPletzer, B. A., Kronbichler, M., Ladurner, G., Nuerk, H., & Kerschbaum, H. (2011) · Brain Research · doi:10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.058 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Bannbers, E., Kask, K., Wikström, J., Risbrough, V. B., & Poromaa, I. S. (2011) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2011.02.011 · Cited by 23 · cited 1× · see citing works
“Besides this finding, there is plenty of evidence to suggest that PMDD is associated with altered emotional processing across the menstrual cycle (Epperson et al., 2007; Kask et al., 2008b; Bannbers et al., 2011; Gingnell et al., 2012, 2013a, 2014; Hoyer et al., 2013; Comasco et al., 2014).”
BackgroundUpdates on Reproductive Physiology, Genital Diseases and Artificial Insemination in the Domestic Cat
Axnér, E. (2008) · Reproduction in Domestic Animals · doi:10.1111/j.1439-0531.2008.01154.x · Cited by 22 · cited 1× · see citing works
“…phase has attracted most attention, presumably as progesterone in other species is considered a stress hormone (Fajer et al., 1971; Frye, 2007; Axner, 2008), and because of the close relationship between progesterone and the HPA axis, notably most commonly studied in relation to onset of…”
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- Speroff L. Fritz M. A. (eds). (2010). Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility, 8th Edn Philadelphia, PA: Wolters Kluwer/Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
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Estrogen, Stress, and Depression: Cognitive and Biological Interactions
Albert, K. M., & NEWHOUSE, P. A. (2019) · Annual Review of Clinical Psychology · doi:10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-050718-095557 · Cited by 355 · see citing works
Kundaković, M., & Rocks, D. (2022) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101010 · Cited by 333 · see citing works
“…dynamically impact female brain morphology (Dubol et al., 2021; Woolley et al., 1990), function (Albert et al., 2015; Marrocco and McEwen, 2016; Sundstrom Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014), and neurochemistry (Barth et al., 2015), and are likely contributors to female-specific risks for…”
Toffoletto, S., Lanzenberger, R., Gingnell, M., Sundström-Poromaa, I., & Comasco, E. (2014) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.07.025 · Cited by 316 · see citing works
“…emotional and cognitive processes. owever, there seems to be a scarcity of evidences from ehavioral studies toward hypothesized menstrual cycle nd oral contraceptives influences on emotion recognition, onsolidation of emotional memories, and fear extinction Sundström-Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
InfluentialSelf-citationSex differences in the circadian regulation of sleep and waking cognition in humans
Santhi, N., Lázár, A. S., McCabe, P. J., Lo, J. C.-Y., Groeger, J. A., & Dijk, D. (2016) · Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences · doi:10.1073/pnas.1521637113 · Cited by 279 · see citing works
“Attentional processing, integration of emotion, response to reward, and performance in spatial tasks are all affected by the menstrual phase (57).”
Lonsdorf, T. B., & Merz, C. J. (2017) · Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews · doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.007 · Cited by 236 · see citing works
“In addition to the biological sex, different levels of sex (or gonadal) hormones occur over the course of the menstrual cycle in females, which has been shown to exert a pronounced impact on cognitive and affective processing (Sundström Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014; Toffoletto et al., 2014).”
BackgroundSteroid Hormones and Their Action in Women's Brains: The Importance of Hormonal Balance
Río, J. P. D., Alliende, M. I., Molina, N., Serrano, F. G., Molina, S., & Pilar Vigil, P. (2018) · Frontiers in Public Health · doi:10.3389/fpubh.2018.00141 · Cited by 220 · see citing works
“In addition, endogenous estrogen and progesterone levels also may affect different cognitive processes such as decision-making, emotion recognition, consolidation of emotional memory, and fear extinction (21, 22).”
BackgroundNeuroimaging the menstrual cycle: A multimodal systematic review
Dubol, M., Epperson, C. N., Sacher, J., Pletzer, B. A., Derntl, B., Lanzenberger, R. R., Poromaa, I. S., & Comasco, E. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100878 · Cited by 193 · see citing works
Duarte-Guterman, P., Yagi, S., Chow, C., & Galea, L. (2015) · Hormones and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.yhbeh.2015.05.024 · Cited by 194 · see citing works
What did you do yesterday? A meta-analysis of sex differences in episodic memory.
