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Cited by 135Music Therapy and HealthCOVID-19 and Mental HealthNeuroscience and Music Perception

Uses and Perceptions of Music in Times of COVID-19: A Spanish Population Survey

Open access
Cabedo-Mas, Alberto, Arriaga-Sanz, Cristina, Moliner-Miravet, Lidon·2021·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.606180PMC PMC7835488
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Abstract

Since March 14, 2020, Spanish citizens have been confined to their homes due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. Participating in musical activities has been associated with reduced anxiety and increased subjective wellbeing. The aim of this study is to analyze how Spanish citizens used music during the lockdown period. We also study perceptions of the impact music has in everyday life, in particular examining the respondents’ insights into the effects of listening to music in situations of isolation. The study was conducted using the MUSIVID19 questionnaire administered to a total of 1868 Spanish citizens. The results indicate that during lockdown, respondents perceived an increase in the time they devoted to musical activities such as listening, singing, dancing or playing an instrument. The participants also reported using music to cope with the lockdown, finding that it helped them to relax, escape, raise their mood or keep them company. The findings suggest an improvement in their perception of the value of music in personal and social wellbeing during the lockdown. However, the study reveals significant differences in the use and perceptions of music according to respondents’ personal situations. Age and feelings of vulnerability may lead to more conservative uses of musical practice and to more moderate perceptions of the positive values of music.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

A nationwide Spanish survey of 1,868 citizens during COVID-19 lockdown found that most respondents used music frequently and perceived it as helping them relax, escape, cope, and feel connected. Perceptions and uses differed by employment situation and age, with retired/vulnerable respondents showing more conservative music use and lower perceived value of music.

Key findings

  • 83.6% listened to music every day during confinement; among daily listeners, 45.6% listened 1–2 h/day and 31.3% listened 3–5 h/day. 49.7% listened to more music than before, 26.3% sang more, 31.4% danced more, and 30.1% played an instrument more.
  • 93.4% were aware of COVID-19 musical initiatives for social purposes, and 55.3% followed or actively participated in them; 53.5% reported neighbors making music on balconies.
  • Perceptions of music were highly positive: 53.1% said music greatly helped them relax, 56.0% escape, 62.9% cheer up, 58.1% keep company, and 51.5% cope better with confinement; 77.4% scored 4 or 5 on music boosting confidence/positivity.
  • Employment situation was significant: retirees scored lowest on perceived value of music, e.g., “helps you relax” mean 3.59 vs. 4.37 for teleworkers and 4.36 for furloughed workers; “improves mood” mean 3.61 vs. 4.54 for teleworkers (all p < 0.001 in Table 4).

Methods

  • Descriptive nationwide online survey (MUSIVID19) hosted on Google Form and shared via social media and university channels, open April 3–18, 2020; N = 1,868 Spanish participants across autonomous communities, ages 18–84 (mean 42.5, SD ±13.96; 69.3% women, 30.7% men; 74.8% university-educated).
  • The 22-question questionnaire had three sections: musical identities in confinement; uses and knowledge of COVID-19 musical initiatives; and perceptions about the impact of music, mostly using 5-point Likert scales plus single/multiple-choice items; reviewed by 10 experts and piloted with 20 responses.
  • Analysis used descriptive and inferential statistics: chi-square tests for categorical variables with effect sizes via Cramér’s W/R², and ANOVA for Likert variables with effect sizes from Cohen’s d/R²; inferential analysis by employment status (telework, face-to-face, unemployed, furloughed, retired) had a maximum valid N = 1,537.

Limitations

  • The paper states the sample was not internally representative of the Spanish population in strata such as gender or education; there was no control group; no previous comparable studies made causal direction difficult to observe; no data were obtained on children; and self-reported perceptions of music use may be inaccurate.
  • The text also makes evident that dissemination via social media, web pages, and snowballing limited randomness; missing data were around a maximum of 5%, so N was not constant across items; and the design was cross-sectional and lockdown-specific.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpsyg.2020.606180

Cites

85 of 86 references verified0 citation errors · 1 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

15 of 44 cited sources checked · 6 supported · 1 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    The influence of music on the most vulnerable age group to the disease had not, to date, been examined.

