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Cited by 30Light effects on plantsPlant tissue culture and regenerationFlowering Plant Growth and Cultivation

Growth, photosynthetic function, and stomatal characteristics of Persian walnut explants in vitro under different light spectra

Open access
Saeedi, Seyyed Arash, Vahdati, Kourosh, Sarikhani, Saadat, Daylami, Shirin Dianati, Davarzani, Maryam, Gruda, Nazim S., Aliniaeifard, Sasan·2023·Frontiers in Plant Science
DOI 10.3389/fpls.2023.1292045PMC PMC10690960
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Abstract

Light plays a crucial role in photosynthesis, which is an essential process for plantlets produced during in vitro tissue culture practices and ex vitro acclimatization. LED lights are an appropriate technology for in vitro lighting but their effect on propagation and photosynthesis under in vitro condition is not well understood. This study aimed to investigate the impact of different light spectra on growth, photosynthetic functionality, and stomatal characteristics of micropropagated shoots of Persian walnut (cv. Chandler). Tissue-cultured walnut nodal shoots were grown under different light qualities including white, blue, red, far-red, green, combination of red and blue (70:30), combination of red and far-red (70:30), and fluorescent light as the control. Results showed that the best growth and vegetative characteristics of in vitro explants of Persian walnut were achieved under combination of red and blue light. The biggest size of stomata was detected under white and blue lights. Red light stimulated stomatal closure, while stomatal opening was induced under blue and white lights. Although the red and far-red light spectra resulted in the formation of elongated explants with more lateral shoots and anthocyanin content, they significantly reduced the photosynthetic functionality. Highest soluble carbohydrate content and maximum quantum yield of photosystem II were detected in explants grown under blue and white light spectra. In conclusion, growing walnut explants under combination of red and blue lights leads to better growth, photosynthesis functionality, and the emergence of functional stomata in in vitro explants of Persian walnuts.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

In vitro Persian walnut (cv. Chandler) nodal shoots grown under different LED spectra showed that a red+blue combination gave the best overall growth, carotenoid content, and stomatal/photosynthetic functionality. Red and far-red spectra promoted elongation, lateral shoots, anthocyanin, and callus but reduced photosynthetic performance and stomatal aperture.

Key findings

  • Red+blue LED spectra produced the best vegetative growth: largest leaf area (38.15 cm²), most leaflets (127.33), and increased leaf area >3×, leaflet number ~2×, leaf fresh weight >2×, and leaf dry weight >4× versus fluorescent control. Shoot thickness was also highest under red+blue (2.99 mm), 35.9% greater than control.
  • Red+far-red spectra gave the highest stem length (107.22 mm) and increased stem height by 45.188%, stem fresh weight by 283.61%, and stem dry weight by 179.16% versus fluorescent light. Monochromatic red gave the most lateral shoots (2.66, +166% vs control) and longest internodes (9.91 mm vs 1.53 mm under white). Far-red alone strongly suppressed growth and increased callus weight to 1.84 g versus 0.48 g under fluorescent light (+283.33%).
  • Pigment responses differed by spectrum: green and fluorescent light gave higher chlorophyll, red+blue gave the highest carotenoids (+47.82% vs control), and red+far-red gave the highest anthocyanin (+78.94% vs control). Far-red reduced total chlorophyll by 95.1% and carotenoids by 94.34% versus control.
  • Blue-containing spectra maintained photosynthetic function: highest Fv/Fm occurred under white, blue, red+blue, fluorescent, and green LEDs, while red and far-red decreased Fv/Fm by 16.25% versus fluorescent light. White and blue LEDs produced the largest stomata; white LED increased stomatal density by 28.88% versus fluorescent light, while far-red gave the lowest density.

Methods

  • Completely randomized design with 8 light treatments and six replications (two explants per replication): red (660 nm), green (530 nm), red+blue (70:30), white (400–700 nm), blue (460 nm), red+far-red (70:30), fluorescent control (380–750 nm), and far-red (730 nm), all at 80 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ under a 16-h light/8-h dark photoperiod for 28 days.
  • Micropropagated Persian walnut (cv. Chandler) nodal shoots were grown in DKW medium with 1 mg L⁻¹ BA, 0.01 mg L⁻¹ IBA, 30 g L⁻¹ sucrose, and 7 g L⁻¹ carrageenan; growth, stomatal, pigment, carbohydrate, and chlorophyll fluorescence traits were measured.
  • Data were analyzed by ANOVA using SAS 9.4 with Duncan’s multiple range test at P ≤ 0.05; stomatal morphology was evaluated with GraphPad Prism7, and paired t-tests were used for stomatal characteristics.

