Charge density and charge per phase as cofactors in neural injury induced by electrical stimulation
Abstract
The possibility of neural injury during prolonged electrical stimulation of the brain imposes some constraints on the use of this technique for therapeutic and experimental applications. Stimulating electrodes of various sizes were used to investigate the interactions of two stimulus parameters, charge density and charge per phase, in determining the threshold of neural injury induced by electrical stimulation. Platinum electrodes ranging in size from 0.002 to 0.5 cm2 were implanted over the parietal cortex of adult cats. Penetrating microelectrodes fabricated from iridium, with surface areas of 65 +/- 3 x 10(-6) cm2 were inserted into the parietal cortex. Ten days after implantation, the electrodes were pulsed continuously for 7h using charge balanced, current regulated, symmetric pulse pairs, 400 microseconds per phase in duration, at a repetition rate of 50 Hz. The animals were perfused immediately after the stimulation for histologic evaluation of the brain tissue subjacent to the electrode sites. The results show that charge density (as measured at the surface of the stimulating electrode), and charge per phase, interact in a synergistic manner to determine the threshold of stimulation-induced neural injury. This interaction occurs over a wide range of both parameters; for charge density from at least 10 to 800 microC/cm2 and, for charge per phase, from at least 0.05 to 5.0 microC per phase. The significance of these findings in elucidating the mechanisms underlying stimulation-induced injury is discussed.
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Shannon derived a model for safe stimulation largely based on experimental data by McCreery et al.
“Shannon derived a model for safe stimulation [65] largely based on experimental data by McCreery et al. [64].”
From Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
A large part of the literature and of our knowledge about neural stimulation is based on animal studies mostly conducted in the 1980s and 1990s.
“Consequently, a large part of the literature and of our knowledge about neural stimulation is based on animal studies mostly conducted in the 1980s and 1990s [43–45, 62–64, 75, 92, 94, 96, 99, 100].”
From Safety of long-term electrical peripheral nerve stimulation: review of the state of the art (2019) · cites this paper as [64]
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- Authors
- McCreery, D. B., Agnew, W. F., Yuen, T. G. H., & Bullara, L.
- Affiliations
- Huntington Medical Research Institutes (US)
- ORCID
- McCreery, D.B.
- Venue
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering
- Published
- 1990
- Volume
- 37
- Issue
- 10
- Pages
- 996-1001
- ISSN
- 0018-9294 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W2160326715
- Cited by
- 708
- References
- 18
- Citations by year
- 2026: 19 · 2025: 18 · 2024: 13 · 2023: 24 · 2022: 30 · 2021: 29 · 2020: 32 · 2019: 28 · 2018: 33 · 2017: 42 · 2016: 33 · 2015: 30 · 2014: 32 · 2013: 38 · 2012: 18
- FWCI
- 1.70
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Locations
- IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (N01-NS-6-2397)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Neurology › Neurological disorders and treatments
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Keywords
- electrical brain stimulation, nerve injury, charge density, platinum electrode, parietal cortex, electrode size
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Brain Injuries, Cats, Electric Conductivity, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Neurons
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