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Cited by 14Nursing care and researchCancer survivorship and careFamily Caregiving in Mental Illness

Support based on psychoeducation intervention to address quality of life and care burden among caregivers of patients with cancer: a randomized controlled trial

Open access
Mirhosseini, Seyedmohammad, Imani Parsa, Fateme, Moghadam-Roshtkhar, Hasan, Basirinezhad, Mohammad Hasan, Ameri, Malihe, Ebrahimi, Hossein·2025·Frontiers in Psychology
DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1430371PMC PMC11903719
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Abstract

Introduction: Cancer affects not only patients but also their family caregivers, causing increased caregiving burden and reduced quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a psychoeducation intervention on improving the quality of life and reducing caregiving burden among caregivers of cancer patients. Methods: This study employed a non-blinded randomized controlled trial design involving 66 family caregivers of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Shahroud, Iran in 2024. Of the 69 caregivers initially approached, one declined to participate, and two were excluded due to lack of smartphone access, leaving a final sample of 66 caregivers. Participants were assigned to either the psychoeducation intervention program or the control group using the quadruple block randomization method. The intervention spanned 3 months and consisted of six online group sessions lasting 35–45 min each. The psychoeducation intervention was delivered by trained psychiatric nurse. Data were collected before and 1 month after the intervention using the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire and the Novak and Guest care burden inventory. Statistical analysis was conducted using chi squared, independent t-tests, and the linear regression analysis with a significance level set at 0.05. Results: The primary outcome of this study was the change in caregivers’ quality of life and caregiver burden. Initially, both groups exhibited similar average scores for care burden and quality of life (p > 0.05). The intervention group showed a significant reduction in caregiving burden by 4.1 ± 13.7, whereas the control group experienced a slight increase of 2.5 ± 12.0. Similarly, quality of life scores improved by 4.7 ± 16.9 in the intervention group but declined by 8.6 ± 15.3 in the control group. Regression analysis indicated that the psychoeducation group demonstrated significantly lower caregiving burden scores and higher quality of life scores following the intervention compared to the control group. Conclusion: Caregivers of cancer patients often face significant burdens that impact their quality of life. Psychoeducational interventions focusing on coping, problem-solving, and stress management should be integrated into cancer care plans to provide essential support. Clinical trial registration: https://irct.behdasht.gov.ir/trial/54613, identifier IRCT20180728040617N3.

AI snapshot

Written from the paper’s full text.

TL;DR

This non-blinded randomized controlled trial tested a 3-month online psychoeducation intervention for family caregivers of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Shahroud, Iran. It found that the intervention group had reduced caregiving burden and improved quality of life compared with the control group one month after the intervention.

Key findings

  • Caregiving burden decreased in the intervention group by −4.1 ± 13.7, while the control group increased by 2.5 ± 12.0; the between-group difference in mean change was significant (p = 0.044).
  • Quality of life increased in the intervention group by 4.7 ± 16.9, while the control group declined by −8.6 ± 15.3; the between-group difference in mean change was significant (p = 0.001).
  • Post-intervention, the psychoeducation group had significantly higher overall quality of life scores than the control group (p = 0.002) and significantly lower caregiving burden scores (p = 0.013).
  • Regression analysis showed the control group had lower quality of life (β = −11.068, p < 0.001) and higher caregiving burden (β = 6.456, p = 0.005) than the psychoeducation group, but the time × group interaction was not significant for either outcome (p = 0.150 and p = 0.271).

Methods

  • Non-blinded randomized controlled trial with 66 family caregivers of cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy in Shahroud, Iran in 2024; participants were assigned 1:1 using quadruple block randomization, with 33 in each group.
  • The intervention was delivered by a trained psychiatric nurse over 3 months via six online group sessions on WhatsApp, each lasting 35–45 min, based on Lazarus and Folkman’s Stress, Appraisal, and Coping model; the control group received routine care.
  • Data were collected before and 1 month after the intervention using the SF-36 quality of life questionnaire and the Novak and Guest Caregiver Burden Inventory; analyses used chi-square, independent t-tests, and linear regression with significance at 0.05.

