The implementation of neo- and nonbinary pronouns: a review of current research and future challenges
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This review explores the current state of research on attitudes toward and the use of neo- and nonbinary pronouns, as well as their effects on gender conceptualization. Due to the limited scope of existing studies, this review focuses on Swedish and English. Additionally, I will examine resistance to gender-inclusive language and linguistic gender reforms, with a particular emphasis on nonbinary pronouns and the politicization of such reforms, which represents a significant barrier to the adoption of gender-inclusive language. More research is needed to explore attitudes toward, usage of, and the consequences of neo- and nonbinary pronouns across a wide range of languages. Moreover, it is crucial to investigate the politicized polarization surrounding these reforms to better understand when and why people (do not) use nonbinary pronouns and the broader implications of these pronouns for gender conceptualization in the future. This review is structured as follows: I will first describe the general function of pronouns and discuss the interplay between language, gender, and cognition in relation to pronouns. Then, I will examine the implementation of gender-inclusive pronouns in Swedish and English, the dual nature of many gender-inclusive pronouns, and how this duality influences attitudes and usage. I conclude by discussing future research venues that I see, mainly connected to better understanding the politicization of gender-inclusive language and how this politicization and polarization influences attitudes to and use of nonbinary pronouns and effects of nonbinary pronouns in gender conceptualization.
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In many languages, pronouns have traditionally only recognized women and men, but gender-inclusive pronouns introduce a third option.
“In many languages, pronouns have traditionally only recognized women and men, but gender-inclusive pronouns introduce a third option (Renström, 2025).”
From A Sexist Language? Gender Differences in Attitudes and Use of Gender-Inclusive Pronouns (2025) · cites this paper as Renström, 2025
The use of gender-inclusive pronouns, such as hen in Swedish and singular they in English, corresponds to the de-gendering and multi-gendering strategies.
“The use of gender-inclusive pronouns, such as hen in Swedish and singular they in English, corresponds to these two strategies (Renström, 2025; Renström & Klysing, 2024).”
From A Sexist Language? Gender Differences in Attitudes and Use of Gender-Inclusive Pronouns (2025) · cites this paper as Renström, 2025
Previous research suggests that the ideological underpinnings of resistance may differ depending on the strategy and that individuals who prefer a traditional, binary view of gender may be more concerned with the multi-gendering strategy of gender-inclusive pronouns.
“Previous research suggests that the ideological underpinnings of resistance may differ depending on the strategy and that individuals who prefer a traditional, binary view of gender may be more concerned with the multi-gendering strategy of gender-inclusive pronouns (Renström, 2025; Renström & Klysing, 2024).”
From A Sexist Language? Gender Differences in Attitudes and Use of Gender-Inclusive Pronouns (2025) · cites this paper as Renström, 2025
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- Authors
- Renström, E. A.
- Affiliations
- Kristianstad University (SE)
- Corresponding author
- Renström, Emma A.
- ORCID
- Renström, Emma A.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychology
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2025-01-30
- Volume
- 15
- Pages
- 1507858-1507858
- ISSN
- 1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC11821945
- OpenAlex
- W4407002628
- Cited by
- 14
- References
- 95
- Citations by year
- 2026: 5 · 2025: 9
- FWCI
- 4.49
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Vetenskapsrådet (2023-00731)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender Studies in Language
- Social Sciences › Linguistics and Language › Linguistic Variation and Morphology
- Social Sciences › Gender Studies › Gender and Feminist Studies
- Keywords
- gender-inclusive language, pronoun usage, gender and language, Swedish language, English language
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
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