Asperholm, M., Högman, N., Rafi, J., & Herlitz, A. (2019) · Psychological Bulletin · doi:10.1037/bul0000197 · Cited by 182 · see citing works
Lundin, C., Gemzell‐Danielsson, K., Bixo, M., Moby, L., Bengtsdotter, H., Jawad, I., Marions, L., Brynhildsen, J., Malmborg, A., Lindh, I., et al. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.033 · Cited by 167 · see citing works
Gurvich, C., Hoy, K., Thomas, N., & Kulkarni, J. (2018) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci8090163 · Cited by 150 · see citing works
“In their comprehensive review of the topic, Sundstrom Poromaa [43] identified 13 studies that assessed verbal abilities in relation to cycle phase, of which no consistent pattern could be identified in the results.”
BackgroundExecutive functions predict verbal fluency scores in healthy participants
Amunts, J., Camilleri, J., Eickhoff, S., Heim, S., & Weis, S. (2020) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-020-65525-9 · Cited by 132 · see citing works
How Oral Contraceptives Impact Social-Emotional Behavior and Brain Function
Montoya, E. R., & Bos, P. A. (2017) · Trends in Cognitive Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.tics.2016.11.005 · Cited by 139 · see citing works
Cognition, The Menstrual Cycle, and Premenstrual Disorders: A Review
Le, J., Thomas, N., & Gurvich, C. (2020) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci10040198 · Cited by 126 · see citing works
“Sundström-Poromma and Gingnell’s comprehensive review in 2014 [11] of menstrual cycle studies in cognition concluded that there was insufficient evidence to support the hypothesis that male-favoring cognitive tasks would be improved in the follicular phase.”
BackgroundInfluentialSchmalenberger, K., Eisenlohr-Moul, T., Würth, L., Schneider, E., Thayer, J., Ditzen, B., & Jarczok, M. (2019) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm8111946 · Cited by 104 · see citing works
“E2 and P4 affect a wide array of brain functions, including emotional processing and cognitive functioning [35], mediated through the high density of E2 and P4 receptors in brain areas, such as the hypothalamus, limbic system and prefrontal cortex [36–38].”
BackgroundPletzer, B., Harris, T.-A., Scheuringer, A., & Hidalgo-Lopez, E. (2019) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/s41386-019-0435-3 · Cited by 118 · see citing works
Estrus-Cycle Regulation of Cortical Inhibition
Clemens, A. M., Lenschow, C., Beed, P. S., Li, L., Sammons, R. P., Naumann, R. K., Wang, H., Schmitz, D., & Brecht, M. (2019) · Current Biology · doi:10.1016/j.cub.2019.01.045 · Cited by 111 · see citing works
Why the estrous cycle matters for neuroscience
Rocks, D., Cham, H., & Kundaković, M. (2022) · Biology of Sex Differences · doi:10.1186/s13293-022-00466-8 · Cited by 110 · see citing works
Estrogen- and progesterone-mediated structural neuroplasticity in women: evidence from neuroimaging
Catenaccio, E., Mu, W., & Lipton, M. L. (2016) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-016-1197-x · Cited by 115 · see citing works
“We would therefore expect verbal and visuospatial memory performance would improve during the follicular phase compared with the luteal phase; there is some evidence from functional and cognitive studies that this is the case (Rosenberg and Park 2002; Sundstrom Poromaa and Gingnell 2014).”