Limitations

  • The authors state that findings may not extrapolate well to other cultures because the study was conducted in Iranian society with distinct religious and social beliefs; they also note possible response bias from questionnaire-based data, measurement error because tools were not cancer-specific, no multiple or long-term follow-up, inability to measure disease severity due to insufficient medical-record information, and selection bias from convenience sampling.
  • The text makes evident that the sample was small (66 caregivers), follow-up was short (1 month), and the intervention required smartphone/Internet access, which excluded two caregivers and may limit generalizability.
  • Blinding of participants was not possible due to the intervention’s nature, although the data collector and statistical consultant were blinded.

Model-written summary. Check it against the paper before relying on it.

Integrity signals

Registry

Crossref · 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1430371

Cites

61 of 61 references verified0 citation errors · 0 not checkable

Statistics

Nothing to recompute.

Claims the paper makes

18 of 31 cited sources checked · 8 supported · 0 flagged · accuracy not yet measured

  • Premisecitation

    Emotion-based coping has been associated with post-traumatic growth among caregivers of cancer patients.

    “whereas emotion-based coping has been associated with post-traumatic growth among caregivers of cancer patients (Akpan-Idiok et al., 2020; Teixeira et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Akpan-Idiok et al., 2020 source

      The Results (Table 2; page not provided) describe emotion-focused coping among cancer caregivers and include positive changes such as becoming stronger and more able to face future challenges. The paper does not identify these changes as post-traumatic growth or report an association between emotion-focused coping and that outcome. (LLM, conf=0.78)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Teixeira et al., 2018 source
  • Premisecitation

    Previous studies have established a significant correlation between levels of caregiving burden and coping strategies.

    “Previous studies have established a significant correlation between levels of caregiving burden and coping strategies.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Akpan-Idiok et al., 2020 source
    • cites Teixeira et al., 2018 source

      The Results section, under “Coping and psychophysiological correlates of burden” (page unavailable), reports that problem-focused coping has been associated with decreased caregiver burden. This supports a relationship between a coping strategy and burden, but the passage does not establish a statistically significant correlation between burden levels and coping strategies generally. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    By engaging in direct communication with fellow caregivers who share similar circumstances, individuals gain a deeper understanding of the emotions, experiences, and challenges associated with caregiving.

    “By engaging in direct communication with fellow caregivers who share similar circumstances, individuals gain a deeper understanding of the emotions, experiences, and challenges associated with caregiving (Bilenchi et al., 2022; Khouban-Shargh et al., 2024).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Bilenchi et al., 2022 source

      The Discussion (page unavailable) says sharing with people in the same situation was a frequent topic and a positive aspect of the groups. “Sharing as an opportunity” (page unavailable) reports that participants understood they were not alone. The paper supports peer sharing, but does not establish that direct communication gave caregivers a deeper understanding of caregiving emotions, experiences, and challenges. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Khouban-Shargh et al., 2024 source

      The Methods > Intervention section (page unavailable) describes group discussions in which caregivers shared experiences and challenges. The Discussion says this sharing enhanced their ability to care for patients, but does not say that direct communication gave them a deeper understanding of caregiving emotions, experiences, and challenges. (LLM, conf=0.85)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
  • Premisecitation

    Improved quality of life is often associated with a reduction in caregiving burden.

    “Improved quality of life is often associated with a reduction in caregiving burden (Akter et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Akter et al., 2023 source
  • Premisecitation

    Changes in caregiving burden play a significant role in predicting caregivers' quality of life within the realm of cancer care.

    “changes in caregiving burden play a significant role in predicting caregivers’ quality of life within the realm of cancer care.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Akter et al., 2023 source
  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. 21
  • May combine two claims. 17
  • The quote only partly states this claim. 1

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Caregiving burden is a multidimensional construct encompassing social, emotional, psychological, physical, and economic consequences for the caregiver.

    “Caregiving burden is recognized as a multidimensional construct, encompassing social, emotional, psychological, physical, and economic consequences for the caregiver (Vatter et al., 2018).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Vatter et al., 2018 source

      The title in our indexed copy identifies care burden in Parkinson’s-related dementia as multidimensional. The available passages do not describe its dimensions or establish the claimed social, emotional, psychological, physical, and economic consequences for caregivers. (LLM, conf=0.72)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    An educational support program tailored for caregivers promotes a triangular relationship among patients, family caregivers, and healthcare providers, enhancing quality of life for both patients and caregivers while mitigating caregiver burden.