    “its influence on the most vulnerable age group to the disease had not, to date, been examined.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites O’Callaghan et al., 2014 source

      The paper’s Purpose states that it examines adult cancer patients’ views about music, and its Results report findings from 52 patients. The section “Personal Music Use in Cancer Across the Life-Span” says adults’ experience of music was not well understood—not that it had never been examined—and describes an earlier study of Swedish patients. The paper does not identify a particular age group as the most vulnerable to cancer. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Checked by a reasoning model — may be wrong.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Interpretationcitation

    Sharing music and musical practices is seen as an act of altruism and solidarity.

    “These findings show that sharing music and musical practices is seen as an act of altruism and solidarity (Laurence and Urbain, 1999; Fukui and Toyoshima, 2014).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Laurence and Urbain, 1999

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

    • cites Fukui and Toyoshima, 2014 source

      The Introduction describes joint music-making as fostering shared goals, and the Discussion links music to social cohesion and altruistic behavior. But the paper studies whether listening to music promotes later altruistic behavior; it does not say that sharing music or musical practices is itself seen as an act of altruism and solidarity. The indexed passages have section labels but no page numbers. (LLM, conf=0.84)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    These initiatives reflect the widespread perception among citizens that making music for other people contributes to their personal wellbeing.

    “These initiatives reflect the widespread perception among citizens that making music for other people contributes to their personal wellbeing (Daykin et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Daykin et al., 2018 source

      The Discussion of quantitative findings reports improved emotional outcomes in some music-making and group-singing studies, including a programme involving performance. It does not establish a widespread perception among citizens, or isolate making music for other people as the reason for improved personal wellbeing. Page numbers are unavailable in our copy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    The few studies that have analyzed the uses of music among the Spanish population have mainly focused on youth and adolescents, or university students.

    “The few studies that have analyzed the uses of music among the Spanish population have mainly focused on youth and adolescents (Oriola-Requena and Gustems-Carnicer, 2015), or university students (Chamorro-Premuzic et al., 2009).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Oriola-Requena and Gustems-Carnicer, 2015 source

      In “Usos y funciones de la música en la adolescencia” (page unavailable), the paper discusses music use among adolescents and cites findings about Spanish adolescents and youth. It does not establish that studies of music use in the Spanish population are few or that they have mainly focused on young people; the university-student portion is attributed to a different citation. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Chamorro-Premuzic et al., 2009 source
  • Study design and conductcitation

    Respondents' interpretations of their uses and perceptions of music may lead to inaccurate responses.

    “the respondents’ interpretations of their uses and perceptions of music may lead to inaccurate responses.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites North et al., 2004 source

      The Conclusions say that asking participants to complete questionnaires about music might bias their responses and that memory deficiencies might make responses inaccurate. They do not identify respondents’ interpretations of their uses or perceptions of music as the cause of inaccuracy. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 30
  • May combine two claims. 40
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 8

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Participating in music has been associated with psychological wellbeing, reduced anxiety, lower levels of depression, or coping among people with health conditions and, in general, increased subjective wellbeing.

    “From listening to music to any active participation in music making, individually or in groups, music has been associated with psychological wellbeing, reduced anxiety, lower levels of depression, or coping among people with health conditions and, in general, increased subjective wellbeing (Daykin et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Daykin et al., 2018 source

      The Conclusion (page unavailable) broadly supports music and singing for improved wellbeing and reduced depression, while the Discussion reports reduced anxiety and improved wellbeing in several groups, including adults with health conditions. But the copy does not report coping as an outcome, and the Conclusion cautions that few studies examined instrumental music-making and that the varied studies are difficult to generalise from. The claim’s reference to any active participation is therefore broader than the evidence reviewed. (LLM, conf=0.83)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Spain imposed a lockdown on March 16th that confined people to their homes, implemented social distancing measures, and closed all businesses except those essential to the country's supply chains.

    “Spain imposed a lockdown on March 16th that confined people to their homes, implemented social distancing measures and closed all businesses, with the exception of those essential to the country’s supply chains (Tobías, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tobías, 2020 source

      The Introduction says Spain imposed a lockdown on March 16 with social-distancing measures. It attributes the closure of all businesses except those essential to supply chains to Italy’s March 21 measures, and says Spain introduced a more restrictive lockdown on March 30. It does not explicitly say the March 16 lockdown confined people to their homes. (LLM, conf=0.90)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Participating in any kind of musical experience, in general, and music making, more specifically, can have an impact on positive emotions.