Chromatin organization in the female mouse brain fluctuates across the oestrous cycle
Jarić, I., Rocks, D., Greally, J. M., Suzuki, M., & Kundaković, M. (2019) · Nature Communications · doi:10.1038/s41467-019-10704-0 · Cited by 102 · see citing works
Dubey, N., Hoffman, J. F., Schuebel, K., Yuan, Q., Martinez, P. E., Nieman, L. K., Rubinow, D. R., Schmidt, P. J., & Goldman, D. A. (2017) · Molecular Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/mp.2016.229 · Cited by 103 · see citing works
Sex differences in depression during pregnancy and the postpartum period
Sundström Poromaa, I., Comasco, E., Georgakis, M. K., & Skalkidou, A. (2017) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.23859 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
Sex differences in effective fronto-limbic connectivity during negative emotion processing
Lungu, O., Potvin, S., Tikàsz, A., & Mendrek, A. (2015) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.08.012 · Cited by 96 · see citing works
“…role socialization, as many studies report a link between emotional processing and testosterone (Bos et al., 2013; Stevens and Hamann, 2012),estrogen, progesterone(Sundstrom Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014; Toffoletto et al., 2014), andmasculine/feminine traits(Sundstrom Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
Amygdala subnuclei resting-state functional connectivity sex and estrogen differences
Engman, J., Linnman, C., Van Dijk, K. R. A., & Milad, M. R. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2015.09.012 · Cited by 89 · see citing works
Subcortical structural changes along the menstrual cycle: beyond the hippocampus
Pletzer, B. A., Harris, T., & Hidalgo‐Lopez, E. (2018) · Scientific Reports · doi:10.1038/s41598-018-34247-4 · Cited by 86 · see citing works
Epigenetic mechanisms underlying sex differences in the brain and behavior
Kundaković, M., & Tickerhoof, M. C. (2023) · Trends in Neurosciences · doi:10.1016/j.tins.2023.09.007 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
Wout‐Frank, M. V. ‘., Longo, S. M., Reddy, M. K., Philip, N. S., Bowker, M., & Greenberg, B. D. (2017) · Brain and Behavior · doi:10.1002/brb3.681 · Cited by 85 · see citing works
“Inclusion criteria were clinician- based diagnosis of warzone- related PTSD, age 18–70, male sex to avoid confounding issues of menstrual cycle, and hormonal contraceptives on fear conditioning (Glover et al., 2012; Graham & Milad, 2013; Lebron- Milad & Milad, 2012; Milad et al., 2006; Sundström Poromaa & Gingnell, 20…”
BackgroundGoshvarpour, A., & Goshvarpour, A. (2018) · Cognitive Neurodynamics · doi:10.1007/s11571-018-9516-y · Cited by 75 · see citing works
Effects of sex and gonadectomy on social investigation and social recognition in mice
Karlsson, S. A., Haziri, K., Hansson, E., Kettunen, P., & Westberg, L. (2015) · BMC Neuroscience · doi:10.1186/s12868-015-0221-z · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“Already some few studies using animal models of autism have considered sex and gonadal status in their design, and hence found them to be important for social interest [42, 43].”
BackgroundNeuroimaging the Menstrual Cycle and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Comasco, E., & Poromaa, I. S. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0619-4 · Cited by 71 · see citing works
Scheuringer, A., & Pletzer, B. (2017) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00381 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
The Menstrual Cycle Influences Emotion but Has Limited Effect on Cognitive Function.
Sundström-Poromaa, I. (2018) · Vitamins and hormones · doi:10.1016/bs.vh.2018.01.016 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
Schmalenberger, K. M., Eisenlohr-Moul, T. A., Jarczok, M. N., Eckstein, M., Schneider, E., Brenner, I., Duffy, K., Schweizer, S., Kiesner, J., Thayer, J. F., et al. (2020) · Journal of Clinical Medicine · doi:10.3390/jcm9030617 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
“These non-genomic mechanisms generally refer to the metabolism of P4 to neuroactive steroids, of which allopregnanolone (ALLO) and pregnanolone are among the two most studied [48].”
BackgroundHidalgo‐Lopez, E., & Pletzer, B. A. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2017.00403 · Cited by 66 · see citing works
“Some of the discrepant results may be explained by the lack of methodological standardization regarding the timing of assessment, confirmation of cycle phase apart from selfreports, or use of biological samples, among others (Sacher et al., 2013; Sundström Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
BackgroundHidalgo‐Lopez, E., Mueller, K., Harris, T., Aichhorn, M., Sacher, J., & Pletzer, B. A. (2020) · Brain Structure and Function · doi:10.1007/s00429-019-02019-z · Cited by 66 · see citing works
Jett, S., Schelbaum, E., Jang, G., Yepez, C. B., Dyke, J., Pahlajani, S., Brinton, R. D., & Mosconi, L. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.948219 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Diekhof, E. K., & Ratnayake, M. (2015) · Neuropsychologia · doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2015.10.016 · Cited by 65 · see citing works
“In that way our data add to the growing number of studies assessing the influence of female reproductive hormones on cognition and the associated brain mechanisms (Sakaki and Mather, 2012; Toffoletto et al., 2014; see also Sundström Poromaa & Gingnell, 2014 for review).”
Hussain, D., Hanafi, S., Konishi, K., Brake, W., & Bohbot, V. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.05.008 · Cited by 61 · see citing works
“24, 385–396. omasco, E., Frokjaer, V.G., Sundström Poromaa, I., 2014.”