Limitations

  • Stated limitations: Not stated in the paper.
  • Evident from text: the study is limited to in vitro proliferation-stage explants of a single cultivar (Chandler) and does not report ex vitro acclimatization, survival, or greenhouse/field performance.
  • Evident from text: light intensity was fixed at 80 µmol m⁻² s⁻¹ and treatments ran for 28 days, so no dose–response or longer-term persistence of stomatal/photo synthetic effects is tested.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpls.2023.1292045

Cites

119 of 120 references verified0 citation errors · 1 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

16 of 25 cited sources checked · 4 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Tissue-cultured plants may look normal in vitro but are unlikely to be actively photosynthesizing.

    “Although tissue-cultured plants may look normal in vitro, they are unlikely to be actively photosynthesizing (Askari et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Askari et al., 2022 source

      The Discussion directly contradicts the claim about photosynthetic activity: it says photosynthesis inevitably occurs in illuminated, chlorophyllous tissue cultures, though at a reduced rate. The Introduction also describes photosynthesis as restrained, not absent. The supplied passages do not address whether the plants look normal. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Morphogenesis and its related aspects are mainly regulated by various photoreceptors that are activated by photons in the range of blue, red, and far-red light spectra.

    “Morphogenesis and its related aspects are mainly regulated by various photoreceptors that are activated by photons in the range of blue, red, and far-red light spectra (Griffin and Toledo-Ortiz, 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Griffin and Toledo-Ortiz, 2022 source
  • Premisecitation

    The use of fluorescent lights in production of tissue culture plants incurs significant costs associated with electricity consumption.

    “The use of fluorescent lights in the production of tissue culture plants also incurs significant costs associated with electricity consumption (Kulus and Woźny, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kulus and Woźny, 2020 source
  • Premisecitation

    Water loss rate of tissue culture plants is significantly higher than that of adapted and greenhouse plants.

    “On the other hand, their water loss rate is significantly higher than that of adapted and greenhouse plants (Joshi et al., 2006; Bertolino et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Joshi et al., 2006 source

      Table 2 reports much greater water loss from leaves in the multiplication phase (93.44% over three hours) than from hardened plants (39.39%) or in vivo seedlings (15.23%). But rooting-phase leaves lost about as much water as hardened leaves, and the paper does not establish a statistically significant difference or identify a greenhouse-plant comparison. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Bertolino et al., 2019 source

      The Introduction explains how stomatal aperture affects water loss, but it does not compare tissue-culture plants with adapted or greenhouse plants. Searches for that comparison and for acclimatization found no passage reporting a significantly higher water-loss rate in tissue-culture plants. The cited paper's copy does not address the specific claim. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Improper development of the photosynthetic system and malfunctioning of stomata during in vitro culture may lead to a series of morphological and physiological disorders of plant tissue.

    “Improper development of the photosynthetic system and malfunctioning of stomata during in vitro culture may lead to a series of morphological and physiological disorders of plant tissue (Urban et al., 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Urban et al., 2017 source

      The Introduction (page unavailable) links stomatal regulation to photosynthesis and plant growth, but does not address malfunctioning stomata or improper photosynthetic development during in vitro culture. A search for in vitro culture, tissue-culture abnormalities, and morphological or physiological disorders found no passage addressing the claimed consequences. (LLM, conf=0.74)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • May combine two claims. 28
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 9

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Fluorescent lights have limited possibilities to control and adjust intensity and composition of light spectra, and these parameters are not stable and change during growth of tissue culture plants.

    “They have limited possibilities to control and adjust the intensity and composition of the light spectra, and these parameters are not stable and change during the growth of tissue culture plants (Darko et al., 2014; Bantis et al., 2016).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Darko et al., 2014 source

      Section 2 (page unavailable) says the spectrum and intensity of fluorescent lights are not stable over a long time. It contrasts fluorescent lighting with LEDs’ spectral flexibility and ease of control, but does not directly state that fluorescent lights have limited adjustment options or that their parameters change specifically during the growth of tissue-culture plants. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Bantis et al., 2016 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    LEDs allow manipulation of the light's quality suitable for plants' needs.