    “An educational support program tailored for caregivers promotes a triangular relationship among patients, their family caregivers, and healthcare providers, fostering an environment that enhances the quality of life for both patients and caregivers while mitigating caregiver burden (Gabriel et al., 2020; Alfaro-Díaz et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Gabriel et al., 2020 source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Alfaro-Díaz et al., 2022 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Problem-based coping has been linked to reduced levels of caregiving burden, depressive symptoms, and better adaptation among caregivers of cancer patients.

    “Problem-based coping has been linked to reduced levels of caregiving burden, depressive symptoms, and better adaptation”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim2 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Akpan-Idiok et al., 2020 source

      The Discussion says more effective coping strategies are associated with less caregiving burden, and Table 2 describes adjustment and acceptance under problem-focused coping (page numbers unavailable). The paper does not link problem-focused coping specifically to reduced depressive symptoms; its mentions of depression concern caregiving distress, not the effects of coping. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured
    • cites Teixeira et al., 2018 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The interventions adhered to the TIDieR checklist.

    “The above-described interventions adhere to the TIDieR checklist, a tool utilized for organizing details related to behavioral interventions (Hoffmann et al., 2014).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hoffmann et al., 2014 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Cancer affects not only patients but also their family caregivers, causing increased caregiving burden and reduced quality of life.

    “Importantly, the burden of cancer is not borne solely by patients but also significantly affects their crucial family members, particularly their caregivers.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Turliuc et al., 2021 source

      In “This Special Research Topic” (page unavailable), the editorial discusses cancer’s impact on patients’ partners and identifies lay caregivers as important to patients after stem-cell transplant. This supports the broad point that cancer reaches beyond patients, but it does not establish increased caregiving burden or reduced quality of life among family caregivers. (LLM, conf=0.82)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    A study by Hemmati Maslakpak et al. (2019) illustrated that psychoeducation intervention, comprising six group discussion sessions and four workshop sessions, significantly reduced the caregiving burden among caregivers of hemodialysis patients.

    “a study by Hemmati Maslakpak et al. (2019) illustrated that psychoeducation intervention, comprising six group discussion sessions and four workshop sessions, significantly reduced the caregiving burden among caregivers of hemodialysis patients.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Hemmati Maslakpak et al. (2019) source

      Split into 2 atoms — 0 confirmed, 2 partially supported, 0 disputed, 0 misattributed, 0 unverifiable. Expand the claim to see per-atom verdicts.

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim. May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Psychoeducational interventions yield improvements in psychological well-being and coping outcomes among family caregivers of children with cancer.

    “findings from a meta-analysis study have indicated that psychoeducational interventions yield improvements in psychological well-being and coping outcomes among family caregivers of children with cancer.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim1 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Tang et al., 2020 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Premisecitation

    Research in other domains, such as bipolar disorder, chronic kidney disease, palliative care, and older adults with mild cognitive impairment, has also yielded similar results.

    “Research conducted in other domains, such as bipolar disorder, chronic kidney disease, patients receiving palliative care, and older adults with mild cognitive impairment, has also yielded similar results (Bártolo et al., 2022; Baruch et al., 2018; Çetin and Nehir, 2020; Young et al., 2019).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim2 of 3 sources checked
    • cites Bártolo et al., 2022 source
    • cites Baruch et al., 2018 source
    • cites Çetin and Nehir, 2020 source

      The Results report that psychoeducation significantly improved quality of life among caregivers of people receiving palliative care, and the Discussion reports improved coping skills. This supports the claim of similar results in a palliative-care setting, but the study examined caregivers, not the patients receiving palliative care. (LLM, conf=0.86)

      Experimental — accuracy not yet measured

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    Regression analysis indicated that the psychoeducation group demonstrated significantly lower caregiving burden scores and higher quality of life scores following the intervention compared to the control group.

    “Regression analysis indicated that the psychoeducation group demonstrated significantly lower caregiving burden scores and higher quality of life scores following the intervention compared to the control group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The intervention group exhibited a decrease in caregiving burden scores post-intervention (mean change −4.1 ± 13.7), whereas the control group experienced an increase (2.5 ± 12.0).