BackgroundInfluentialEngman, J., Poromaa, I. S., Moby, L., Wikström, J., Fredrikson, M., & Gingnell, M. (2017) · Neuropsychopharmacology · doi:10.1038/npp.2017.157 · Cited by 60 · see citing works
“…luteal phase also comes with many bodily changes that the salience network is well equipped to detect, whereas the hippocampal formation has been associated with verbal memory (Sundström Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014), a cognitive function that does appear to be linked to hormones (Nolte, 2009).”
BackgroundInfluentialSelf-citationEstrogen and calcium handling proteins: new discoveries and mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases
Jiao, L., Machuki, J. O., Wu, Q., Shi, M., Fu, L., Adekunle, A. O., Tao, X., Xu, C., Hu, X., Yin, Z., et al. (2020) · American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology · doi:10.1152/ajpheart.00734.2019 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Iordan, A., & Dolcos, F. (2015) · Cerebral Cortex · doi:10.1093/cercor/bhv242 · Cited by 64 · see citing works
Hormonal Contraception and Depression: Updated Evidence and Implications in Clinical Practice
Fruzzetti, F., & Fidecicchi, T. (2020) · Clinical Drug Investigation · doi:10.1007/s40261-020-00966-8 · Cited by 62 · see citing works
“Drospirenone has also been studied for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome and PMDD, considering its positive effect on mood also when administered with an extended regimen [70, 71].”
BackgroundInfluentialHormonal Influences on Cognitive Function
Ali, S. A., Begum, T., & Reza, F. (2018) · Malaysian Journal of Medical Sciences · doi:10.21315/mjms2018.25.4.3 · Cited by 63 · see citing works
Mehta, K. J. (2022) · Humanities and Social Sciences Communications · doi:10.1057/s41599-021-01031-1 · Cited by 72 · see citing works
Multimodal Affective State Assessment Using fNIRS + EEG and Spontaneous Facial Expression
Sun, Y., Ayaz, H., & Akansu, A. N. (2020) · Brain Sciences · doi:10.3390/brainsci10020085 · Cited by 59 · see citing works
Ovarian hormones, sleep and cognition across the adult female lifespan: An integrated perspective
Gervais, N. J., Mong, J. A., & Agnès Lacreuse, A. (2017) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.08.002 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
“…2004 OVX rats Intra-HPC E2 > Vehicle Zurkovsky et al., 2007 Verbal memory Humans Premenopause Inconsistent reports, or F = L = Menses As reviewed by Poromaa & Gingnell, 2014 Premenopause GnRHa < cycling Craig et al., 2008 GnRHa = cycling Guerrieri et al., 2016; Owens et al., 2002 Front…”
BackgroundMethodSyan, S. K., Minuzzi, L., Costescu, D., Smith, M., Allega, O. R., Coote, M., Hall, G. B., & Frey, B. N. (2017) · Fertility and Sterility · doi:10.1016/j.fertnstert.2017.03.021 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Chrismas, B. C. R., Taylor, L. K., Cherif, A., Sayegh, S., & Bailey, D. P. (2019) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0219565 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Emotion Reactivity Is Increased 4-6 Weeks Postpartum in Healthy Women: A Longitudinal fMRI Study
Gingnell, M., Bannbers, E., Moes, H. R., Engman, J., Sylvén, S. M., Skalkidou, A., Kask, K., Wikström, J., & Poromaa, I. S. (2015) · PLoS ONE · doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0128964 · Cited by 57 · see citing works
Self-citationSex Hormones and Gender Role Relate to Gray Matter Volumes in Sexually Dimorphic Brain Areas
Pletzer, B. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2019.00592 · Cited by 55 · see citing works
Niering, M., Wolf-Belala, N., Seifert, J., Tovar, O., Coldewey, J., Kuranda, J., & Muehlbauer, T. (2024) · Sports · doi:10.3390/sports12010031 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“Although the influence of menstrual cycle phases encompasses many areas of Sports 2024 , 12 , 31 2 of 22 physical and mental health [4], strength performance emerges as the most significant for adolescent and adult athletes [5,6].”