    “LEDs allow manipulation of the light’s quality suitable for plants’ needs (Trivellini et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Trivellini et al., 2023 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Sampling for stomatal morphology was done 3 h after the start of the light period because this time is adequate for plants to open stomata and reach a steady-state stomatal conductance.

    “Sampling was done 3 h after the start of the light period in the Phytotron, simultaneously under different light spectra, because this time is adequate for plants following experiencing the dark period to open stomata and reach a steady-state stomatal conductance (Seif et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Seif et al., 2021 source

      The available Abstract (page not specified) says the study evaluated stomatal anatomy and closing ability, but it gives no sampling time or reason for choosing one. Searches for three hours after light onset, stomatal conductance, and steady state returned no passage addressing whether stomata had opened after the dark period. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Tissue culture plants have round and open stomata with higher stomatal density and index compared to adapted greenhouse plants.

    “Tissue culture plants have round and open stomata with higher stomatal density and index compared to adapted greenhouse plants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Joshi et al., 2006 source

      The paper’s results (indexed under Abstract; page unavailable) describe round, wide-open stomata in in vitro Wrightia tomentosa plants and higher stomatal frequency than in vivo plants; it also identifies greenhouse-raised seedlings among its controls. It does not report a higher stomatal index: the methods list frequency, closure, and malformation, but not index. The round shape is described specifically for multiplication-phase cultures, not all tissue-culture plants. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Bertolino et al., 2019 source

      The Introduction discusses variation in stomatal shape, density, and index, but does not compare tissue-culture plants with greenhouse-adapted plants. Searches for tissue culture, greenhouse adaptation, and the claimed stomatal differences found no passage addressing that comparison; page numbers were not available in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.76)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Micropropagation of all species of Juglans genus is very difficult, but it is widely used for mass propagation of Persian walnuts.

    “Micropropagation of all species of Juglans genus is very difficult, but it is widely used for the mass propagation of Persian walnuts.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Julian et al., 2020 source

      The Abstract (page not given) describes recalcitrance and rooting difficulties for a particular walnut hybrid, supporting the claim that micropropagation can be difficult. It does not extend that difficulty to all Juglans species or say that micropropagation is widely used for mass propagation of Persian walnuts; the References list work on Juglans regia but do not establish widespread use. (LLM, conf=0.81)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Compared to conventional systems, LED lighting systems have unique advantages such as durability, small size, long operating lifetime, relatively cool emitting surface, a linear photon output with the electrical input current, and the ability to control spectral composition.

    “Compared to conventional systems, LED lighting systems have unique advantages such as durability, small size, long operating lifetime, relatively cool emitting surface, a linear photon output with the electrical input current, and the ability to control spectral composition (Brown et al., 1995).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Brown et al., 1995 source

      The introductory passage describes LEDs as small, solid-state devices with long lives; the Discussion describes their low heat load and easily manipulated spectral output. The paper does not state that photon output varies linearly with electrical input current, and low heat load on plants does not establish that the emitting surface is cool. (LLM, conf=0.88)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductcitation

    Chlorophyll extraction took place in a dark room because chlorophyll is light sensitive.

    “Since chlorophyll is light sensitive, extraction took place in a dark room (Bergsträsser et al., 2015).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Bergsträsser et al., 2015 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    When producing Persian walnut in vitro explants, it is crucial to undergo hardening and acclimatization processes due to dysfunctional stomata of walnut in vitro-plantlets, resulting in excessive transpiration and heightened sensitivity to environments with increased evaporative demands and solar radiation.

    “When producing Persian walnut in vitro explants, it is crucial to undergo hardening and acclimatization processes. This is due to the dysfunctional stomata of walnut in vitro-plantlets, resulting in excessive transpiration and heightened sensitivity to environments with increased evaporative demands and solar radiation (Chandra et al., 2010; Rathore et al., 2013; Manokari and Shekhawat, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Chandra et al., 2010 source
    • cites Rathore et al., 2013 source
    • cites Manokari and Shekhawat, 2017 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • Rests on an assumption: Plants are heterotrophic or mixotrophic under in vitro conditions, and their photosynthetic activity is limited because the carbon source is provided in the form of sugar.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The highest concentrations of soluble carbohydrates were detected in explants of Persian walnut grown in vitro under a monochromatic blue light spectrum, as well as the combination of red-light spectra with blue and far-red.