    “Additionally, significant differences were observed between the two groups in terms of the mean changes in caregiving burden scores. Notably, the intervention group exhibited a decrease in caregiving burden scores post-intervention, whereas the control group experienced an increase (2.5 ± 12.0 compared to −4.1 ± 13.7).”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “The intervention group showed a significant reduction in caregiving burden by 4.1 ± 13.7, whereas the control group experienced a slight increase of 2.5 ± 12.0.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Findingown data

    The intervention group demonstrated an increase in average quality of life scores (4.7 ± 16.9), while the control group showed a decline (−8.6 ± 15.3).

    “The intervention group demonstrated an increase in average quality of life scores (4.7 ± 16.9), while the control group showed a decline (−8.6 ± 15.3), highlighting a substantial difference between the groups.”
    • Also stated in: § Results · plain
      “Similarly, quality of life scores improved by 4.7 ± 16.9 in the intervention group but declined by 8.6 ± 15.3 in the control group.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    High levels of caregiving burden are associated with low levels of resilience among caregivers, placing them at greater risk for anxiety and depression.

    “High levels of caregiving burden are often associated with low levels of resilience among caregivers, placing them at greater risk for anxiety and depression.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 2 sources checked
    • cites Üzar-Özçetin and Dursun, 2020 source
    • cites Hastert et al., 2020 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Persian version of the SF-36 questionnaire exhibits an acceptable minimum reliability coefficient.

    “Previous research has demonstrated that the Persian version of the SF-36 questionnaire exhibits an acceptable minimum reliability coefficient (Montazeri et al., 2005).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Montazeri et al., 2005 source

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    Previous research has highlighted the beneficial impact of psychoeducational interventions on quality of life, caregiving burden, and the reduction of anxiety and depression symptoms in caregivers of cancer patients.

    “previous research has highlighted the beneficial impact of psychoeducational interventions on quality of life, caregiving burden, and the reduction of anxiety and depression symptoms in caregivers of cancer patients (Kusi et al., 2023).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Kusi et al., 2023 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    In the present study, the Novak and Guest inventory had a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.81.

    “In the present study, the reliability of this inventory was assessed as acceptable, with an internal consistency measured by Cronbach’s alpha coefficient calculated at 0.81.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The data collector and statistical consultant maintained blinding throughout the study.

    “In this study, while blinding the participants was not possible given the nature of the intervention, the data collector and statistical consultant maintained blinding throughout the study.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A systematic review and meta-analysis by Cheng et al. (2022) demonstrated the efficacy of psychoeducational interventions in alleviating symptoms of anxiety, depression, and caregiving burden, while enhancing self-efficacy and quality of life among caregivers of cancer patients.

    “a systematic review and meta-analysis conducted by Cheng et al. (2022), which demonstrated the efficacy of psychoeducational interventions in alleviating symptoms of anxiety, depression, and caregiving burden, while enhancing self-efficacy and quality of life among caregivers of cancer patients.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Cheng et al. (2022) source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    A power analysis for care burden and quality of life revealed a power of 1.0 for both.

    “Using STATA software, a power analysis was conducted for the main variables, care burden and quality of life, revealing a power of 1.0 for both.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductown data

    Gastrointestinal and breast cancers were the most common cancer types, with similar distributions across both groups (p = 0.520).

    “Gastrointestinal and breast cancers were the most common cancer types, with similar distributions across both groups (p = 0.520).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    Both written and verbal informed consent were obtained from all participants.

    “Both written and verbal informed consent were obtained from all participants.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The response rate in this study was 97.1%.

    “The response rate in this study was 97.1%.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and received ethics approval from Shahroud University of Medical Sciences (IR.SHMU.REC.1399.158).

    “The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and received approval from the Ethics Council of Shahroud University of Medical Sciences (ethics code: IR.SHMU.REC.1399.158).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductcitation

    The Novak and Guest Caregiver Burden Inventory demonstrates good reliability, with reported Cronbach's alpha coefficients for subscales ranging from 0.69 to 0.87 and overall 0.80.

