Transcranial direct current stimulation: considerations for research in adolescent depression
Open accessAbstract
Adolescent depression is a prevalent disorder with substantial morbidity and mortality. Current treatment interventions do not target relevant pathophysiology and are frequently ineffective, thereby leading to a substantial burden for individuals, families, and society. During adolescence the prefrontal cortex undergoes extensive structural and functional changes. Recent work suggests that frontolimbic development in depressed adolescents is delayed or aberrant. The judicious application of noninvasive brain stimulation techniques to the prefrontal cortex may present a promising opportunity for durable interventions in adolescent depression. Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) applies a low-intensity, continuous current that alters cortical excitability. While this modality does not elicit action potentials, it is thought to manipulate neuronal activity and neuroplasticity. Specifically, tDCS may modulate N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors and L-type voltage-gated calcium channels and effect changes through long-term potentiation or long-term depression-like mechanisms. This mini-review will consider the neurobiological rationale for developing tDCS protocols in adolescent depression, review existing work in adult mood disorders, survey existing the tDCS literature in adolescent populations, review safety studies, and discuss distinctive ethical considerations in work with adolescents.
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Many non-pharmacological techniques for adolescent depression (e.g., transcranial magnetic stimulation, art or music therapy) require specialized equipment or settings.
“While techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation and art or music therapy has shown promise, many require specialized equipment or settings (8–11).”
From Recent developments in bibliotherapy for adolescent depression (2025) · cites this paper as [8]
The Concurrent and State-Dependent Interventions section describes tDCS as low-cost and portable, potentially allowing use at home. The Safety in Children and Adolescents section mentions TMS, but our copy does not say that TMS, art therapy, music therapy, or many other techniques require specialized equipment or settings. Searches for those therapies and for equipment or setting requirements did not establish the attributed claim. (LLM, conf=0.73)
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- Authors
- Lee, J. C., Lewis, C. P., Daskalakis, Z. J., & Croarkin, P. E.
- Affiliations
- Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CA)
- Mayo Clinic (US)
- Corresponding author
- Croarkin, Paul E.
- Venue
- Frontiers in Psychiatry
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2017-06-07
- Volume
- 8
- Pages
- 91-91
- ISSN
- 1664-0640 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC5461263
- OpenAlex
- W2623038695
- Cited by
- 22
- References
- 97
- Citations by year
- 2026: 1 · 2025: 7 · 2024: 2 · 2023: 1 · 2022: 1 · 2021: 3 · 2020: 1 · 2019: 1 · 2018: 5
- FWCI
- 0.18
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- cc-by
- Locations
- Frontiers in Psychiatry (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Europe PMC (PubMed Central) (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- National Institute of Mental Health (K23 MH100266)
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Neuroscience › Neurology › Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation Studies
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Pharmacology › Treatment of Major Depression
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Psychiatry and Mental health › Electroconvulsive Therapy Studies
- Keywords
- transcranial direct current stimulation, adolescent depression, prefrontal cortex, cortical excitability, neuroplasticity, NMDA receptor, L-type calcium channels, long-term potentiation, long-term depression, non-invasive brain stimulation, tDCS safety, mood disorders
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
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