    “The highest concentrations of soluble carbohydrates were detected in explants of Persian walnut grown in vitro under a monochromatic blue light spectrum, as well as the combination of red-light spectra with blue and far-red.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “In the present experiment, the highest amount of soluble carbohydrates was observed in walnut in vitro-explants grown under the treatment of blue LED spectra, red and far-red and red and blue light combinations.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The ratio of red and blue LED spectra can affect biochemical compounds, such as soluble carbohydrate, starch and amino acids.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Red and far-red light spectra resulted in formation of elongated explants with more lateral shoots and anthocyanin content.

    “Although the red and far-red light spectra resulted in the formation of elongated explants with more lateral shoots and anthocyanin content, they significantly reduced the photosynthetic functionality.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The pore width was reduced by 3.5 μm in the red LED spectra and 3.57 μm in the combined red and far-red LED spectra, compared to the blue and red combined LED spectra.

    “The pore width was reduced by 3.5 µm in the red LED spectra and 3.57 µm in the combined red and far-red LED spectra, compared to the blue and red combined LED spectra.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Walnut tissue-cultured explants under combination of blue and red LEDs showed most expansive leaf area and highest number of leaves than other light treatments.

    “Walnut tissue-cultured explants under a combination of blue and red LEDs showed the most expansive leaf area and the highest number of leaves than the explants under other light treatments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The highest stem length (107.22 mm) and highest shoot fresh and dry weights were recorded in samples exposed to a combination of red and far-red spectra.

    “The highest stem length (107.22 mm) and the highest values ​​of shoot fresh and dry weights were recorded in samples exposed to a combination of red and far-red spectra.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Largest callus width was observed in explants grown under far-red light treatment, increased by 78% compared to fluorescent light.

    “The largest callus width was also observed in the explants grown under far-red light treatment, which was increased by 78% compared to the fluorescent light.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The pore width increased by 8.803 μm under the green LED, 10.24 μm under the white LED, and 6.299 μm under the fluorescent light, compared to the pore width of the combination of red and far-red LEDs.

    “The pore width increased by 8.803 µm under the green LED, 10.24 µm under the white LED, and 6.299 µm under the fluorescent light, compared to the pore width of the combination of red and far-red LEDs.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Explants treated with white LED spectra had the highest stomatal density, and those treated with far-red LED spectra had the lowest stomatal density.

    “Explants treated with white LED spectra had the highest stomatal density, and those treated with far-red LED spectra had the lowest stomatal density.”
    • Also stated in: § Discussion · plain
      “In the present study, the growth of in vitro explants of Persian walnut under white LED spectra treatment resulted in the highest stomatal density compared to other light treatments, which is consistent with other studies in which white LED spectra increased stomatal density (do Nascimento Vieira et al., 2015; Seif et al., 2021).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingreasoning

    In the conditions where both blue and red lights were used, the growth of explants increased, and the red and blue LED spectra in different combinations improved the growth of leaves (number of leaves, leaf area, and leaf length).

    “In the conditions where both blue and red lights were used, the growth of explants increased, and the red and blue LED spectra in different combinations improved the growth of leaves (number of leaves, leaf area, and leaf length).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Red LED, a combination of red and far-red, green and far-red decreased stomatal density.

    “However, red LED, a combination of red and far-red, green and far-red decreased stomatal density.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The highest amount of F0 was detected in the samples exposed to green LED lights, which increased by 174.08% compared to the fluorescent treatment.

    “The high F0 indicates the lack of proper functioning of the photosystems and closure of reaction centers, the highest amount of F0 was detected in the samples exposed to green LED lights, which increased by 174.08% compared to the fluorescent treatment.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: A high F0 indicates the lack of proper functioning of the photosystems and closure of reaction centers.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Photosynthetic performance of walnut explants was maintained by blue light and downregulated by red light in the present study.

    “Photosynthetic performance of walnut explants maintained by blue light and downregulated by red light in the present study.”
    • Also stated in: § Conclusion · plain
      “Additionally, red light downregulated the photosynthetic functionality of the walnut tissue cultured samples, while blue light maintained it.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The energy content of different light spectra is absorbed by chlorophyll pigments, which directly affects the electron transport chain of the photosynthetic apparatus.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    The largest and smallest sizes of stomata were detected under blue-containing and red-containing spectra, respectively, while the combination of blue and red LEDs resulted in intermediate sizes of stomata.

