The Timing of Utterance Planning in Task-Oriented Dialogue: Evidence from a Novel List-Completion Paradigm
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In conversation, interlocutors rarely leave long gaps between turns, suggesting that next speak- ers begin to plan their turns while listening to the previous speaker. The present experiment used analyses of speech onset latencies and eye-movements in a task-oriented dialogue paradigm to investigate when speakers start planning their response. Adult German participants heard a confederate describe sets of objects in utterances that either ended in a noun (e.g. Ich habe eine Tür und ein Fahrrad (‘I have a door and a bicycle’)) or a verb form (Ich habe eine Tür und ein Fahrrad besorgt (‘I have gotten a door and a bicycle’)), while the presence or absence of the final verb either was or was not predictable from the preceding sentence structure. In response, participants had to name any unnamed objects they could see in their own display in utterances such as Ich habe ein Ei (‘I have an egg’). The main question was when participants started to plan their response. The results are consistent with the view that speakers begin to plan their turn as soon as sufficient information is available to do so, irrespective of further incoming words.
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Several experiments have shown that speech planning during listening is possible and that it facilitates fast responding.
“However, several experiments have shown that speech planning during listening is indeed possible and that it facilitates fast responding.”
From Timing in Conversation (2023) · cites this paper as Barthel, Sauppe, Levinson, & Meyer, 2016
Bögels, Casillas, and Levinson (2018) observed an average response time of 498 ms for the fastest condition, and Barthel, Sauppe, Levinson, and Meyer (2016) observed an average response time of 749 ms for the fastest condition.
“Bögels, Casillas, and Levinson (2018) observed an average response time of 498 ms for the fastest condition, and Barthel, Sauppe, Levinson, and Meyer (2016) observed an average response time of 749 ms for the fastest condition.”
From Timing in Conversation (2023) · cites this paper as Barthel, Sauppe, Levinson, and Meyer, 2016
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Corps, R. E., Shehzad, M., McLaren, A. I., Fernandez, L. B., & Hadley, L. V. (2025) · Acta Psychologica · doi:10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.105694 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Rühlemann, C., & Barthel, M. (2025) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2025.2544109 · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationPupil size indicates planning effort at turn transitions in natural conversation
Barthel, M., & Rühlemann, C. (2025) · Pragmatics & beyond. New series · doi:10.1075/pbns.351.07bar · Cited by 2 · see citing works
Self-citationKim, M., & Kim, S.-P. (2024) · Journal of Neural Engineering · doi:10.1088/1741-2552/ad731e · Cited by 1 · see citing works
What do we know about the mechanisms of response planning in dialog?
(2023) · The Psychology of learning and motivation/The psychology of learning and motivation · doi:10.1016/bs.plm.2023.02.002 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Reading Scripted Dialogue: Pretending to Take Turns
Aruffo, C. (2019) · Discourse Processes · doi:10.1080/0163853x.2019.1651588 · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Investigation of code-switching cost in a conversation taskPreprint
Yasmeen Faroqi-shah, A., & Wereley, S. (2021) · doi:10.31234/osf.io/2z86e · Cited by 1 · see citing works
Phonological input processing is reduced during speech planning in turn taking
Barthel, M. (2026) · Journal of Memory and Language · doi:10.1016/j.jml.2025.104717
Self-citationInter‐Turn Silences: Duration, Interpretation and Mechanisms
Thomas, A. M., Gladhill, K. A., & Kaschak, M. P. (2025) · Language and Linguistics Compass · doi:10.1111/lnc3.70027
The effects of speaker’s turn predictability on the timing of listener’s turn planningPreprint
Lin, L., & Zhao, C. (2026) · SSRN Electronic Journal · doi:10.2139/ssrn.6065436
Reduced intelligibility explains delayed responses to questions in older adults with hearing loss
Whitley, A., Corps, R. E., & Hadley, L. V. (2026) · Language Cognition and Neuroscience · doi:10.1080/23273798.2026.2640963
Appendix B. Exemplary material for communicative tasks
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.app2
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.ded
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.c1
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.ack
Nottbeck, E. (2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.c3
Appendix D. Example interview with advanced learner
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.app4
Appendix C. Example interviews with beginning learners
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.app3
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.index
Turn-Taking in Second Language Acquisition
Nottbeck, E. (2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10
Appendix A. Questionnaire for stimulus design
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.app1
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.c4
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.c2
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.lot
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.abbreviations
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.prelim
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.lof
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.refs
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.toc
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.c5
(2026) · Processability approaches to language acquisition research & teaching · doi:10.1075/palart.10.c6
Two Interacting Neural Processes Support Speech Planning during Naturalistic ConversationPreprint
Yamasaki, H., Blache, P., & Schön, D. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.112046
Two Interacting Neural Processes Support Speech Planning during Naturalistic ConversationPreprint
Yamasaki, H., Blache, P., & Schön, D. (2026) · eLife · doi:10.7554/elife.112046.1
- Authors
- Barthel, M., Sauppe, S., Levinson, S. C., & Meyer, A. S.
- Affiliations
- Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics (NL)
- University of Zurich (CH)
- Radboud University Nijmegen (NL)
- Corresponding author
- Barthel, Mathias
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2016-12-01
- Volume
- 7
- Pages
- 1858-1858
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5131015
- OpenAlex
- W2559394316
- Cited by
- 83
- References
- 64
- Citations by year
- 2026: 25 · 2025: 5 · 2024: 8 · 2023: 10 · 2022: 5 · 2021: 7 · 2020: 9 · 2019: 5 · 2018: 5 · 2017: 4
- FWCI
- 29.71
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- MPG.PuRe (Max Planck Society) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
- Max Planck Digital Library (submittedVersion, other-oa)
- Publication Server of the Institute for German Language (Institute for German Language) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
- Zurich Open Repository and Archive (University of Zurich)
- Funders
- European Research Council (269484)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Arts and Humanities › Language and Linguistics › Language, Discourse, Communication Strategies
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Speech and dialogue systems
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism
- Keywords
- utterance planning, task-oriented dialogue, speech onset latency, eye movements, turn-taking
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