    “The inventory demonstrates good reliability, with reported Cronbach’s alpha coefficients for the subscales ranging from 0.69 to 0.87, and an overall Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of 0.80 (Novak and Guest, 1989).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Novak and Guest, 1989 source

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing). The quote only partly states this claim.

    Study design and conductown data

    In the current study, the SF-36 had a Cronbach's alpha coefficient of 0.79.

    “In the current study, Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was calculated as 0.79 to assess internal consistency.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Interpretationown data

    Implementing psychoeducation intervention, which focuses on enhancing caregivers' coping skills, problem-solving abilities, and stress management techniques, may likely enhance quality of life and alleviate caregiving burden.

    “The findings of this research indicate that implementing psychoeducation intervention, which focuses on enhancing caregivers’ coping skills, problem-solving abilities, and stress management techniques, may likely enhance quality of life and alleviate caregiving burden.”
    • Also stated in: § Implications for practice · boosted
      “These programs have been shown to significantly reduce caregiving burden and enhance quality of life by fostering coping skills, stress management, and problem-solving abilities.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductown data

    Two caregivers were excluded from the study due to a lack of smartphone access.

    “Two caregivers were excluded from the study due to a lack of smartphone access (Figure 1).”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Study design and conductnone given

    Allocation in the study was based on random allocation using quadruple block allocation with a 1:1 ratio generated by SPSS software.

    “Allocation in this study was based on random allocation using quadruple block allocation with a ratio of one to one generated by SPSS software.”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductreasoning

    Data collection for this research relied on questionnaires and scales, posing a threat to external validity due to potential response bias.

    “Furthermore, data collection for this research relied on questionnaires and scales, thereby posing a threat to the external validity of the results due to potential response bias.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S3 (load-bearing).

    Study design and conductnone given

    The convenience sampling method can introduce selection bias into the study results.

    “However, it is important to note that this approach can introduce selection bias into the study results.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based).

    Interpretationnone given

    The study is novel in integrating Lazarus and Folkman's Stress, Appraisal, and Coping model into the cancer domain and assessing its effects on various caregiving aspects, particularly caregiving burden and quality of life among family caregivers.

    “it’s essential to underscore the novelty of this study in integrating Lazarus and Folkman’s Stress, Appraisal, and Coping model into the cancer domain and assessing its effects on various caregiving aspects, particularly caregiving burden and quality of life among family caregivers.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • May combine two claims.

    Premisecitation

    A systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that online health interventions, such as online psychoeducation, are effective in supporting informal caregivers of cancer patients, leading to a reduction in depressive symptoms and an improvement in their quality of life.

    “a systematic review and meta-analysis revealed that online health interventions, such as online psychoeducation, are effective in supporting informal caregivers of cancer patients, leading to a reduction in depressive symptoms and an improvement in their quality of life (Li et al., 2022).”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Li et al., 2022

      Couldn’t be matched to a paper in Crossref, so it can’t be checked.

  • May combine two claims.

    Study design and conductnone given

    The data collection tools were not specifically tailored for the cancer context, making the results susceptible to measurement error.

    “Moreover, since the data collection tools were not specifically tailored for the cancer context, the results are susceptible to measurement error.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Probably not a substantial claim: may not pass S4 (based). May combine two claims.

    Premisenone given

    The collective outcomes of previous research consistently underscore the beneficial effectiveness of such interventions in mitigating negative outcomes and fostering positive ones in caregiving.

    “Nevertheless, their collective outcomes consistently underscore the beneficial effectiveness of such interventions in mitigating negative outcomes and fostering positive ones in caregiving.”
    Quote in the paperNot a substantial claim

  • Classified as probably not a substantial claim.

    Premisecitation

    A psychoeducation intervention comprising six weekly 90-min sessions was effective in enhancing the quality of life of caregivers of breast cancer patients.

    “Gabriel et al. demonstrated the effectiveness of a psychoeducation intervention comprising six weekly 90-min sessions in enhancing the quality of life of caregivers of breast cancer patients”
    Quote in the paperSubstantial claim0 of 1 sources checked
    • cites Gabriel and Mayers, 2019 source
34 of 34

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    There is a need for further research on psychoeducational support interventions for caregivers of cancer patients.