    “The largest and smallest sizes of stomata were detected under blue-containing and red-containing spectra, respectively, while the combination of blue and red LEDs resulted in intermediate sizes of stomata.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: Both blue and red light spectra can induce the opening of the stomata, but the role of red light in the beginning of the stomata is indirect.

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Light intensity for eight light treatments was determined using a PAR-FluorPen device and was considered similarly for all treatments.

    “Light intensity for eight light treatments was determined using a PAR-FluorPen device (FP 100-MAX, Photon Systems Instruments, Drasov, Czech Republic) and was considered similarly for all treatments.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    For stomatal characteristics, data obtained from one leaf was considered not independent, and paired t-test was used to find significant differences.

    “For stomatal characteristics, data obtained from one leaf was considered not independent, and paired t-test was used to find significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) between the two groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Plantlet adaptation is considered as a challenging stage in walnut micropropagation.

    “However, plantlet adaptation is considered as a challenging stage in walnut micropropagation (Litz et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Litz et al., 2020 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Growing walnut explants under combination of red and blue lights leads to better growth, photosynthesis functionality, and emergence of functional stomata in in vitro explants of Persian walnuts.

    “In conclusion, growing walnut explants under combination of red and blue lights leads to better growth, photosynthesis functionality, and the emergence of functional stomata in in vitro explants of Persian walnuts.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Different light spectra would alter stomatal morphology in vitro.
    • The authors state this as an assumption: Different light spectra could influence the photosynthetic performance of tissue-cultured explants.
    • Rests on an assumption: Photosynthesis is directly affected by the light spectrum.
    • Rests on an assumption: Photosynthesis provides the carbohydrates needed for plant growth.
    • Rests on an assumption: The light spectrum strongly influences the stomata and its reactions.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    The experiment used a completely randomized design with 8 treatments and six replications (two explants per replication).

    “To investigate the effect of different spectra of light on in vitro explants of Persian walnut, an experiment in a completely randomized design with 8 treatments and six replications (two explants per replication) was designed.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Red light is usually increasing stem height and internode length and rooting, but blue light is generally needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll and the development of stomata and leaf area expansion.

    “Red light is usually increasing stem height and inter node length and rooting, but blue light is generally needed for the synthesis of chlorophyll and the development of stomata and leaf area expansion (Poudel et al., 2008; Li et al., 2010).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Poudel et al., 2008 source
    • cites Li et al., 2010

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The growth and development of Persian walnut 'Chandler' explants in vitro can be affected by different light spectra, which also have an impact on their photosynthetic functionality and stomatal characteristics.

    “The growth and development of Persian walnut ‘Chandler’ explants in vitro can be affected by different light spectra, which also have an impact on their photosynthetic functionality and stomatal characteristics.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    The combination of blue and red LED spectra proved to be particularly beneficial for the growth and vegetative characteristics of walnut explants in vitro, as well as for the production of carotenoids.

    “The combination of blue and red LED spectra proved to be particularly beneficial for the growth and vegetative characteristics of walnut explants in vitro, as well as for the production of carotenoids.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    White and blue light spectra improve the efficiency of light energy conversion and increases energy accumulation for carbon absorption in carbon reactions.

    “Therefore, white and blue light spectra improve the efficiency of light energy conversion and increases energy accumulation for carbon absorption in carbon reactions.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
30 of 30

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Different light spectra would alter stomatal morphology in vitro.

    “it was assumed that different light spectra would alter stomatal morphology in vitro.”

  • The authors state this as an assumption.

    Different light spectra could influence the photosynthetic performance of tissue-cultured explants.

    “it was assumed that different light spectra could influence the photosynthetic performance of tissue-cultured explants.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Photosynthesis is directly affected by the light spectrum.

    “Photosynthesis is directly affected by the light spectrum”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Photosynthesis provides the carbohydrates needed for plant growth.

    “photosynthesis provides the carbohydrates needed for plant growth”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The light spectrum strongly influences the stomata and its reactions.

    “Because the light spectrum strongly influences the stomata and its reactions”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The energy content of different light spectra is absorbed by chlorophyll pigments, which directly affects the electron transport chain of the photosynthetic apparatus.