    “Participating in any kind of musical experience, in general, and music making, more specifically, can have an impact on positive emotions (Lamont, 2012; Croom, 2015; Campayo–Muñoz and Cabedo–Mas, 2017).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Lamont, 2012 source
    • cites Croom, 2015 source
    • cites Campayo–Muñoz and Cabedo–Mas, 2017 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A more restrictive lockdown was brought in on March 30th aimed at reducing mobility and non-essential industrial activity countrywide.

    “Two weeks later, on March 30th, a more restrictive lockdown was brought in, aimed at reducing mobility and non-essential industrial activity countrywide (Mitjà et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Mitjà et al., 2020 source

      In the section “Experts’ request to the Spanish Government: move Spain towards complete lockdown” (page not specified), the authors call for restricting movement, interrupting work, and banning non-basic economic activities. They do not report that a more restrictive, countrywide lockdown was brought in on March 30; the paper presents these measures as proposals, not an enacted policy. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    Music has been used as a tool to increase psychological wellbeing in people experiencing situations of isolation or confinement.

    “Furthermore, for many years (Van de Wall, 1924) music has been used as a tool to increase psychological wellbeing in people experiencing situations of isolation or confinement; this area of interest is currently paramount in psychological and music research (Edri and Bensimon, 2019; Hjørnevik and Waage, 2019; Gold et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Edri and Bensimon, 2019 source
    • cites Hjørnevik and Waage, 2019 source
    • cites Gold et al., 2020 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    The effects of music on positive emotions can increase when music occurs in a social context.

    “These effects can increase when music occurs in a social context (Wuttke-Linnemann et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Wuttke-Linnemann et al., 2019 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Music in public spaces decreased during the pandemic.

    “second due to the decrease of music in public spaces (Botstein, 2019)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Botstein, 2019 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    COVID-19 has greatly impacted musical activities and driven a decline of certain forms of musical consumption.

    “COVID-19 has greatly impacted musical activities and, in many cases, has driven a decline of certain forms of musical consumption”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Agarwal and Sunitha, 2020
    • cites Botstein, 2019 source
    • cites Sim et al., 2020 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationcitation

    Those whose situation forced them to spend more time at home consumed more music, while those whose working practices remained the same did not change their cultural consumption behaviors to the same extent.

    “those whose situation forced them to spend more time at home were consuming more music, while people whose day-to-day working practices remained the same did not change their cultural consumption behaviors to the same extent.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites North et al., 2004 source

      The Conclusions report more music listening during evenings and weekends than during the working day, which supports a link between leisure time and listening. The paper does not compare people forced to spend more time at home with people whose working practices stayed the same, or measure changes in their cultural consumption. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    8.7% of respondents reported singing less than before confinement; 65.0% sang as much and 26.3% sang more.

    “In turn, 8.7% reported singing less than before (item 6: Consider that you sing…). The rest sang as much (the majority, 65.0%) or even more than before confinement (26.3%).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Table 2 results indicate statistical significance in all variables, although with small effect sizes, except for the non-significance of neighbors making music on their balconies.

    “The results indicate statistical significance in all the variables, although with small effect sizes, except for the non-significance of neighbors making music on their balconies.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Spanish older people reported more frequent everyday music listening during the pandemic than older people in other countries.

    “Spanish people reported more frequent everyday music listening during the pandemic”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Laukka, 2007 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    Retirees differed in both their uses of music and their perceptions of its value.

    “The oldest group in the sample, the retirees, differed in both their uses of music and their perceptions of its value.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    49.7% of respondents said they listened to more music than before confinement, while only 3.7% mentioned listening to less.

    “Specifically, 49.7% say they listened to more music; only 3.7% mentioned that they listened to less.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    In the comparative inferential analysis of perceptions of the impact of music, retirees scored lower average values.

    “The retirees scored lower average values.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For item 20, the distribution of responses is similar to previous ones, with 3 and 5 being the most frequently repeated scores; an average value of 3.64 indicates a medium to high perception of the role of music in education.

    “the distribution of the responses is similar to the previous ones, with 3 and 5 being the most frequently repeated scores. Therefore, again an average value of 3.64 indicates a medium to high perception.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    Older people's use of music is less frequent than other age groups.

