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Urban Artificial Intelligence: From Automation to Autonomy in the Smart City
Open accessAbstract
Technological innovation is constantly reshaping the materiality and mechanics of alleged smart cities. Recently, innovation in artificial intelligence (AI) in the shape of self-driving cars, robots and city brains, has been pushing the so-called smart city to morph into an autonomous urban creature which is largely unknown. In this emerging strand of smart urbanism, artificially intelligent entities are taking the management of urban services as well as urban governance out of the hands of humans, operating the city in an autonomous manner. This paper explores, in theory and practice, how the development of AI intersects with the development of the city. The contribution of the paper is threefold. First, the paper advances a theoretical framework to understand AI specifically in urban contexts, developing the concept of urban artificial intelligence. Second, it examines the case of Masdar City, an Emirati urban experiment, to show how the genesis of urban artificial intelligences is part of a long-standing process of technological development and a politico-economic agenda which together are enabling the transition from automation to autonomy. Third, it proposes a research agenda to investigate what the paper terms the autonomous city.
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“AI applications related to the latter theme also include the management of transport systems of cities in terms of shared autonomous mobility-on-demand [245], autonomous cities [246], and autonomous vehicles (e.g., Ref. [[247], [248], [249]]).”
From Smarter eco-cities and their leading-edge artificial intelligence of things solutions for environmental sustainability: A comprehensive systematic review (2024) · cites this paper as [246]
In the citing paper
“We refer to this strand of AI as urban artificial intelligences-where AIs are embodied in urban spaces, urban infrastructures, and urban technologies, which together are turning cities into autonomous entities operating in an unsupervised manner [15].”
From The sustainability of artificial intelligence: an urbanistic viewpoint from the lens of smart and sustainable cities (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
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“After all, AI has already entered our cities, and it is therefore essential to critically examine and question its urban sustainability potential [15].”
From The sustainability of artificial intelligence: an urbanistic viewpoint from the lens of smart and sustainable cities (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
In the citing paper
“The key difference between automation and autonomy is that an automated technology repetitively follows patterns previously established by a human intelligence, while an autonomous technology establishes its own patterns, seldom repeating the exact same action [15].”
From The sustainability of artificial intelligence: an urbanistic viewpoint from the lens of smart and sustainable cities (2020) · cites this paper as [15]
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Metadata
- Authors
- Cugurullo, F.
- Affiliations
- Trinity College Dublin (IE)
- Corresponding author
- Cugurullo, Federico
- ORCID
- Cugurullo, Federico
- Venue
- Frontiers in Sustainable Cities
- Publisher
- Frontiers Media SA
- Published
- 2020-07-30
- Volume
- 2
- ISSN
- 2624-9634 (ISSN-L)
- OpenAlex
- W3046496872
- Cited by
- 290
- References
- 112
- Citations by year
- 2026: 39 · 2025: 64 · 2024: 55 · 2023: 52 · 2022: 50 · 2021: 26 · 2020: 4
- FWCI
- 16.99
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Frontiers in Sustainable Cities (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- Royal Geographical Society (Dudley Stamp Memorial Award)
- Topics
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Smart Cities and Technologies
- Social Sciences › Urban Studies › Urban Planning and Governance
- Physical Sciences › Computer Science › Artificial Intelligence › Ethics and Social Impacts of AI
- Keywords
- smart cities, autonomous cities, autonomous vehicles, City Brain, urban governance, municipal services, Masdar City, smart urbanism
About these checks
Registry, retraction, Cites and statistics results are computed, not judged, with one exception: a printed reference that no index lists is read once by a model before it counts as a citation error. Claims are extracted by a model and kept only when their quote appears verbatim in the text; each cited source is then checked, with a model’s help, for whether it says what the claim relies on. Those verdicts can be wrong — read the claim’s quote and the cited source before relying on one.
Statistics and arithmetic are recomputed, not judged.
Confidence bands are shown only for fields calibrated on our annotated test set. None is calibrated yet, so no band is shown.
What counts as a claim ›How we measure confidence ›How we check this ›
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