    “Acknowledging the necessity for further research in this domain, this study was conducted with the objective of assessing the efficacy of psychoeducational support interventions on the quality of life and caregiver burden experienced by caregivers of cancer patients.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Enhancing the quality of life and alleviating caregiver burden among family caregivers of cancer patients plays a pivotal role in the patient’s recovery journey.

    “It’s crucial to recognize that enhancing the quality of life and alleviating caregiver burden among family caregivers of cancer patients plays a pivotal role in the patient’s recovery journey.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The effects of the psychoeducation intervention observed in this single-center study in Shahroud, Iran, are generalizable to other cancer care settings.

    “Psychoeducational interventions focusing on coping, problem-solving, and stress management should be integrated into cancer care plans to provide essential support.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    The control group's routine interventions did not include psychoeducational components.

    “Moreover, participants in the control group received routine interventions provided by medical centers.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Family caregivers of cancer patients frequently encounter a decline in their quality of life and substantial caregiving burdens.

    “Family caregivers of cancer patients frequently encounter a decline in their quality of life and grapple with substantial caregiving burdens.”

  • The paper relies on this without support.

    Psychoeducational support is cost-efficient.

    “Implementing psychoeducational support aimed at enhancing coping skills, problem-solving abilities, and stress management in caregivers is recommended as an effective, practical, and cost-efficient intervention to alleviate caregiving burdens and enhance their quality of life.”
6 of 6

Self-check

Percentages, sums and reported differences re-computed from the paper’s own numbers.

Each contradiction between two passages listed here was confirmed by an independent check.

  • Post-intervention care-burden p-value differs from Table 2

    Minor

    The results text gives p = 0.044 for the post-intervention comparison, while Table 2 gives p = 0.013. The text's value is instead the table's p-value for the comparison of mean changes.

  • Physical-functioning change does not match the intervention-group scores

    Minor

    The intervention group's physical-functioning score rose from 81.1 to 85.0, a change of 3.9 rather than the reported 3.0.

    Reported 3 · recomputed 3.9

  • Post-intervention energy/fatigue p-value differs from Table 3

    Minor

    The text assigns p = 0.002 to the post-intervention comparison, but Table 3 reports 0.011 for that comparison and 0.002 for mean differences.

  • Post-intervention social-functioning p-value differs from Table 3

    Minor

    The text reports p = 0.021 for the post-intervention comparison, but Table 3 reports 0.031. The 0.021 value belongs to the mean-differences row.

4 of 4

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Authors
Mirhosseini, S., Imani Parsa, F., Moghadam-Roshtkhar, H., Basirinezhad, M. H., Ameri, M., & Ebrahimi, H.
Affiliations
  • Shahroud University of Medical Sciences (IR)
  • Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences and Health Services (IR)
Corresponding author
Ebrahimi, Hossein
ORCID
Venue
Frontiers in Psychology
Publisher
Frontiers Media SA
Published
2025-02-27
Volume
16
Pages
1430371-1430371
ISSN
1664-1078 (ISSN-L)
DOI
10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1430371
PMC
PMC11903719
OpenAlex
W4408004605
Semantic Scholar
6596a984151a55eaf0e5670aaa0c21a25999e490
Cited by
14
References
61
Citations by year
2026: 7 · 2025: 7
FWCI
14.37
Type
journal article
Language
en
Open access
Licence
Locations
  • Frontiers in Psychology (publishedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed (publishedVersion)
  • Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • PubMed Central (submittedVersion, cc-by)
  • DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion)
Topics
  • Health Sciences › Health Professions › Pharmacy › Nursing care and research
  • Health Sciences › Medicine › Oncology › Cancer survivorship and care
  • Social Sciences › Psychology › Clinical Psychology › Family Caregiving in Mental Illness
Keywords
psychoeducation, family caregivers, cancer patients, caregiver burden, quality of life, online group intervention, chemotherapy, caregiver support, stress management

About these checks

Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.

Claims read by deepseek-v4.1-flash under definition version 3 (extract-v3) on 2026-10-14.

Classified by jev-1.13-20260917 (gold-guideline-v0.2) on 2026-10-14.

Cited sources are checked by gpt-6-sol.

Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.

Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.

What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›

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