Tissue response to a chronically implantable wireless intracortical visual prosthesis (Gennaris array)
Abstract
OBJECTIVE: Cortical vision prostheses aim to restore visual percepts to those who have lost sight by delivering electrical stimulation to the visual cortex. These devices need to be implanted intracranially using subdural or intracortical microelectrodes, and should preferably dispense with the need of transcranial wiring. The risks of cortical tissue injury from mechanical trauma, material biocompatibility, heat generation, electrical stimulation and long-term immune responses need to be evaluated. In this paper, we investigate the biological response to a wireless cortical vision prosthesis (Gennaris array), by characterizing the histological changes that occur following chronic electrical stimulation. APPROACH: Ten arrays (7 active, 3 passive) were implanted in three sheep using a pneumatic insertor. Each device consisted of a wireless receiver and Application Specific Integrated Circuit encased in a ceramic box, and could deliver electrical stimulation through one of 43 electrodes. MAIN RESULTS: Stimulation was delivered through seven of these devices for up to 3 months and each device was treated as independent for further analysis. Cumulatively, over 2700 h of stimulation were achieved without any observable adverse health effects. Histology showed that the devices and implantation procedure were well tolerated by the brain with a similar tissue response to the more common Utah arrays. However, voltage transients across the stimulating electrodes were not measured so exact charge injection could not be verified. SIGNIFICANCE: This work represents one of the first long-term tests of a fully implantable cortical vision prosthesis. The results indicate that long-term stimulation through wireless arrays can be achieved without induction of widespread tissue damage.
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GENNARIS consists of 11 modules with 43 electrodes each.
“The GENNARIS (Monash Vision Group) consists of 11 modules with 43 electrodes each (figure 6(d)) [106].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [106]
The GENNARIS system uses inductive power transfer from a single transmitter coil to transmit data and power to 11 implanted receivers with 43 electrodes each.
“The GENNARIS system (Monash Vision Group) uses inductive power transfer from a single transmitter coil to transmit data and power to 11 implanted receiver with 43 electrodes each [106].”
From Advances in visual prostheses: engineering and biological challenges (2022) · cites this paper as [106]
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“In this study, we consider a square MEA with an 8-by-8 matrix of electrodes which is within the range of existing retinal implants (Luo and Da Cruz 2016, Rosenfeld et al 2020, Fernández et al 2021, Petoe et al 2021).”
Szlawski, J., Feleppa, T., Mohan, A., et al. (2022) · IEEE Transactions on Neural Systems and Rehabilitation Engineering · doi:10.1109/tnsre.2022.3173682 · Cited by 4 · see citing works
Microelectrode Arrays, Implants, and Organs-on-a-Chip
Pasquarelli, A. (2021) · Learning materials in biosciences · doi:10.1007/978-3-030-76469-2_11 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Visual Prostheses in the Era of Artificial Intelligence Technology
Sarbout, I., Gungor, A., Ounissi, M., Zaher, S., Ptito, M., Kupers, R., Racoceanu, D., & Milea, D. (2025) · Eye and Brain · doi:10.2147/eb.s524322 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
“Initial animal tests indicated a good safety profile, 44 encouraging the group to apply for funding to perform a clinical trial with a 73 electrodes device.”
Filling in the Visual Gaps: Shifting Cortical Activity using Current Steering
Meikle, S. J., Hagan, M. A., Price, N. S. C., & Wong, Y. T. (2021) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629693 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“When implanting multishank electrode arrays, pneumatic tools are used for rapid insertion into the brain to overcome the ‘bed of nails’ effect [1, 8].”
BackgroundMethodInfluentialElectrical stimulation thresholds differ between V1 and V2
Meikle, S. J., Allison-Walker, T., Hagan, M. A., Price, N. S. C., & Wong, Y. T. (2023) · Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) · doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340103 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
“In the field of cortical sensorimotor stimulation, visual prostheses are one of the most developed devices, with several groups working to commercialize an end-user product [13-15].”
