Advanced metallic and polymeric coatings for neural interfacing: structures, properties and tissue responses
Open accessAbstract
Neural electrodes are essential for nerve signal recording, neurostimulation, neuroprosthetics and neuroregeneration, which are critical for the advancement of brain science and the establishment of the next-generation brain–electronic interface, central nerve system therapeutics and artificial intelligence. However, the existing neural electrodes suffer from drawbacks such as foreign body responses, low sensitivity and limited functionalities. In order to overcome the drawbacks, efforts have been made to create new constructions and configurations of neural electrodes from soft materials, but it is also more practical and economic to improve the functionalities of the existing neural electrodes via surface coatings. In this article, recently reported surface coatings for neural electrodes are carefully categorized and analyzed. The coatings are classified into different categories based on their chemical compositions, i.e., metals, metal oxides, carbons, conducting polymers and hydrogels. The characteristic microstructures, electrochemical properties and fabrication methods of the coatings are comprehensively presented, and their structure–property correlations are discussed. Special focus is given to the biocompatibilities of the coatings, including their foreign-body response, cell affinity, and long-term stability during implantation. This review article can provide useful and sophisticated insights into the functional design, material selection and structural configuration for the next-generation multifunctional coatings of neural electrodes.
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Neural tissue might undergo fibrosis in response to chemical exposure.
“Lastly, in response to chemical exposure, neural tissue might undergo fibrosis, a defensive yet functionally compromising mechanism (Grisold and Carozzi, 2021; Schander et al., 2021; Yin et al., 2021; World Health Organization: WHO, 2023).”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Yin et al., 2021
Section 2, “Tissue Responses to Implantable Neural Electrodes” (page unavailable), describes glial scarring as a chronic inflammatory response around implanted electrodes and says the scar can impair electrode function. It does not establish that chemical exposure causes neural tissue to undergo fibrosis; the exposure described is to an implanted electrode. (LLM, conf=0.86)
Experimental — accuracy not yet measuredLeaked substances can disrupt the ionic balance of sodium, potassium, and calcium, leading to excitotoxicity.
“These leaked substances can also disrupt the ionic balance of essential elements like sodium, potassium, and calcium, leading to excitotoxicity—a pathological process causing neuron damage due to excessive neurotransmitter stimulation.”
From Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants (2024) · cites this paper as Yin et al., 2021
Section 3.1 discusses possible toxic lead release from a coating, and Section 2 discusses neuronal injury associated with implant-related inflammation. Neither passage says that leaked substances disrupt sodium, potassium, or calcium balance or cause excitotoxicity; searches for those ions and excitotoxicity found no passage addressing that mechanism. The supplied copy gives no page numbers for these sections. (LLM, conf=0.74)
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Self-citationYen, S., Hsu, W.-L., Chen, Y., Su, H., Chang, Y., Chen, H., Yeh, S., & Yew, T. (2011) · Biosensors and Bioelectronics · doi:10.1016/j.bios.2011.04.003 · Cited by 31 · see citing works
Deku, F., Joshi‐Imre, A., Mërtiri, A., Gardner, T. J., & Cogan, S. F. (2018) · Journal of The Electrochemical Society · doi:10.1149/2.0401809jes · Cited by 31 · see citing works
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6 of the 229 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
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Recording Quality Is Systematically Related to Electrode Impedance
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Polymers for implantable devices
Ershad‐Langroudi, A., Babazadeh, N., Alizadegan, F., Mousaei, S. M., & Moradi, G. (2024) · Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry · doi:10.1016/j.jiec.2024.03.030 · Cited by 51 · see citing works
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Bioelectronic Neural Interfaces: Improving Neuromodulation Through Organic Conductive Coatings
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Flexible Neural Interfaces Based on 3D PEDOT:PSS Micropillar Arrays
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Shokoohimehr, P., Čepkenović, B., Miloš, F., Bednár, J., Hassani, H., Maybeck, V., & Offenhäusser, A. (2022) · Small · doi:10.1002/smll.202200053 · Cited by 27 · see citing works
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Zhang, B., Xie, R., Jiang, J., Hao, S., Fang, B., Zhang, J., Bai, H., Peng, B., Li, L., Liu, Z., et al. (2023) · Journal of Materials Chemistry C · doi:10.1039/d2tc05162a · Cited by 26 · see citing works
In Vivo Penetrating Microelectrodes for Brain Electrophysiology
Erofeev, A., Antifeev, I., Bolshakova, A. V., Борисович, Б. И., & Власова, О. Л. (2022) · Sensors · doi:10.3390/s22239085 · Cited by 24 · see citing works
Emerging Trends of Biomedical Circuits and Systems
Sawan, M., Yang, J., Tarkhan, M., Chen, J., Wang, M., Wang, C., Xia, F., & Chen, Y.-H. (2021) · Foundations and Trends® in Integrated Circuits and Systems · doi:10.1561/3500000005 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
Comparative analysis of energy transfer mechanisms for neural implants
Miziev, S., Pawlak, W. A., & Howard, N. (2024) · Frontiers in Neuroscience · doi:10.3389/fnins.2023.1320441 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Fabrication of thin-film electrodes and organic electrochemical transistors for neural implants