    “although their use is less frequent than other age groups.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Participants reported using music to cope with the lockdown, finding that it helped them to relax, escape, raise their mood or keep them company.

    “The participants also reported using music to cope with the lockdown, finding that it helped them to relax, escape, raise their mood or keep them company.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The sample of 1868 respondents, recruited via social media and snowballing, is sufficiently representative of the Spanish population to allow generalisation of the findings to Spanish citizens.

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For item 19, values 5 (33.8%), 3 and 4 were the most frequent responses; the average (3.59) indicates a medium to high improvement in the perception of the work of musicians.

    “values 5 (33.8%), 3 and 4 were the most frequent responses; we can therefore conclude that the average (3.59) indicates a medium to high improvement in the perception of the work of musicians.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The differences between employment categories in the value of music were statistically significant.

    “The following variables were significant: (1) the value of music, (2) music enriches free time, and (3) the influence of music on personal wellbeing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The differences between employment categories in music enriching free time were statistically significant.

    “The following variables were significant: (1) the value of music, (2) music enriches free time, and (3) the influence of music on personal wellbeing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The perceptions of the importance of music in lockdown varied according to respondents' employment situation, with high statistical significance in all variables, some with moderate and notable effect sizes.

    “The perceptions of the importance of music in lockdown (Table 4) varied according to the respondents’ employment situation. We found high statistical significance in all variables, some with moderate (e.g., greater connection with others) and notable (e.g., helps you cope with the situation) effect sizes.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    1.8% (N = 34) of participants listened to music less than once per week, and 4.6% (N = 85) listened 1 or 2 days per week.

    “In contrast, only 1.8% (N = 34) did so less than once per week, along with another 4.6% (N = 85) who said they listened to music 1 or 2 days per week.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    56.0% of respondents stated that music definitely gave them a way of escaping, and 25.2% answered that it helps them quite a lot; just 1% responded negatively.

    “Similar results emerged in responses to the following item, in which 56.0% of the respondents stated that music definitely gave them a way of escaping (item 12: Do you think of music as a form of escape?); and 25.2% answered that it helps them quite a lot. Along the same lines, just 1% responded negatively.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Among those who listened to music every day, 45.6% (N = 712) listened between 1 and 2 hours a day, and 31.3% (N = 489) listened between 3 and 5 hours a day.

    “Among those who responded that they listen to music every day (item 2: If you selected “Every day,” approximately how many hours a day?), 45.6% (N = 712) selected between 1 and 2 h a day, followed by 31.3% (N = 489) who listen to music between 3 and 5 h a day.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    62.9% of respondents reported that music greatly helped to cheer them up, and another 21.9% felt it helped them to positively change their mood; only 0.2% answered that it did not help them at all.

    “Regarding the potential of music to affect mood (item 13: Do you think music cheers you up?), 62.9% reported that music greatly helped to cheer them up, and another 21.9% felt it helped them to positively change their mood. Only 0.2% answered that it did not help them at all.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    46.9% of participants stated that sharing music with other people made them feel much more connected, and 27.3% said it made them feel quite a lot more connected.

    “Finally, slightly less than half of the participants (46.9%) stated that sharing music with other people made them feel much more connected (item 17: Does listening to or making music with other people make you feel more connected to them?) with these people, whereas 27.3% said it made them feel quite a lot more connected.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For item 18, the most frequent responses were values 5 (30.8%) and 3 (28.1%), and the average (3.48) suggests that confinement has led to a medium to high improvement in the perception of the value of music.

    “the most frequent responses were values 5 (very much) and 3 (neutral) (30.8 and 28.1%, respectively). For this reason, the average (3.48) suggests that confinement has led to a medium to high improvement in the perception of the value of music.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    31.1% of the sample enthusiastically followed music-based initiatives, 24.2% were aware of them and had created or participated in some, and 6.6% had no knowledge of these projects.

    “Responses showed that 31.1% of the sample enthusiastically followed such initiatives, and another 24.2% were aware of them and had also created or participated in some of them. Only 6.6% had no knowledge of these projects.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The differences between employment categories in the value of musicians' work were not statistically significant.

    “neither the value of musicians’ work nor the role of music in education had significant values.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The differences between employment categories in the influence of music on personal wellbeing were statistically significant.

