Challenges and Promise for Glioblastoma Treatment through Extracellular Vesicle Inquiry
Open accessAbstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a rare but extremely aggressive brain tumor that significantly impacts patient outcomes, affecting both duration and quality of life. The protocol established by Stupp and colleagues in 2005, based on radiotherapy and chemotherapy with Temozolomide, following maximum safe surgical resection remains the gold standard for GB treatment; however, it is evident nowadays that the extreme intratumoral and intertumoral heterogeneity, as well as the invasiveness and tendency to recur, of GB are not compatible with a routine and unfortunately ineffective treatment. This review article summarizes the main challenges in the search for new valuable therapies for GB and focuses on the impact that extracellular vesicle (EV) research and exploitation may have in the field. EVs are natural particles delimited by a lipidic bilayer and filled with functional cellular content that are released and uptaken by cells as key means of cell communication. Furthermore, EVs are stable in body fluids and well tolerated by the immune system, and are able to cross physiological, interspecies, and interkingdom barriers and to target specific cells, releasing inherent or externally loaded functionally active molecules. Therefore, EVs have the potential to be ideal allies in the fight against GB and to improve the prognosis for GB patients. The present work describes the main preclinical results obtained so far on the use of EVs for GB treatment, focusing on both the EV sources and molecular cargo used in the various functional studies, primarily in vivo. Finally, a SWOT analysis is performed, highlighting the main advantages and pitfalls of developing EV-based GB therapeutic strategies. The analysis also suggests the main directions to explore to realize the possibility of exploiting EVs for the treatment of GB.
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Extracellular vesicles regulate cell migration in several cancer types, including glioblastoma.
“In this context, extracellular vesicles (EVs) have emerged as important mediators, regulating cell migration in several cancer types, including GB.”
From Optimized Wound Healing Assay to Study Extracellular Vesicle-Driven Glioblastoma Cell Migration (2026) · cites this paper as [30]
Section 3.2 reports that extracellular vesicles can alter glioblastoma cell migration in vitro, and Section 3.1 links EVs to invasiveness in tumors generally. The copy does not specifically establish regulation of cell migration in several cancer types beyond glioblastoma. (LLM, conf=0.82)
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Self-citationDevelopment of Artificial Plasma Membranes Derived Nanovesicles Suitable for Drugs Encapsulation
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Development and optimisation of in vitro sonodynamic therapy for glioblastoma
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mTOR Modulates Intercellular Signals for Enlargement and Infiltration in Glioblastoma Multiforme
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The role of extracellular vesicles in acquisition of resistance to therapy in glioblastomas
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Self-citationDifferentiation of the human NT2 cells into neurons and glia
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Exosomal Cripto-1 Serves as a Potential Biomarker for Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma
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Glioma extracellular vesicles for precision medicine: prognostic and theragnostic application
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Mathematical Models in Biology
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Microglial Extracellular Vesicles as Modulators of Brain Microenvironment in Glioma
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Cripto haploinsufficiency affects in vivo colon tumor development
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Self-citationApplying Design of Experiments Methodology to PEI Toxicity Assay on Neural Progenitor Cells
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Self-citationImmunopathology of Extracellular Vesicles in Macrophage and Glioma Cross-Talk
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Compliance with Good Manufacturing Practice
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Flagged first, then by citations
3 of the 206 references couldn’t be matched to a known paper.
Cited by
Sorted by citations
Exosomes as drug delivery systems in glioma immunotherapy
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D’Antonio, C., & Liguori, G. L. (2024) · Frontiers in Immunology · doi:10.3389/fimmu.2024.1441914 · Cited by 9 · see citing works
Self-citationExploring Neural Stem Cell Therapies as Innovative Treatments for Glioblastoma
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Modeling Glioblastoma for Translation: Strengths and Pitfalls of Preclinical Studies
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Precision nanomedicines in glioblastoma therapy and challenges remain
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Study of the Role of NRF2 in the Progression and Metabolic Adaptation of Glioblastoma
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Optimized Wound Healing Assay to Study Extracellular Vesicle-Driven Glioblastoma Cell Migration
D’Antonio, C., Mantile, F., Pocsfalvi, G., & Liguori, G. L. (2026) · Methods and Protocols · doi:10.3390/mps9030081
“EVs are key players in regulating GB pathological features, including cell invasiveness and migration [30–32].”
Self-citationHarnessing Argonaute 2 as an innovative delivery system for siRNA in glioblastoma treatment
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Current Challenges and Significant Innovations for Glioblastoma
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Novel Nanotechnological Approaches for Glioblastoma Targeting
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Plant-based polyphenols as anticancer agents in glioblastoma multiforme: A comprehensive review
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- Authors
- Liguori, G. L.
- Affiliations
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics (IT)
- Corresponding author
- Liguori, Giovanna L.
- ORCID
- Liguori, Giovanna L.
- Venue
- Cells
- Publisher
- MDPI AG
- Published
- 2024-02-13
- Volume
- 13
- Issue
- 4
- Pages
- 336
- ISSN
- 2073-4409 (ISSN-L)
- PMC
- PMC10886570
- OpenAlex
- W4391821367
- Cited by
- 24
- References
- 206
- Citations by year
- 2026: 9 · 2025: 6 · 2024: 9
- FWCI
- 0.98
- Type
- journal article
- Language
- en
- Open access
- gold
- doi.org
- Licence
- Locations
- Cells (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- Preprints.org (acceptedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed Central (publishedVersion, cc-by)
- PubMed (publishedVersion)
- DOAJ (DOAJ: Directory of Open Access Journals) (submittedVersion, cc-by-sa)
- Funders
- European Union—NextGenerationEU
- PoC—PNRR measure of the Ministry of Enterprise and Made
- Topics
- Life Sciences › Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology › Molecular Biology › Extracellular vesicles in disease
- Health Sciences › Medicine › Genetics › Glioma Diagnosis and Treatment
- Physical Sciences › Materials Science › Biomaterials › Nanoparticle-Based Drug Delivery
- Keywords
- glioblastoma, extracellular vesicles, EV-based therapeutics, tumor heterogeneity, temozolomide, radiotherapy, tumor recurrence, intercellular communication, SWOT analysis
- MeSH terms
- Extracellular Vesicles, Temozolomide, Glioblastoma, Humans, Neoplasm Recurrence, Local, Quality of Life
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