Oldroyd, P., Velasco‐Bosom, S., Bidinger, S. L., Hasan, T., Boys, A. J., & Malliaras, G. G. (2025) · Nature Protocols · doi:10.1038/s41596-024-01116-6 · Cited by 22 · see citing works
TEGylated Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes as Platforms to Engineer Neuronal Networks
Barrejón, M., Zummo, F., Mikhalchan, A., Vilatela, J. J., Fontanini, M., Scaini, D., Ballerini, L., & Prato, M. (2022) · ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces · doi:10.1021/acsami.2c16808 · Cited by 21 · see citing works
Chen, K.-S., Chan, H.-C., & Chan, C.-M. (2025) · Journal of Biological Engineering · doi:10.1186/s13036-025-00548-2 · Cited by 17 · see citing works
Polymer Bioelectronics: A Solution for Both Stimulating and Recording Electrodes
Cuttaz, E. A., Bailey, Z., Chapman, C. A. R., Goding, J. A., & Green, R. A. (2024) · Advanced Healthcare Materials · doi:10.1002/adhm.202304447 · Cited by 18 · see citing works
In situ polymerization of conducting polymers around living neural cells: Cellular effect study
Chen, H., Yang, D., Chen, C.-R., Tian, G., & Kim, D. (2022) · Colloids and Surfaces B Biointerfaces · doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2022.112410 · Cited by 16 · see citing works
Smółka, S., Skorupa, M., Fołta, K., Banaś, A., Balcerzak, K., Krok, D., Shyntum, D. Y., Skonieczna, M., Turczyn, R., & Krukiewicz, K. (2023) · Bioelectrochemistry · doi:10.1016/j.bioelechem.2023.108484 · Cited by 11 · see citing works
Fabrication of vertically aligned PEDOT nanotube arrays on microelectrodes to interface neurons
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Taymour, N., Ali, M. A. M., Taher, E. S., Atia, G. A. N., Abdeen, A., Chaudhary, A. A., Boufahja, F., Elkelish, A., Zaki, M. E. A., Bajunaid, S. M., et al. (2025) · Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology · doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2025.107448 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Principles and Advancements of Microelectrode Arrays in Brain-Machine Interfaces
Seyedkhani, S. A., Mohammadpour, R., & zad, A. I. (2024) · Biomedical engineering · doi:10.5772/intechopen.113875 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Taghlabi, K. M., Cruz-Garza, J. G., Hassan, T., Potnis, O., Bhenderu, L. S. S., Guerrero, J. R., Whitehead, R. E., Wu, Y. C., Luan, L., Xie, C., et al. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad200f · Cited by 8 · see citing works
Babaroud, N. B., Rice, S. J., Camarena, M., Serdijn, W. A., Vollebregt, S., & Giagka, V. (2024) · Nanoscale · doi:10.1039/d3nr05523j · Cited by 7 · see citing works
Amino acid decorated xanthan gum coatings: Molecular arrangement and cell adhesion
Alavarse, A. C., Frachini, E., Silva, J. B., Pereira, R. D. S., Ulrich, H., & Petri, D. F. S. (2022) · Carbohydrate Polymer Technologies and Applications · doi:10.1016/j.carpta.2022.100227 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
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Soft Iontronics for Neuromorphic Vision: From Biological Mechanisms to Bio‐Integrated Applications
Zhu, X., Zheng, L., Liu, J., & Xiao, K. (2025) · Advanced Materials Technologies · doi:10.1002/admt.202501963 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
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Flexible and Nanostructured Electronics to Dialogue with Glia
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Laser-induced polymer dynamics and applications
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Purpose-Based Filtering Approach for Neural Interfaces
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Biomedical Conductive Polymer: Characteristics and Applications
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Chemosensors and Biosensors: Fabrication, Recent Advances, and Applications
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Applications of Piezoelectric Stimulation in Tissue Engineering
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Functional Hydrogel Coatings for Medical Devices: Recent Developments and Biomedical Applications
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Wafer‐Scale Dendritic Nanoporous Platinum Films for Neural Electrodes
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Conducting polymers for implantable neural electrodes in brain–computer interfaces
Zhu, J., Liu, R., Jiang, H., Liu, X., Kong, Z., Wang, L., Xu, W., & Wang, Y. (2026) · Journal of Materials Chemistry B · doi:10.1039/d6tb01636g
- Authors
- Yin, P., Liu, Y., Xiao, L., & Zhang, C.
- Affiliations
- Sun Yat-sen University (CN)
- Corresponding author
- Liu, Yang
- Zhang, Chao
- Venue
- Polymers
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2021-08-23
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 16
- Pages
- 2834
- ISSN
- 2073-4360 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC8401399
- OpenAlex
- W3194500586
- Cited by
- 42
- References
- 229
- Citations by year
- 2026: 7 · 2025: 8 · 2024: 9 · 2023: 7 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 2
- FWCI
- 1.02
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Polymers (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (81801851)
- Guangdong Science and Technology Department (2018A030310075)
- China Postdoctoral Science Foundation (2018M633230)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Polymers and Plastics › Conducting polymers and applications
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Undergraduate Neuroscience Education and Research
- Keywords
- neural electrodes, surface coating, neural interfaces, foreign body reaction, biocompatibility, conducting polymers, hydrogels, metal oxides, carbon coating, metal coatings, neuroprosthetics, neurostimulation, nerve regeneration, structure-property relationships
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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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