BackgroundPletzer, B. A., Crone, J. S., Kronbichler, M., & Kerschbaum, H. (2016) · Brain Connectivity · doi:10.1089/brain.2015.0407 · Cited by 53 · see citing works
“A n increasing number of studies have focused on menstrual cycle-dependent changes in cognitive tasks (see Sundstrom Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014, for a recent review) with a smaller number of studies investigating oral contraceptive-dependent cognitive changes (see Pletzer and Kerschbaum, 2014, for…”
Hidalgo‐Lopez, E., Zeidman, P., Harris, T., Razi, A., & Pletzer, B. A. (2021) · Communications Biology · doi:10.1038/s42003-021-02447-w · Cited by 51 · see citing works
Sex and menstrual cycle influences on three aspects of attention
Pletzer, B., Harris, T., & Ortner, T. (2017) · Physiology and Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2017.07.012 · Cited by 45 · see citing works
Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MEDI-Q): a new tool to assess menstruation-related distress
Vannuccini, S., Rossi, E., Cassioli, E., Cirone, D., Castellini, G., Ricca, V., & Petraglia, F. (2021) · Reproductive BioMedicine Online · doi:10.1016/j.rbmo.2021.08.029 · Cited by 49 · see citing works
Hillerer, K. M., Slattery, D. A., & Pletzer, B. A. (2019) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2019.100796 · Cited by 47 · see citing works
Sex differences in cognition and aging and the influence of sex hormones.
Gurvich, C., Thomas, N., & Kulkarni, J. (2020) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00008-4 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Leeners, B., Kruger, T. H., Geraedts, K., Tronci, E., Mancini, T., Ille, F., Egli, M., Röblitz, S., Saleh, L., Spanaus, K., et al. (2017) · Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnbeh.2017.00120 · Cited by 54 · see citing works
Nguyen, T., Reuter, J. M., Gaikwad, N. W., Rotroff, D. M., Kucera, H. R., Motsinger‐Reif, A. A., Smith, C., Nieman, L. K., Rubinow, D. R., Kaddurah-Daouk, R. F., et al. (2017) · Translational Psychiatry · doi:10.1038/tp.2017.146 · Cited by 46 · see citing works
Sex Hormones and Processing of Facial Expressions of Emotion: A Systematic Literature Review
Osório, F., Cassis, J. M. D. P., de Sousa, J. P. M., Poli-Neto, O., & Martin-Santos, R. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00529 · Cited by 42 · see citing works
“%) presented some information regarding the hormonal components of the oral contraceptives used, which has been described as a positive methodological factor (Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialHippocampus‐based behavioral, structural, and molecular dynamics across the estrous cycle
Rocks, D., & Kundaković, M. (2022) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13216 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
Leidy, H. J., Todd, C. B., Zino, A. Z., Immel, J. E., Mukherjea, R., Shafer, R., Ortinau, L. C., & Braun, M. M. (2015) · Journal of Nutrition · doi:10.3945/jn.115.212092 · Cited by 44 · see citing works
“Because there is some data supporting the effects of menstrual cycle on cognition, mood, and intake (44, 45), it is possible that the effects of snacking on these outcomes may have been influenced by the specific phase that the females were on at the time of the testing days.”
BackgroundRångtell, F. H., Karamchedu, S., Andersson, P. S. G., Liethof, L., Búcaro, M. O., Lampola, L., Schiöth, H. B., Cedernaes, J., & Benedict, C. (2018) · Journal of Sleep Research · doi:10.1111/jsr.12651 · Cited by 43 · see citing works
“Given that menstrual cycle fluctuations have been linked to variations in memory performance (Hampson and Morley, 2013; Sundstr€om Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014), only women using oral monophasic contraceptives (containing progesterone and oestrogen) at the time of the study were selected for participation in the study.”