    “The energy content of different light spectra is absorbed by the chlorophyll pigments, which directly affects the electron transport chain of the photosynthetic apparatus.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Plants are heterotrophic or mixotrophic under in vitro conditions, and their photosynthetic activity is limited because the carbon source is provided in the form of sugar.

    “Plants are heterotrophic or mixotrophic under in vitro conditions, and their photosynthetic activity is limited (the carbon source is provided in the form of sugar).”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Elongation by far-red light is due to the activation of shade avoidance response by far-red light and suppression of this process by blue light.

    “Elongation by far-red light is due to the activation of shade avoidance response by far-red light and suppression of this process by blue light.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Red light spectrum induces the levels of plant growth regulators, especially endogenous gibberellins, which play an essential role in cell elongation by stimulating mitosis in the apical and subapical meristem, which can lead to long stems and reduced diameter of the explants.

    “Red light spectrum induces the levels of plant growth regulators, especially endogenous gibberellins, which play an essential role in cell elongation by stimulating mitosis in the apical and subapical meristem, which can lead to long stems and reduced diameter of the explants.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The ratio of red and blue LED spectra can affect biochemical compounds, such as soluble carbohydrate, starch and amino acids.

    “the ratio of red and blue LED spectra can affect biochemical compounds, such as soluble carbohydrate, starch and amino acids.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Both blue and red light spectra can induce the opening of the stomata, but the role of red light in the beginning of the stomata is indirect.

    “Both blue and red light spectra can induce the opening of the stomata, but the role of red light in the beginning of the stomata is indirect.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    A high F0 indicates the lack of proper functioning of the photosystems and closure of reaction centers.

    “The high F0 indicates the lack of proper functioning of the photosystems and closure of reaction centers”
12 of 12

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Reported stomatal P values do not support P<0.0001 for all dimensions

    Minor

    The results assign P<0.0001 to stomatal size and pore dimensions collectively, but Table 1 reports P values of 0.0196 for stomatal length and 0.0007 for both stomatal width and pore length.

  • The stated threshold for non-significance contradicts the analysis

    Minor

    The statistical methods call P ≤ 0.05 not significant, while Table 1 treats values below 0.05 as statistically significant.

  • Stomatal measurements are assigned to opposite leaf surfaces

    Minor

    The methods place the stomatal analysis on the adaxial surface, whereas Figure 8 identifies the imaged stomata as being on the abaxial surface.

  • Light-treatment duration is reported as both 28 and 30 days

    Minor

    The lighting methods say explants were grown under the treatments for 28 days, but the growth measurements are described as occurring 30 days after treatment began.

4 of 4

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 3

  1. Aliniaeifard, 2018, Growth and photosynthetic performance of Calendula officinalis under monochromatic red light, Int. J. Hortic. Sci. Technol., 5, 123, 10.22059/ijhst.2018.261042.248 · DOI
  2. Anuchai, 2020, A review of artificial light technology; leds on in vitro cultured plant morphology and physiology, Int. J. Ind. Educ. Technol., 2, 22
  3. Galbiati, 1994, Photoinduction of anthocyanin in maize: a genetic approach, 39, 89

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Authors
Saeedi, S. A., Vahdati, K., Sarikhani, S., Daylami, S. D., Davarzani, M., Gruda, N. S., & Aliniaeifard, S.
Affiliations
  • University of Tehran (IR)
  • University of Bonn (DE)
Corresponding author
  • Vahdati, Kourosh
  • Aliniaeifard, Sasan
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Plant Science
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2023-11-17
Volume
14
Pages
1292045-1292045
ISSN
1664-462X (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpls.2023.1292045
PMC
PMC10690960
OpenAlex
W4388763942
Semantic Scholar
d2eb110f50733dbb3e8620fbaa7508ea8db964f4
Cited by
30
References
118
Citations by year
2026: 13 · 2025: 12 · 2024: 5
FWCI
4.74
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Plant Science (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • National Science Foundation
  • Iran National Science Foundation
  • University of Tehran
Topics
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Light effects on plants
  • Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Plant tissue culture and regeneration
  • Life Sciences › Agricultural and Biological Sciences › Plant Science › Flowering Plant Growth and Cultivation
Keywords
Juglans regia, Chandler cultivar, light spectrum, LED lighting, red and blue light, far-red light, stomatal traits, photosynthetic activity, micropropagation, explants, anthocyanins, soluble sugars, acclimatization

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Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

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