BackgroundBionic eye: An iconic innovation
Suvvari, T. K., Madhu, M., & Nagendra, S. (2021) · TNOA Journal of Ophthalmic Science and Research · doi:10.4103/tjosr.tjosr_168_20 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Object recognition from sparse simulated phosphenes and curved segments
Scialom, E., Ernst, U. A., Rotermund, D., & Herzog, M. H. (2025) · Vision Research · doi:10.1016/j.visres.2025.108718 · Cited by 3 · see citing works
Neurosurgical Considerations for the Brain Computer Interface
Rosenfeld, J. V., Wong, Y. T., Szlawski, J., & Gutman, M. (2022) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_38-1 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
A Special issue on Multidisciplinary research to promote the applications in Biological sciences
Manikandan, G. E. D. M. (2022) · International Journal of Life Science and Pharma Research · doi:10.22376/ijpbs/ijlpr/sp22/2022.1-154 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Minimizing the number of phosphenes required for object recognition under prosthetic visionPreprint
Scialom, E., Ernst, U. A., Rotermund, D., & Herzog, M. H. (2024) · bioRxiv (Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory) · doi:10.1101/2024.09.26.614440 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Neurosurgical Considerations for the Brain Computer Interface
Rosenfeld, J. V., Wong, Y. T., Szlawski, J., & Gutman, M. (2023) · Handbook of Neuroengineering · doi:10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_38
Brain-Computer Interfaces for Vision Recovery in Precortical Vision Loss
Yang, C., Guo, A., & Lin, K. (2026) · Eye and Brain · doi:10.2147/eb.s561691
“…78 the PRIMA subretinal implant designed for central vision loss caused by AMD, manufactured by Science Corporation; 79,80 the Gennaris TM Bionic Vision System ® which utilizes nanowire technology to generate uniquely high-resolution phosphenes; 81 and the Orion ® , manufactured by Second Sight.”
Scialom, E., Lonnqvist, B., Bornet, A., & Herzog, M. H. (2026) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ae9227
“Specifically, excessive electrode stimulation can lead to increased tissue damage compared to passive electrodes (Rosenfeld et al 2020).”
- Authors
- Rosenfeld, J. V., Wong, Y. T., Yan, E., Szlawski, J., Mohan, A., Clark, J. C., Rosa, M., & Lowery, A.
- Affiliations
- Monash University (AU)
- Australian Research Council (AU)
- Austin Hospital Pathology
- Corresponding author
- Rosenfeld, Jeffrey V
- Wong, Yan T
- Yan, Edwin
- Szlawski, Julian
- Mohan, Anand
- Rosa, Marcello
- Lowery, Arthur
- Venue
- Journal of Neural Engineering
- Publisher
- IOP Publishing
- Published
- 2020-07-08
- Volume
- 17
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 046001
- ISSN
- 1741-2552 (ISSN-L)
- 1741-2560
- OpenAlex
- W3036770533
- Semantic Scholar
- 6ee8d7de51a401adfe87b7ff3160eb3ce627917d
- Cited by
- 35
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 2 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 5 · 2023: 6 · 2022: 9 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 1
- FWCI
- 2.63
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- closed
- Licence
- Locations
- Journal of Neural Engineering (publishedVersion)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Funders
- MTPconnect (BioMedTech Horizons)
- National Health and Medical Research Council (APP1075773)
- Australian Research Council’s Research in Bionic Vision Science and Technology Initiative (SRI 1000006)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Neural Engineering
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine › Pain Management and Treatment
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces
- Keywords
- wireless neural stimulation, chronic electrical stimulation, tissue reaction, histology, biocompatibility, sheep model, charge injection, visual cortex stimulation, implantable microelectrodes
- MeSH terms
- Animals, Electric Stimulation, Electrodes, Implanted, Microelectrodes, Sheep, Visual Cortex, Prosthesis Implantation, Visual Prosthesis
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