BackgroundGurvich, C., Warren, A. M., Worsley, R., Hudaib, A.-R., Thomas, N., & Kulkarni, J. (2020) · Brain Science · doi:10.3390/brainsci10040194 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
Mineralocorticoid receptor haplotype, estradiol, progesterone and emotional information processing
Hamstra, D. A., de Kloet, E. R., Quataert, I., Jansen, M., & van der Does, W. A. J. (2016) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2016.11.037 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
“Better performance on verbal memory, associative learning and spatial attention tasks was observed in OC-users (Gogos et al., 2014; Sundstrom Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
Design and methods of the Apple Women’s Health Study: a digital longitudinal cohort study
Mahalingaiah, S., Fruh, V., Rodriguez, E., Konanki, S. C., Onnela, J.-P. “., Veiga, A. D. F., Lyons, G. R., Ahmed, R., Li, H., Gallagher, N. J., et al. (2021) · American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology · doi:10.1016/j.ajog.2021.09.041 · Cited by 41 · see citing works
Reactivity of alpha rhythms to eyes opening (the Berger effect) during menstrual cycle phases
Bazanova, O. M., Nikolenko, E. D., & Barry, R. J. (2017) · International Journal of Psychophysiology · doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2017.05.001 · Cited by 40 · see citing works
“Hormonal variations occur to a great extent during the menstrual cycle (MC), and these variations can influence emotion, behavior and cognition (see for review Sundström-Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
BackgroundEffects of sex, menstrual cycle phase, and endogenous hormones on cognition in schizophrenia
Rubin, L. H., Carter, C. S., Drogos, L. L., Pournajafi‐Nazarloo, H., Sweeney, J. A., & Maki, P. M. (2015) · Schizophrenia Research · doi:10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.039 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
Sex Hormones, Sleep, and Memory: Interrelationships Across the Adult Female Lifespan
Harrington, Y. A., Parisi, J. M., Duan, D., Rojo‐Wissar, D. M., Holingue, C., & Spira, A. P. (2022) · Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnagi.2022.800278 · Cited by 38 · see citing works
Menopause, cognition and dementia – A review
Pertesi, S., Coughlan, G., Puthusseryppady, V., Morris, E., & Hornberger, M. (2019) · Post Reproductive Health · doi:10.1177/2053369119883485 · Cited by 39 · see citing works
“high estrogens associated with better performance.(57) • Estrogen therapy increased prefron-”
BackgroundCauchoix, M., Chaine, A., & Barragan-Jason, G. (2020) · Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution · doi:10.3389/fevo.2020.00106 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Brain Structure and Function in Women with Comorbid Bipolar and Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder
Syan, S. K., Minuzzi, L., Smith, M., Costescu, D., Allega, O. R., Hall, G. B., & Frey, B. N. (2018) · Frontiers in Psychiatry · doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2017.00301 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Interestingly, there is considerable overlap between regions implicated in the neurobiology of BD, those affected by PMDD (25–27) and by female sex hormones (28, 29).”
BackgroundThe Specificities of Elite Female Athletes: A Multidisciplinary Approach
Castanier, C., Bougault, V., Teulier, C., Jaffré, C., Schiano-Lomoriello, S., Vibarel-Rebot, N., Villemain, A., Rieth, N., Scanff, C. L., Buisson, C., et al. (2021) · Life · doi:10.3390/life11070622 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Paulukat, L., Frintrop, L., Liesbrock, J., Heussen, N. M., Johann, S., Exner, C., Kas, M. J., Tolba, R. H., Neulen, J., Konrad, K., et al. (2016) · The World Journal of Biological Psychiatry · doi:10.3109/15622975.2016.1173725 · Cited by 36 · see citing works
“…trading as Taylor & Francis Group been associated with improved cognitive performance in recognition and spatial memory tasks linked to hippocampus and prefrontal cortex, and has been shown to enhance spine density in the hippocampus (Luine & Frankfurt 2012; Sundstr€om Poromaa & Gingnell 2014).”
BackgroundPregnancy and brain architecture: Associations with hormones, cognition and affect
Rehbein, E., Kogler, L., Kotikalapudi, R., Sattler, A., Krylova, M., Kagan, K. O., Poromaa, I. S., & Derntl, B. (2021) · Journal of Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1111/jne.13066 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“50,51 In the present study, we observed significantly higher positive affect ratings in the pregnant compared to naturally cycling women.”
Impact of gender and genetics on emotion processing in Parkinson's disease - A multimodal study
Heller, J., Mirzazade, S., Romanzetti, S., Habel, U., Derntl, B., Freitag, N. M., Schulz, J. B., Dogan, I., & Reetz, K. (2018) · NeuroImage Clinical · doi:10.1016/j.nicl.2018.01.034 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Ponce, P., Arco, A. D., & Loprinzi, P. D. (2019) · Medicina · doi:10.3390/medicina55050119 · Cited by 35 · see citing works
Judkins, T. C., Dennis-Wall, J. C., Sims, S. M., Colee, J., & Langkamp‐Henken, B. (2020) · BMC Women s Health · doi:10.1186/s12905-020-01000-x · Cited by 35 · see citing works
“Hormone fluctuations from the menstrual cycle influence a multitude of processes, including sensory perception [11–13], sexual desire [14], cognitive function [15], and emotional processing [15]; however, few studies have examined the relationship these hormones have with the GI system.”