    “The following variables were significant: (1) the value of music, (2) music enriches free time, and (3) the influence of music on personal wellbeing.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S1 (asserted), S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Findingown data

    The differences between employment categories in the role of music in education were not statistically significant.

    “neither the value of musicians’ work nor the role of music in education had significant values.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    58.1% of the sample responded with the maximum score that music keeps them company, and another 24.7% answered that music kept them company quite a lot.

    “We found similar results in the following question (item 14: Does music keep you company?), to which 58.1% of the sample responded with the maximum score, and another 24.7% answered that music kept them company quite a lot.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    51.5% of the group indicated that music was a great help in coping with confinement, and 27.0% answered that it helped them a lot.

    “Regarding capacity to deal with the situation (item 15: Does music help you cope better with confinement?), more than half of the group (51.5%) indicated that music was a great help in coping with confinement, and 27.0% answered that it helped them a lot.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    56.3% of the sample said their activity of playing an instrument had not changed since confinement began, while 30.1% spent more time performing music.

    “In reference to playing an instrument (item 8: Consider that you play an instrument…), more than half of the sample, 56.3%, said their activity had not changed since confinement began, while 30.1% of the participants spent more time performing music.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    73.6% of participants reported listening to the same music as before confinement, while 26.4% had discovered new musical styles.

    “Regarding item 3 (During this period of confinement, have you listened to more diverse styles of music?), 73.6% reported listening to the same music as before confinement; the rest of the sample (26.4%) had discovered new musical styles.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    53.1% of participants stated that music greatly helped them to relax, and 26.8% considered it helped quite a lot; only 1% said music did not help them to relax at all.

    “slightly more than half of the participants (53.1%) stated that music greatly helped them to relax (item 11: Do you think music helps you relax?), and 26.8% considered it helped quite a lot; only 1% said that music did not help them to relax at all.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    31.4% of participants danced more during confinement than before; 54.2% danced as much as before; 14.2% danced less.

    “Regarding dancing (item 7: Consider that you dance…), 31.4% of participants danced more during confinement than before. While a little more than half (54.2%) danced as much as before, the rest (14.2%) danced less than previously.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The furloughed group was the largest in terms of those who had discovered new musical groups they liked, whereas retired participants tended to listen to music they were familiar with and had not explored new styles of music.

    “The furloughed group was the largest in terms of those who had discovered new musical groups they liked, whereas retired participants tended to listen to music they were familiar with and had not explored new styles of music.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingnone given

    During confinement, a large number of people investigated new groups and styles of music while remaining faithful to their musical preferences.

    “during confinement, while still remaining faithful to their musical preferences, a large number of people investigated new groups and styles of music.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Regarding knowledge of music projects designed to help enhance wellbeing, retirees were either unaware of them or had only heard about them, whereas teleworking participants had the most knowledge about these initiatives and had also participated in some of them.

    “Regarding the respondents’ knowledge of music projects designed to help enhance wellbeing, the data indicates that retirees were either unaware of them or had only heard about them, whereas teleworking participants had the most knowledge about these initiatives and had also participated in some of them.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Respondents who most listened to music every day were those in the teleworking group, followed by furloughed workers.

    “Respondents who most listened to music every day were those in the teleworking group, followed by furloughed workers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    For item 21, a slight increase in value 5 responses (39.0%) raises the average to 3.77; perception of the possibilities of music to enrich free time has improved notably.

    “a slight increase in value 5 responses (39.0%) raises the average to 3.77; it can therefore be claimed that perception of the possibilities of music to enrich free time has improved notably.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Confinement causes an increase in negative emotions such as anxiety, depression and indignation, and of sensitivity to social risks, while decreases are reported in positive emotions such as happiness and life satisfaction.

    “Furthermore, confinement causes an increase in negative emotions, such as anxiety, depression and indignation, and of sensitivity to social risks, while decreases are reported in positive emotions such as happiness and life satisfaction (Li S. et al., 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Li S. et al., 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The number of participants reliably represents the target population.

    “although the number of participants reliably represents the target population”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Chamorro-Premuzic et al. (2009) conducted a study applying the first test of the psychology of music use in Spain to analyze how personal traits influence these uses of music.

    “Chamorro-Premuzic et al. (2009) conducted a study applying the first test of the psychology of music use in Spain to analyze how personal traits influence these uses of music.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chamorro-Premuzic et al., 2009 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing), S4 (based).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with local legislation and institutional requirements.

