In vivo comparison of the charge densities required to evoke motor responses using novel annular penetrating microelectrodes
Open accessAbstract
Electrodes for cortical stimulation need to deliver current to neural tissue effectively and safely. We have developed electrodes with a novel annular geometry for use in cortical visual prostheses. Here, we explore a critical question on the ideal annulus height to ensure electrical stimulation will be safe and effective. We implanted single electrodes into the motor cortex of anesthetized rats and measured the current required to evoke a motor response to stimulation, and the charge injection capacity (CIC) of the electrodes. We compared platinum iridium (PtIr) electrodes with different annulus heights, with and without a coating of porous titanium nitride (TiN). Threshold charge densities to evoke a motor response ranged from 12 to 36 μC.cm(-2).ph(-1). Electrodes with larger geometric surface areas (GSAs) required higher currents to evoke responses, but lower charge densities. The addition of a porous TiN coating did not significantly influence the current required to evoke a motor response. The CIC of both electrode types was significantly reduced in vivo compared with in vitro measurements. The measured CIC was 72 and 18 μC.cm(-2).ph(-1) for electrodes with and without a TiN coating, respectively. These results support the use of PtIr annular electrodes with annulus heights greater than 100 μm (GSA of 38, 000 μm(2)). However, if the electrodes are coated with porous TiN the annulus height can be reduced to 40 μm (GSA of 16,000 μm(2)).
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Titanium nitride coated electrodes have exhibited good electrochemical stability and charge injection limits similar to that of iridium oxide, but the biocompatibility of the coating still needs to be investigated further.
“Titanium nitride (TiN) coated electrodes have exhibited good electrochemical stability and charge injection limits similar to that of iridium oxide, but the biocompatibility of the coating still needs to be investigated further (Brunton et al. 2015).”
From Realizing flexible bioelectronic medicines for accessing the peripheral nerves – technology considerations (2018) · cites this paper as Brunton et al. 2015
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- Authors
- Brunton, E. K., Winther-Jensen, B., Wang, C., Yan, E. B., Hagh Gooie, S., Lowery, A. J., & Rajan, R.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Corresponding author
- Brunton, Emma K.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Neuroscience
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2015-05-12
- Volume
- 09
- Pages
- 265-265
- ISSN
- 1662-453X (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC4518750
- OpenAlex
- W1552093808
- Cited by
- 46
- References
- 54
- Citations by year
- 2026: 4 · 2025: 3 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 4 · 2021: 8 · 2020: 2 · 2019: 4 · 2018: 6 · 2017: 5 · 2016: 3 · 2015: 1
- FWCI
- 2.30
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Neuroscience (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Minerva Access (University of Melbourne) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Undergraduate Neuroscience Education and Research
- Keywords
- cortical stimulation, charge injection capacity, motor cortex stimulation, platinum-iridium electrodes, visual prosthesis
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