BackgroundEstrogen-dependent hippocampal wiring as a risk factor for age-related dementia in women
Torromino, G., Maggi, A. C., & Leonibus, E. D. (2020) · Progress in Neurobiology · doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2020.101895 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Sex hormones and human brain function.
Hornung, J., Lewis, C., & Derntl, B. (2020) · Handbook of Clinical Neurology · doi:10.1016/b978-0-444-64123-6.00014-x · Cited by 29 · see citing works
GABAA Receptor-Modulating Steroids in Relation to Women’s Behavioral Health
Bäckström, T. C., Bixo, M., & Strömberg, J. (2015) · Current Psychiatry Reports · doi:10.1007/s11920-015-0627-4 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
van Zutphen, L., Siep, N., Jacob, G. A., Domes, G., Sprenger, A., Willenborg, B., Goebel, R., Tüscher, O., & Arntz, A. R. (2019) · Brain Imaging and Behavior · doi:10.1007/s11682-019-00161-0 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
Hidalgo‐Lopez, E., & Pletzer, B. A. (2020) · Psychoneuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.psyneuen.2020.105108 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“For the final sample, hormone levels followed the expected pattern (Table 1) (Fehring et al., 2006; Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014).”
BackgroundThe regional effect of serum hormone levels on cerebral blood flow in healthy nonpregnant women
Cote, S. R., Butler, R., Michaud, V., Lavallée, É., Croteau, É., Mendrek, A., Lepage, J., & Whittingstall, K. (2021) · Human Brain Mapping · doi:10.1002/hbm.25646 · Cited by 34 · see citing works
“Serum hormones were within normal ranges in all participants (Poromaa & Gingnell, 2014).”
BackgroundInfluentialHengartner, M. P., Krüger, T. H. C., Geraedts, K., Tronci, E., Mancini, T., Ille, F., Egli, M., Röblitz, S., Ehrig, R. M., Saleh, L., et al. (2017) · Journal of Psychosomatic Research · doi:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.05.018 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“Secondly, though our sample was considerably larger than those commonly applied in neuroendocrinological research, a sample size of n > 100 would be preferable due to the substantial variance in hormone levels at given cycle phases [64].”
BackgroundThe Menstrual Cycle Alters Resting-State Cortical Activity: A Magnetoencephalography Study
Haraguchi, R., Hoshi, H., Ichikawa, S., Hanyu, M., Nakamura, K., Fukasawa, K., Poza, J., Rodríguez-González, V., Gómez, C., & Shigihara, Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Human Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnhum.2021.652789 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
“The first parameter, MF, refers to the median of the distribution represented by the PSDn (i.e., the frequency that splits the PSDn into two halves of equal power) (Poza et al., 2007).”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialCook, R. L., O’Dwyer, N., Parker, H. M., Donges, C. E., Cheng, H. L., Steinbeck, K. S., Cox, E. P., Franklin, J., Garg, M. L., Rooney, K. B., et al. (2017) · Nutrients · doi:10.3390/nu9111216 · Cited by 33 · see citing works
Oral contraceptives and cognition: a systematic review.
Gurvich, C., Nicholls, I., Lavale, A., & Kulkarni, J. (2022) · Frontiers in neuroendocrinology (Print) · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2022.101052 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Meeker, T. J., Veldhuijzen, D. S., Keaser, M. L., Gullapalli, R. P., & Greenspan, J. D. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2020.594588 · Cited by 32 · see citing works
“…would not only affect potential mechanisms of mate selection, but would extend to influences on cognition, emotion processing, motivation and sensitivity to disease (Kibler et al., 2005; Sundstrom Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014; Albert et al., 2015; Herzog et al., 2015; Pilarczyk et al., 2019).”
BackgroundPrado, R. C. R., Silveira, R., Kilpatrick, M. W., Pires, F. O., & Asano, R. Y. (2021) · Frontiers in Psychology · doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.525943 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“The MC is frequently related to a negative change in the psychological status (Costello et al., 2014; Steel et al., 2014; Sundström Poromaa and Gingnell, 2014; Sundstrom-Poromaa, 2018), mainly during the LP (Ossewaarde et al., 2010; van Wingen et al., 2011).”