    “Ethical review and approval was not required for the study on human participants in accordance with the local legislation and institutional requirements.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationnone given

    Age and feelings of vulnerability may lead to more conservative uses of musical practice and to more moderate perceptions of the positive values of music.

    “Age and feelings of vulnerability may lead to more conservative uses of musical practice and to more moderate perceptions of the positive values of music.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim
    • Rests on an assumption: The sample of 1868 respondents, recruited via social media and snowballing, is sufficiently representative of the Spanish population to allow generalisation of the findings to Spanish citizens.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Age is a factor affecting significant effects of all music uses on music consumption.

    “Chamorro-Premuzic et al. (2012) also identified age as a factor affecting significant effects of all music uses on music consumption.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chamorro-Premuzic et al., 2012 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Devoting time and effort to explore new art has positive benefits.

    “Devoting time and effort to explore new art has positive benefits (Tepper and Hargittai, 2009)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tepper and Hargittai, 2009 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Those over the age of 65 account for 90.7% of deaths from COVID-19 in Spain.

    “those over the age of 65 account for 90.7% of deaths from COVID-19 in Spain (Spanish Ministry of Health, 2020).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Spanish Ministry of Health, 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    A pilot was conducted with a sample of 20 responses, which led to several changes to the questionnaire before it was finally sent out.

    “A pilot was conducted with a sample of 20 responses, which led to several changes to the questionnaire before it was finally sent out.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Variety, surprise and discovery of the unknown are essential factors in the enjoyment and appreciation of music.

    “Variety, surprise and the discovery of the unknown are therefore essential factors in the enjoyment and appreciation of music (Hagendoorn, 2003).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hagendoorn, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationreasoning

    Having more time at home, willingness to help others, and feeling of facing a collective social problem increase the use of musical practices and raise perceptions about the value of music in psychological and social wellbeing.

    “aspects such as having more time at home, willingness to help others, and the feeling of facing a collective social problem, increase the use of musical practices and raise perceptions about the value of music in psychological and social wellbeing.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Missing data are minimal, around a maximum of 5%, and N = 1868 is not constant throughout the study since not all participants answered all questions.

    “Although missing data are minimal, around a maximum of 5%, the N = 1868 is not constant throughout the study since not all the participants answered all the questions.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Age and feeling of isolation or vulnerability can lead to more conservative use of musical practices and moderate perceptions of the positive value of music.

    “age and, more specifically, the feeling of isolation or sense of vulnerability, can lead to more conservative use of musical practices and moderate perceptions of the positive value of music.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    The study did not obtain data about the influence music has in children's lives during lockdown.

    “we did not obtain data about the influence music has in children’s lives during lockdown.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.

    “The patients/participants provided their written informed consent to participate in this study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Negative correlations exist between age and the emotional use of music in a Spanish study.

    “which found negative correlations between age and the emotional use of music in a Spanish study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Chamorro-Premuzic et al., 2009 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A large number of people are not in active work; many have been temporarily furloughed.

    “a large number of people are not in active work; many have been temporarily furloughed”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites National Statistics Institute of Spain, 2020

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Digital consumption of music declined during the pandemic.

    “third as a result of the decline in digital consumption of music (Sim et al., 2020)”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Sim et al., 2020 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Prior to administering the survey, the questionnaire was reviewed by ten experts from the fields of educational research methods, pedagogy, psychology, music and music education.

    “Prior to administering the survey, the questionnaire was reviewed by ten experts from the fields of educational research methods, pedagogy, psychology, music and music education.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S2 (checkable). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Music in everyday life shapes and reflects an individual's identity and organizes one's internal and social world.

    “how it shapes and reflects an individual’s identity; in considering music in everyday life as a way of organizing one’s internal and social world.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Frith, 1996 source

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    It is difficult to observe causal directions of the pandemic in any dimensions of the findings.

    “it is difficult to observe causal directions of the pandemic in any dimensions of the findings.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Discovering new music generates pleasure and is a stimulating choice.

    “Discovering new music generates pleasure and is a stimulating choice.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hagendoorn, 2003

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    The maximum N valid for the inferential analysis block is 1537, 82.3% of the total number of participants.

    “Taking this situation into account, and considering that 4.1% of the sample did not answer this question, the maximum N valid for this inferential analysis block is 1537, 82.3% of the total number of participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim
66 of 66

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The sample of 1868 respondents, recruited via social media and snowballing, is sufficiently representative of the Spanish population to allow generalisation of the findings to Spanish citizens.

    “The sample consisted of 1868 participants across all the autonomous communities of Spain.”
    “Although we did not control the ways in which the questionnaire was disseminated, the fact that it was accessible across social media, certain web pages and snowballing influenced the randomness of the sample and, therefore, its internal representativeness in relation to different population strata.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    During socially challenging circumstances, there is a practically unanimous consensus that music can be beneficial.

    “During socially challenging circumstances, there is a practically unanimous consensus that music can be beneficial.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Musical initiatives during confinement by professional and amateur musicians fundamentally aspired to share music and raise the spirits of neighbors and society in general.

    “Musical initiatives during the period of confinement, by both professional and amateur musicians, have fundamentally aspired to share music and raise the spirits of neighbors and society in general.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    COVID-19 does not affect all citizens in the same way; some people are more vulnerable to its effects on health, work activity, or individual or household economy.

    “COVID-19 does not affect all citizens in the same way, as some people are more vulnerable to its effects on health, work activity, or individual or household economy.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Older people are generally dealing with stricter levels of isolation and greater loneliness.

    “older people are generally dealing with stricter levels of isolation and, therefore, greater loneliness.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    As a protective measure against contagion, older people are forced to stay at home and have little or no interaction with other people.

    “As a protective measure against contagion, they are forced to stay at home and have little or no interaction with other people.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There are no previous studies analyzing the same aspects of music making and the perception of the value of music in psychological wellbeing among the Spanish population.

    “As there are no previous studies analyzing the same aspects of music making and the perception of the value of music in psychological wellbeing among the Spanish population”
7 of 7

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Conflicting percentages for neighborhoods making balcony music

    Minor

    The discussion reports 53.2%, whereas Table 1 reports 53.5% for the same survey item.

  • Reported maximum missing data conflicts with item sample size

    Minor

    The paper says missing data reached a maximum of around 5%, but the instrument-playing item has 1513 responses out of 1868 participants-355 fewer responses, or about 19%.

  • Conflicting dates for the start of Spain's lockdown

    Minor

    The abstract says citizens had been confined since March 14, while the introduction says Spain imposed the lockdown on March 16.

3 of 3

Cites

Flagged first, then by citations

Research works printed but not linked: 6

  1. Hagendoorn, 2003, The dancing brain., Cerebrum, 5, 19
  2. Hernández, 2010, Metodología de la Investigación.
  3. 2020, Statistical Information for the Analysis of the Impact of the COVID-19 Crisis.
  4. 2020, COVID-19 Reports.
  5. Storr, 2015, Music and the Mind.
  6. Van de Wall, 1924, The Utilization of Music in Prisons and Mental Hospitals: Its Application in the Treatment and Care of the Morally and Mentally Afflicted, 1924.

Cited by

Sorted by citations

Related

Authors
Cabedo-Mas, A., Arriaga-Sanz, C., & Moliner-Miravet, L.
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2021-01-12
Volume
11
Pages
606180-606180
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2020.606180
PMC
PMC7835488
OpenAlex
W3120386489
Semantic Scholar
cc8909c46f069b2e024c93fcf80aa9e05068caa3
Cited by
135
References
85
Citations by year
2026: 6 · 2025: 15 · 2024: 15 · 2023: 22 · 2022: 53 · 2021: 24
FWCI
27.93
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (publishedVersion, other-oa)
  • Communities in ADDI (Universidad del Pais Vasco) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • LA Referencia (Red Federada de Repositorios Institucionales de Publicaciones Científicas) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
  • Hispana (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • Repositori UJI (Universitat Jaume I) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
Funders
  • Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación (EDU2017-86311-P)
  • Universitat Jaume I
Topics
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Social Psychology › Music Therapy and Health
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › COVID-19 and Mental Health
  • Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Cognitive Neuroscience › Neuroscience and Music Perception
Keywords
music use, COVID-19 lockdown, music listening, music activities, coping, subjective well-being, social isolation, music and mood, age differences, perceived susceptibility, Spanish population

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-11-03.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-11-03.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

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