BackgroundLiparoti, M., Lopez, E. T., Sarno, L., Rucco, R., Minino, R., Pesoli, M., Perruolo, G., Formisano, P., Lucidi, F., Sorrentino, G., et al. (2021) · Journal of Neuroscience Research · doi:10.1002/jnr.24898 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
“However, a single hormone measurement may not be sufficient to accurately determine the phase of the cycle (Becker et al., 2005; Sundström Poromaa & Gingnell, 2014).”
BackgroundSlyepchenko, A., Lokuge, S., Nicholls, B., Steiner, M., Hall, G. B. C., Soares, C. N., & Frey, B. (2017) · Psychiatry Research · doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.01.031 · Cited by 29 · see citing works
Lusk, B. R., Carr, A. R., Ranson, V. A., & Felmingham, K. L. (2017) · Cognitive Affective & Behavioral Neuroscience · doi:10.3758/s13415-017-0520-1 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
“Despite growing evidence regarding the relevance of sex hormones for emotional processing (for a review, see Toffoletto, Lanzenberger, Gingell, Sunderstom-Poromaa, & Comasco, 2014), previous sex differences and emotion regulation studies have typically failed to control for the influence of menstrual cycle phase.”
BackgroundInfluentialExercise and Executive Function during Follicular and Luteal Menstrual Cycle Phases
Dirk, K., Belfry, G. R., & Heath, M. D. (2019) · Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise · doi:10.1249/mss.0000000000002192 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
“Bannbers E, Gingnell M, Engman J, et al. The effect of premenstrual dysphoric disorder andmenstrual cycle phase on brain activity during response inhibition.”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialAmbrasė, A., Lewis, C. A., Barth, C., & Derntl, B. (2020) · Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology · doi:10.1016/j.yfrne.2020.100873 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Regulation of cognitive function by androgens and estrogens
Hampson, E. (2018) · Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences · doi:10.1016/j.cobeha.2018.03.002 · Cited by 30 · see citing works
Becegato, M. S., Meurer, Y. D. S. R., Paiva-Santos, M. A., Lima, A. C., Marinho, G. F., Bioni, V. S., Soares, M. B. L., Leão, A. H. F. F., Suchecki, D., & Silva, R. H. (2021) · Physiology & Behavior · doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113343 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Gatta, E., Camussi, D., Auta, J., Guidotti, A., & Pandey, S. C. (2022) · Pharmacology & Therapeutics · doi:10.1016/j.pharmthera.2022.108299 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
Hao, Z., Feng, S., Zhu, Y., Yang, J., Chen, M., Hu, D., Liu, H., & Liu, H. (2020) · Acta Astronautica · doi:10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.04.058 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
Progress in the Pathogenesis of Diabetic Encephalopathy: The Key Role of Neuroinflammation
Luo, Y., Zhu, J., Hu, Z., Luo, W., Du, X., Hu, H., & Peng, S. (2024) · Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews · doi:10.1002/dmrr.3841 · Cited by 28 · see citing works
“The research by Sundström Poromaa and Gingnell suggests that insufficient oestrogen may lead to a decrease in women's cognitive function [186, 187].”
- Authors
- Sundström Poromaa, I., & Gingnell, M.
- Affiliations
- Uppsala University (SE)
- ORCID
- Gingnell, Malin
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2014-11-24
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 380-380
- ISSN
- 1662-453X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4241821
- OpenAlex
- W2019634736
- Cited by
- 291
- References
- 132
- Citations by year
- 2026: 20 · 2025: 25 · 2024: 18 · 2023: 18 · 2022: 18 · 2021: 30 · 2020: 34 · 2019: 32 · 2018: 30 · 2017: 28 · 2016: 17 · 2015: 19 · 2014: 1
- FWCI
- 3.38
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Topics
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health › Menstrual Health and Disorders
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Genetics › Estrogen and related hormone effects
- Keywords
- menstrual cycle, cognitive function, emotional processing, ovarian steroids, estradiol, progesterone, sexual dimorphism, mental rotation, working memory, prefrontal cortex, luteal phase, premenstrual disorders, amygdala reactivity, emotional memory, fear extinction, emotion recognition
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